TH 1159

STUDY OF COMPOSITE STEEL SECTIONS IN-FILLED
WITH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED IMPARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
m
CIVIL EINGlMlBBiii
(sixucmniAc 'E9{gi9i^'Eii9^ m(p 009^13(1101109^
'TECmiOQU'ES)
OF
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
SUBMITTED BY
SANJEEV KUMAR
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. P. N. SHARMA MRS. SARASWATI SETIA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REGIONAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KURUKSHETRA - 176119
Enrolment No. 98-RC-382

a.
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the dissertation report entitled "STUDY OF
COMPOSITE STEEL SECTIONS IN-FILLED WITH HIGH
STRENGTH CONCRETE" Submitted by Mr. Sanjeev Kumar, Roll No.
198707 in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Master of
Technology in Civil Engineering {Structural Engineering and
Construction Techniques) is a record of students own work carried out
under our supervision. The matter embodied in this dissertation work
has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the
award of any other degree or diploma.
(Saraswatj Sfttia) (Dr. P. N. Sharma)

Lecturer, Professor,
Civil Engg. Dept., Civil Engg. Dept.,
Regional Engg. College, Regional Engg. College,
KURUKSHETRA- 136119 KURUKSHETRA-136119.
DEDICATED TO
^JV2b
h K^^mr^^mttC^m^
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the deepest sense of gratitude and reverence, I wish to express

my sincere thanks to Dr. P.N.Sharma, Professor, and Mrs. Saraswati
Setia, Lecturer, Dept, Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra, for
their constant interest and expert guidance throughout the course of
this work. Their encouragement provided the necessary driving force
that enabled me to pursue my work with vigour and keen interest. I
also thank to Dr. Baldev Setia for encouraging and showing a keen
interest in my work.
I also wish to record my sincere gratitude for the blessings and

support of my beloved parents and all members of my family.
My sincere thanks are due to all my friends, who helped me

directly or indirectly in completing this work.
Date: 61^ ohJêroJl (SANJEEV KUMAR)

Roll No. 198707
CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SYNOPSIS
CONTENTS
NOTATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Composite Columns 1
1.2 Possibilities with Composite Column 3
1.3 Scope of the Present Study 4
1.4 Objectives of the Present Study 5
1.5 Review of Published Work. 5
1.6 Assumptions for Analysis of
Composite Sections
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General 9
2.1.1 Steel loaded tubes 11
2.1.2 Concrete loaded tubes 13
2.1.3 Steel and concrete: both loaded 15
2.2 Economics and Application 18
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE COLUMN

3.1 Method for analysis of composite columns 34
CHAPTER 4 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
4.1 Effect of ultimate load carrying capacity 35
4.1.1 Grade of concrete M25 35
4.2 Effect of Grade of Concrete on Ultimate Load 51
Carrying Capacity
4.2.1 Perimeter 800mm 51
4.3 Composite Graph 52
4.4 Effect of Strength Parameter (A,) on Ultimate Load 59
Carrying Capacity (^ Nu)
Exercise No. 1 61
Exercise No. 2 66
Exercise No. 3 71
CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Conclusions 76
5.2 Scope for further studies 77
REFERENCES 78
APPENDIX 80
SYNOPSIS
Composite columns offer a number of advantages over conventional

reinforced cement concrete (RCC) columns, hence making their
application more varied and versatile. Larger cross-sections required
both, extra space and material. Steel columns in-filled with high
strength concrete provide a solution to tackle this problem. In the
present study an effort has been made to reduce the cross-section of
composite columns and to achieve their higher load carrying capacity.
A method has been evolved for computing the ultimate strength of
concrete in-filled columns. Thickness, length and eccentricity are the
constant parameters while perimeter, grade of concrete are varied. It
is assumed that the behavior of reinforcement either inside or outside
has no effect on the stress-strain properties of concrete. It is
concluded that the load carrying capacity of a concrete filled square
column is 15% higher than that of rectangular column of same
perimeter. The percentage increase in load carrying capacity of
composite steel columns is 10% to 15% with respect to increase in
grade of concrete from M25 to M35. Percentage increase in load
carrying capacity varies from 79% to 86% for a change in column
perimeter from 800mm to 1200mm. Thus, the desired load carrying
capacity of a section can be achieved with a lower grade of concrete
and lower perimeter by choosing the most efficient aspect ratio
making the section more economical.
NOTATIONS
a Index parameter
P Factor in terms of perimeter
y Multiplying factor
£ Strain
x Strength parameter
^b Stress in the steel bottom fiber
% Yield strength of Steel

