Lec 3

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST
BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.

Fluid Mechanics-I
(CE-206)
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf
Department of Civil Engineering,

U.E.T Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3
Fluid Pressure
&
its Measurements
(Fluid Statics)
Department of Civil Engineering,

U.E.T Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3
Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Pressure
Def: The average pressure intensity p is force exerted on a unit area.
If F represents the total normal force on some finite area, A then the uniform
pressure over the total area is
Pressure & Stress
Pressure is the normal
p = F/A external force and stress
is the normal internal
force per unit area.
Unit: SI unit, pascal (N/m2) or Kpa (kN/m2) Simply pressure causes
B.G unit, psi (lb/in2 ) or psf (lb/ft2 ) the stress.
In metric system , bars and millibars are also used to express

pressure:
1bar =100kpa (100,000 pa)
1 mb = 100 pa 1 Psi is equal to 0.0689475729 bar
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar
(Bannu Campus) 4
Lecture # 3

Example 1:
A load of 200 pounds (lb) is exerted on a piston confining oil in a
circular cylinder with an inside diameter of 2.50 inches (in).
Compute the pressure in the oil at the piston.
Solution:

(Bannu Campus) 5
Lecture # 3

Pressure expressed in Height of Fluid
■ The term elevation means the vertical distance from
some reference level to a point of interest and is called z.
■ A change in elevation between two points is called h.
Elevation will always be measured positively in the
upward direction.
■ In other words, a higher point has a larger elevation
than a lower point.
■ Fig shows the illustration of reference level for elevation.

(Bannu Campus) 6
Lecture # 3
h = (150 – 60) =90 m
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf 7
(Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3

Relationship between Pressure and Elevation:
Consider an element of liquid in a cylinder of height h
Element of liquid
Where h = height of element
dA = X-sectional area of the element
dv = volume of the element = h.dA
dA
Now p = pressure at the base of element = F/A
wt of the element dw
= = h
Area of the base dA
γ. dv γh.dA
p= = = γh
dA dA
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf When h = 0, p = 0 and When h = h, p = γh 88
(Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3

Pressure Head
■ It is the pressure expressed in terms of height of fluid.
■ h=p/γ represents the energy per unit wt. stored in the fluid by
virtue of pressure under which the fluid exists. This is also
called the elevation head or potential head.
Total pressure of the liquid on the

side of the vessel
= average pressure x area of the side
When h = 0, p = 0 and
When h = h, p = γh
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf

9
(Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3
h1
Ɣh1 is less than Ɣh

(Bannu Campus) 10
Lecture # 3

Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure = Force per Unit Area
Atmospheric Pressure is the weight of the
column of air above a unit area. For example, the
atmospheric pressure felt by a man is the weight
of the column of air above his body divided by
the area the air is resting on
P = (Weight of column)/(Area of base)
Standard Atmospheric Pressure:
Equivalent unit to
1 atmosphere (atm) mmHg is called the Torr,
2
14.7 lbs/in (psi) in honor of the inventor
of the barometer,
760 Torr (mm Hg) Evangelista Torricelli.
1013.25 millibars = 101.3 kPascals

(Bannu Campus) 11
Lecture # 3

Fluid Statics Statics vs Dynamics
Basic Principles:
▪ Fluid is at rest : no shear forces
▪ Pressure is the only force acting
What are the forces acting on the

block?
▪ Air pressure on the surface - neglect
▪ Weight of the water above the block
▪ Pressure only a function of depth

(Bannu Campus) 12
Lecture # 3
Pressure at any point in a static fluid not fcn of x,y,or z

Pressure in vertical only depends on γ of the fluid
P = γh + Po
Gage pressure: relative to atmospheric
pressure: P = γh
10 ft
Thus for h = 10 ft, P = 10(62.4) = 624 psf
This becomes 624/144 = 4.33 psi
P = 14.7 psi corresponds to 34 ft
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf
(Bannu Campus) 13
Lecture # 3
PROBLEMS

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf 14
(Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3

Example 2
An open tank contains water 1.40m deep covered by a 2m thick
layer of oil (s=0.855). What is the pressure head at the bottom of
the tank, in terms of a water column?
Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

(Bannu Campus) 20
Lecture # 3

Solution:
For bottom
Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

21
(Bannu Campus)
Lecture # 3

xample 3
Pressure in a Tank Filled with Gasoline and Water
What is the pressure at point A? At point B?
γG = 42.43 lbs/ft3 At point A: PA = γG x hG + PO
SG = 0.68 = 42.43 x 10 + PO
γW = 62.4 lbs/ft3
424.3 lbs/ft2 gage
At point B: PB = PA + γW x hW
= 424.3 + 62.4 x 3
611.5 lbs/ft2 gage
Converting PB to psi:
(611.5 lbs / ft2) / (144 in2/ft2)
Ateeq ur Rauf = 4.25 psi
22
Hydrostatic Force On Areas Lecture # 3
▪ Example # 4.
▪ A 6-m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2-m of oil as shown
in the diagram below. Determine the pressure at point A and
at the tank bottom. Draw the pressure diag. ρ = 1000 kg/m water
3
▪ Solution SG of oil = 0.98

Pressure at oil water interface (PA)
PA = Patm + Poil (due to 2 m of oil)
= 0 + ρoilghoil = 0 + (0.98 x 1000) x 9.81 x 2
= 19227.6 Pa
PA = 19.227 kPa (gauge)
P =0 Pressure Diagram
Pressure at the bottom of the tank; atm
2m oil P
PAA=15.7 kPa KPa
= 19.227
PB = PA + ρwaterghwater A
water
PB = 19.227x1000 + 1000 x 9.81 x 4 4 m PA
= 58467 Pa B
PB = 58.46 kPa (gauge) PPBA= 54.9

58.46 KPa
kPA
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Ateeq ur Rauf Campus)
THE END
Department of Civil Engineering, U.E.T,
Engr.Ateeq-ur-Rauf Peshawar 24

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.

Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering,

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

In metric system , bars and millibars are also used to express

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

h = (150 – 60) =90 m

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Total pressure of the liquid on the

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Ɣh1 is less than Ɣh

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

What are the forces acting on the

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Pressure at any point in a static fluid not fcn of x,y,or z

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar

Fluid Pressure & its Measurements

▪ Solution SG of oil = 0.98

PB = 58.46 kPa (gauge) PPBA= 54.9

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

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