fck Characteristic strength of concrete in MP,
Ncr Elastic Critical Load
b Width of section
d Depth of section
t Thickness of section
•'^ steel Elastic Sectional Modulus of steel
kud Depth of Neutral axis from top fiber
Cf Compressive force in flange
Tf Tensile force in flange
T, Plastic Tensile force in steel
T2 Elastic Tensile force
c, Plastic compressive force in steel
C2 Elastic Compressive force
Cc Compressive force in concrete
N Resultant Axial force about top fiber
M Moment about top fiber
Cj Compressive force in cross-section
Tj Tensile force in cross-section
Yci Distance of acting the force Ci from top fiber(Lever A r m )
tti Distance of acting the force Tj from top fiber(Lever Arm )
a Depth of plastic compressive zone
c Depth of plastic tensile zone
Ns Axial force about centroid
Ms Axial moment
<j)Mo Axial m o m e n t in pure bending
(j)No Axial force in pure compression
(j)(. Resistance factor of concrete
(jjs Resistance factor of steel
(j)Ns Factored axial force
(j)Ms Factored axial moment
Cb Eccentricity at the balanced point
Co Force acting at an eccentricity
((t)Ns)b Factored balanced axial force
((t)Ms)b Factored balanced moment
(t)Nu Ultimate load carrying capacity
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description
3.1 Partial safety factor
4.1(a) Ultimate load carrying capacity of M25 grade of concrete,
perimeter 800mm.
4.1(b) Ultimate load carrying capacity of M25 grade of concrete,
perimeter 1000mm.
4.1(c) Ultimate load carrying capacity of M25 grade of concrete,
perimeter 1200mm.
perimeter 800mm.
perimeter 1000mm.
perimeter 1200mm.
perimeter 800mm.
perimeter 1000mm.
perimeter 1200mm.
4.4(a) Ultimate load carrying capacity for perimeter 800mm.
4.4(b) Ultimate load carrying capacity for perimeter 1000mm.
4.4(c) Ultimate load carrying capacity for perimeter 1200mm.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description
1.1 Various types of composite columns
2.1 Axially loaded tubes with concrete and steel loaded
simultaneously.
2.2 Effect of concrete infill in restraining local buckling.
2.3 Confining provision the internal concrete cylinder and
external steel tube.
3.1 Section and strains
3.2 Stress distribution for ku > kub
3.3 Stress distribution for ku < kub
4.1(a) Carrying capacity for different parameters, grade of
concrete M25
4.1(b) Carrying capacity for different parameters, grade of
concrete M30
4.1(c) Carrying capacity for different parameters, grade of
concrete M35
4.2(a) Effect of aspect ratio (d/b) on ultimate load carrying
capacity for perimeter 800mm
4.2(b) Effect of aspect ratio (d/b) on ultimate load carrying
4.2(c) Effect of aspect ratio (d/b) on ultimate load carrying
4.3 Effect of aspect ratio (d/b) on ultimate load carrying
capacity for different perimeter
4.4 Variation of ultimate load carrying capacity ((t)Nu) with
respect to strength parameter (A,)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the design of buildings great effort is made to increase the

structural flexibility. This has resulted in a demand for columns with
reduced cross-sections. To achieve a high load carrying capacity with
a smaller cross-sectional area, it is worthwhile to study the possibility
of utilizing high strength concrete and composite sections. Apart from
saving in the material, it is found that the ductility of such a
composite structure makes it ideal under seismic loading.
In composite columns made of hollow steel sections (HSS)

filled with concrete, the steel section is used both as a formwork when
the concrete is in-cast and as reinforcement for concrete core. A
higher compressive stress in concrete can sometimes be allowed
because of the confinement of the concrete core by HSS.
1.1 COMPOSITE COLUMNS

A composite column is a member with cross-section consisting of a
structural steel section and concrete that act together to resist external
forces. Mainly, there are two types of composite columns:
(a) Concrete encased steel sections, and
(b) Concrete filled steel sections.
The two types of columns have been shown in Fig. 1.1.

Introduction
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Introduction j
Composite column can neither be designed by the rules

applicable for steel structures nor by the rules for concrete structure
in isolation. It is, therefore, necessary to study such type of columns
to be able to arrive at new design models. These models should
consider not only the contribution of the load carrying capacity of
steel and concrete, but also the influence on the load carrying
capacity from possible composite effects.
1.2 POSSIBILITIES WITH COMPOSITE COLUMNS

There are advantages of using composite columns instead of
conventional steel or concrete columns, the most important being
higher load carrying capacity with a reduced cross-section. This
result in the reduced self weight, resulting in material economy. The
load carrying capacity of the column with same cross-section can may
by changing the steel grade or the concrete grade. Keeping the outer
dimensions of a column constant a higher grade of concrete will
results in higher strength for many floors in a building, which
simplifies floor planning. Thus at different floor level the dimensions
of columns can be kept constant.
The load and deformation resisting capacity of laterally

confined concrete (e.g. concrete encased in a steel tube) is greater
than that of comparable unconfined concrete. Thus concrete in-filled
tubular steel columns may have a better load and deformation
resisting capacity than the columns used as reinforced concrete
columns. In composite columns consisting of steel tubes filled with
concrete the steel tube is used both as a form when the concrete is
cast and as reinforcement for the concrete core. The placement of
longitudinal steel in the periphery of a cross-section is the most
efficient utilization of material and the use of strips or spirals is
eliminated.
Introduction 4
Advantages of composite columns as compared to reinforced

concrete columns are:
1. The load carrying capacity is increased without increasing the

cross-sectional area just by changing the grade of concrete.
2. The steel section prevents the concrete from spelling, which in

case of ordinary reinforced concrete columns causes reduction
in the cross-section.
3. Less shrinkage of the concrete.
4. The risk for local buckling of the steel section is smaller for
composite columns than for steel columns.
5. Better deformation resisting capacity for seismic loading.
6. Better fire resistance compared with steel or reinforced concrete

columns.
1,3 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The study is limited to rectangular and square sections only. Effort
was made to analyze the circular cross-section but due to change in
stress-strain properties in circular section no result could be arrived.
Columns for one storey height and zero eccentricity filled with high
strength concrete are analyzed for varying perimeters with the
different aspect ratios. The balanced load ((|)Ns)b and the balanced
moment ((t)Ms)b are worked out on the basis of the eccentricity at the
balanced point (cb) is worked out. The Elastic Critical Load (Ncr) is
worked out by Eulers formula. On the basis of factored axial
strength((t)No), the elastic critical loading(Ncr) and eccentricity the
coefficients ai, a2, aa and 34 for Newton Raphson Method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity is then worked out by number of
trials. A series of exercises were carried out by varying the cross-
section and grade of concrete.
Introduction ^
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

In the present study concrete filled steel sections are analyzed for
ultimate loading that is by Limit State Method for gradual loading for
a short period. The aim is to evaluate possible enhancement of
strength of composite column by changing the grade of concrete and
the use of mild steel.
The basic assumptions in theoretical analysis are that the

composite columns can be analyzed by assuming linear strain
distribution curve and there is a complete interaction between the
steel section and concrete core. In the study it is assumed that the
composite columns consisting of concrete filled hollow steel sections
in principle can be analyzed as reinforced concrete columns. The main
difference between this type of composite columns and ordinary
reinforced concrete columns is that for the composite column the
concrete is placed inside the reinforcement whereas in ordinary
concrete columns the reinforcement is embedded in concrete.
1.5 REVIEW OF P U B L I S H E D W O R K
Historically, steel sections were encased by concrete as fire

protection. It was not until 1948 that British standard took into
account the increase in stiffness because of the concrete encasement,
Mouli(1948). Numerous research studies have been carried out
concerning hollow steel sections filled with normal strength concrete.
Results are reported by for example Basu(1967), Basu and Hill(1968)
Furlong(1967) Gardener and Jocobson(1967), Knowles and
Park(1968) Neogi, Sen and Champman(1969). Except the results
presented by Audersson(1988), Rangan and Joyce(1992) only studies
on hollow steel sections filled with normal strength concrete have
been carried out. Rangan and Joyce(1992) carried out tests on
circular hollow steel sections and Bridge(1976), Shakir Khallil and
Leghiche(1989) on the square and rectangular hollow steel sections.
Introduction ^
A few test data are available in open literature from tests on

composite columns with large cross sectional dimensions and a long
buckling length. Ghoshe(1977) carried out two tests on 14m long
circular concrete filled steel tubes with a diameter of 330mm. He
found that the concrete significantly increased the load and moment
capacity of the hollow steel column.
Studies of concrete filled steel sections subjected to biaxial

bending had been presented by Shakar Khalil and Leghiche(1989) and
Shakir-Khalil and Mouli(1990). The rectangular hollow steel sections
in these studies were filled with concrete of normal strength. Studies
of cyclic tests of Concrete Filled Steel Box Columns are made by
Harbin Gc, Tsufomu Usaami(1996) under constant axial force and
cyclic lateral loading showed generally prominent earthquake
resistance characteristics in under going the inelastic action.
Andrews Bradford(1996) gives a design method 'Design

Strength of Slender Concrete Filled Rectangular Steel Tubes'. The
method presented has a close approximation to the failure envelope of
a short concrete filled rectangular hollow section.
In Eurocode 4 (1992) design rules for composite columns were

given. In this code the compressive strength of the concrete is limited
to characteristic 28day strength of 50MPa for cylinders. The
resistance of the cross-section and the load must be distributed
between the steel and the concrete part of the cross-section.
Bergholoz and Lundgren(1991) have compared the measured axial
load for 14 of the tested composite column in this study with
calculated axial loads according to the simplified method presented
in Eurocode 4 (1992). They found a close correlation between the
measured and calculated values of the maximum axial load. The mean
value of ratio between the measured and the calculated axial load was
1.03 with a standard deviation of 0.06.
Introduction 7
In Sweden, Granersm (1993) gives a design method for the

calculation of strength on the basis of strain in the column. The
scientist compared the results of theoretical and experimental values.
The mean value of ratio between the measured and calculated axial
load was 1.05 and with the standard deviation of 0.04. The
experimental results given by L Ramajeyam and A. Swamidura (1997)
in "The Behaviours of Concrete In-filled Cold Formed Steel Tubular
Column Stiffened with Weldmesh" regarding the bond of concrete and
steel was studied. The comparison of the results from theoretical
calculation and experimental results are close and can be used to
calculate ultimate load of this type of column in-filled system.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE

SECTIONS
For the present study it has been assumed that composite columns
consisting of concrete filled hollow steel sections in principle can be
designed as reinforced concrete columns. The difference between this
type of composite columns and ordinary RCC columns is that in case
of composite column the concrete is placed inside the reinforcement
while in ordinary RCC the concrete surrounds the reinforcement.
Following assumptions have been made while working out the

ultimate strength of composite sections:
> Linear stress distribution
Because of hypothesis that the stress distribution is linear, the

concrete strain distribution can be defined as two variables, for
example the strain at the top face and the depth of compressive
zone.
Introduction 8
> Complete interaction between the steel section and the

concrete core
It is assumed that there is a perfect bond at the interface

between the steel section and the concrete core and no slip
occurs at the interface.
> Bilinear stress strain relationship for the steel
The stress-strain relationship for the steel is assumed to be valid

for both tension and compression. The modulus of elasticity for
steel, Es is taken as 200xlO^N/mml
> Residual stresses in the steel are neglected
No account is taken of the distribution of possible residual

stresses. The value of the yield strength of the steel v^âs taken
as per the codal specifications of Bureau of Indian Standards,
which is 250N/mm^ for mild steel.
> A possible triaxial stress state in the concrete because the

confinement of the steel tube is neglected.
> The defected shape of the column specimens is assumed to be

sine shaped.
The study assumes significance, as it will provide an insight into

the effects of major parameters effecting strength of composite
columns. Thus, it may be possible to design economical columns. The
study will also be useful to fiêld engineers as suitable selection of
parameters will reduce the a;?^ypre(i grade of concrete for higher
strength.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Steel encased concrete columns represent an obvious structural
device, but adequate design guidelines are not available. These
columns represent a class of structure in which best property steel and
concrete are used to their maximum advantages. When used under
favorable conditions, steel casing confines the core triaxially and
in-filled concrete hampers buckling as in case of hollow sections. The
advantages of tubular columns over reinforced concrete column are
that the core and cover are two different layers where as in the
composite section it is considered as homogeneous mass. Several
observations can be presented to demonstrate economic advantages of
concrete filled steel box section for columns. If such columns are
compared with reinforced concrete columns, the placement of
longitudinal reinforcement at the periphery of a cross-section results
in an efficient use of material. The transverse reinforcement in the
form of ties or spirals is eliminated. The box section themselves acts
as column forms, so column formwork cost would be eliminated.
Concrete filled tubes are especially well suited for precast concrete
columns for which a fine control on concreting can be made which is
essential in use of high strength concreting. If concrete filled steel
box are compared with structural steel of rolled shapes, the composite
section could utilize thinner steel section without local buckling
Literature Review 10
because the concrete core would force all bucking modes outward.
Even though concrete can sustain only 7% to 10% as much stress as
steel in a cross-section, the cost of a square centimeter is less than
0.5% of the cost of square centimeter of steel.
Concrete filled steel tubes, when used as columns in high-rise

structures where the load effects are predominantly axial, provide an
economical solution, particularly with the use of thin walled steel
tubes and high strength concrete in-fill. An extensive series of tests
on short axially loaded concrete filled circular and rectangular steel
tubes have been completed by number of scientists with examined
parameters such as the diameter, cross section, stress of the steel fy,
the strength of concrete fck and the influence of bond between the
steel and the concrete. The normal loading condition assumed in
design is that steel and concrete both loaded simultaneously. This is
shown in Fig 2.1.
T 1
////////////////////////
Axial load P
^_—-Steel tube
DiameterD thickness t
Rigid loading
platens
,-—Concrete
infill
^
^^S^
Axial load P
Figure 2.1: Axially loaded tube with concrete and steel

loaded simultaneously
A careful examination of the test results obtained by the

scientists revealed a number of interesting phenomena. For the tubes
in which steel is loaded, the concrete in-fill did not increase the local
buckling strength of steel tubes. The increase in concrete strength due
to confinement of the concrete is greatest when only the concrete is
loaded and the steel tube is not loaded axially. For tubes with steel
and concrete loaded simultaneously, the bond between the steel and
concrete is generally sufficient to prevent local buckling of the thin
wall steel tubes. For tubes with steel and concrete loaded
simultaneously where bond did not prevent local buckling and slip
between the steel and concrete occurred, the strength of the composite
tube will be greater than similar tubes where local buckling was
prevented by bond. Simple design rules ignoring local buckling of the
steel tubes can be used to give conservative estimates of axial
strength of composite tubes.
2.1.1 Steel Loaded Tubes

The failure mode of thin walled steel tubes subjected to axial load is
by an outward buckling of short wavelength Lb around the
circumference as indicated at Fig.2.2(a). This is generally known as
an elephant's foot buckle as it usually occurs near the ends (top or
bottom) although some buckles near mid height were observed in the
tests carried out in past by O'Shen and Bridge.
The load axial shortening behaviour of the tube depends on the

length of the tube. If the tube is short, the local buckle (even if elastic
initially) will from a plastic mechanism with large deformations and
the past ultimate unloading response will be stable and gradual as
indicated. For long tubes, while the region around the local buckle is
plastic in the unloading region and will shorten, the remainder of the
tube is elastic and will elastically loaded with a region resulting in an
unstable response and even the phenomena known as snap-back.
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Literature Review jj
This may not increase the axial load capacity of the column
above that of the steel tube alone, because the load on the tube causes
it to increase in diameter (due to Poisson's effect) and to separate it
from the concrete when the adhesive bond between the concrete and
steel is exceeded. Thus, the column fails at maximum load that the
steel alone can carry, but concrete core may tend to delay local
buckling and increase the bending resistance. In the tests carried out
by Gardner and Jacosson, loading on the steel alone of concrete filled
steel tubes did not increase the failure load above that of hollow tube.
2.1.2 Concrete Loaded Tubes

When a concrete cylinder surrounded by a steel tube is loaded by an
axial stress fck as shown in Fig.2.3, the dilation of the cylinder is
restrained by the steel jacket resulting in a confining pressure p along
the length and around the circumference of the cylinder. The steel
tube is subjected to an equilibrating internal pressure p resulting in
circumferential hoop tension in the walls of the steel tube. If only
concrete is loaded and there is no bond between the steel and concrete
as shown in Fig.2.2 there will be no axial stress fs in the steel tube. If
there is no steel tube, there will no confining pressure p and the
concrete cylinder is unconfined.
This is the Lohr column principle with the steel acting as an

encasement. Ideally this is the best method that the steel does not
resist axial load but only provides a confining stress to the concrete as
in a spirally reinforced concrete column. Steel used this way is
approximately twice as effective as longitudinal steel at ultimate load.
However any bond between the steel and concrete will cause some
longitudinal strain (and hence axial load) in the steel. If the steel is
axially stressed in compression and circumferentially stressed in
tension, it will be in a state of biaxial stress which, as theories of
failure show, will reduce the yield stress in the circumferential
direction. This will lower the confining pressure on the concrete and
thus reduces the maximum load even though there is some
contribution from the longitudinal stress in the steel. Some bond is
probable especially when the steel is exerting a high lateral pressure
on the concrete and therefore ideal behaviour seams unlikely. In fact,
in the tests carried out by Gardner and Jacobson, loading the concrete
alone did not increase the failure load to above that obtained from
loading both the concrete and steel together.
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and the external steel tube.
Literature Review yj
2.1.3 Steel and Concrete: Both Loaded

This is the real time situation that exists practically in the field during
construction. To be able to predict accurately the performance of such
columns under load, the behaviour of concrete when subjected to
compressive longitudinal stress and lateral pressure need to be known.
Using the complete stress-strain relationship for concrete under

triaxial stress and the equations for thick walled steel cylinders in the
elastic and plastic range, the behaviour of the composite steel and
concrete member can be predicted. It is evident that for long columns,
the steel tube may not exert a confining pressure on the concrete
before buckling, and hence the effect of triaxial compression may
only be important for a small range of slenderness ratios.
When the concrete in-filled steel tubes are loaded

simultaneously by an axial force P acting through rigid ends (Fig.
2.1), the overall axial shortening of the steel and concrete will be
identical resulting in an axial stress fc in the concrete and an axial
stress fs in the steel tube. The situation has been exhibited in Fig. 2.3.
Depending on the relative dilation of both the concrete infill and steel
tube, a confining pressure p can be induced between the steel tube and
concrete infill.
When a concrete filled steel tube column is subjected to an axial

compressive load, all elements of a cross-section should undergo the
same longitudinal strain such that there will be strain in concrete as
well as in steel. If the average strain on a section is known, the stress
in the concrete and the stress in the steel could be established from
the stress strain characteristics of the materials. The longitudinal
stress-strain characteristics of the steel that encases concrete should
not be changed by the adjacent concrete, but a definite change in the
stress strain behaviour of encases concrete might be expected if any
transverse confining pressure were exerted on the concrete by a steel
Literature Review j^
encasement. The modulus of elasticity or stiffness (slope of the

stress-strain curve) of commercial grades of steel remains virtually
constant until strains of 0.0010 to 0.0012 are reached, but the
stiffness of plain concrete (even concrete with some lateral confining
pressure) tend to decrease for strains in excess of 0.0008. The
stiffness of unconfined concrete tends tovârds zero at strains near
0.0018 to 0.0020. Since the stiffness of steel does not tend to decrease
as much as the stiffness of concrete when strain increases, the
proportion of a total load carried by steel increases as strain
increases.
In the absence of any transverse pressure exerted by steel on

encased concrete, a lower limit to the capacity of steel encased
composite columns could be established as the force necessary to
yield steel plus the force on the concrete at the strain required to yield
the steel. Any transverse warping or confining influence of steel on
concrete would tend to increase the effective stress developed on
concrete before steel yields longitudinally. Unless the longitudinal
yield stress of steel exceeds 210 kN (at a corresponding strain near
0.002), steel should yield longitudinally before encased concrete
begins to "Stiffen" enough to reach a stress as high as fck, the ultimate
strength of unconfined concrete. For steel with yield strength higher
than 253 kN, encased concrete might be expected to begin to crush
before the steel yield strength is developed.
Any transverse confinement of concrete provided by steel

encasement should be more effective in round cross-sections than in
sections with flat sides. Round sections can develop an effective hoop
tension to provide lateral confinement, but flat sides are not very stiff
against pressure perpendicular to the flat face. Thick tubes with flat
sides may be relatively very stiff and furnish some confinement, but
the load capacity of concrete contained by such sections would
Literature Review //
constitute a very minor (uneconomical) part of the useful capacity of

cross-sections thus composed. Consequently, no effective lateral
confinement seems justified for tubing with flat sides.
Only a limited part of column cross-section sustains maximum

compressive stress when bending accompanies axial force. The
ultimate bending strength of steel encased concrete cross-section is
limited by the yielding of steel in tension or compression, together
with the loss of compressive strength. At this stage, stresses and
strains should be about the same as those for axially loaded columns.
However, concrete tends to resist stresses at higher strains locally in
the presence of strain gradient caused by bending in comparison to
what it does under uniform compression. The plastic moment of steel
alone is a lower limit to the pure bending capacity of steel encased
beam columns. The presence of concrete may increase the ultimate
resistance to pure bending beyond the plastic moment capacity of
steel alone, but the maximum tensile strength of the section is entirely
dependent on steel. In order for the flexural capacity of a steel
encased section in pure bending to exceed the plastic moment on steel
alone, the neutral axis of the section must move towards the
compression face. The additional tensile force thus made available to
the section has a small moment lever arm about the geometric centroid
of the section, so that any additional moment would be small. If very
thin walled tubes were used with high strength concrete, the ultimate
moment could be appreciably higher than the plastic moment on the
steel alone.
The unit cost of steel tubing is considerable higher than the cost
of concrete, and the material efficiency of composite columns tends to
increase as the percentage of steel in a cross-section are established
by tube manufacturing limits or by the hazard of local buckling in
thin walls of steel. For tubes, concrete core forces the local buckling
Literature Review ]8
of Steel into a post yield mode of transverse, outward ripples, by

forcing the steel to buckle outward, the concrete stabilizer steel in the
elastic range, thereby insuring the potential development of the
longitudinal yield strength of steel tubes.
2.2 ECONOMICS AND APPLICATIONS

Tubular columns represent a well disposed reinforcement when
considered as a reinforced column subjected to bending. Ties and
spirals are eliminated and tubes themselves form the shuttering.
Concrete infill would inhibit local buckling of the shell. These
columns would be particularly well suited as a precast concrete
column with close quality control, adopting high strength concrete.
Main applications are for stocky columns of small slenderness ratio
carrying high compressive loads as in case of bridge piers.
In the Indian conditions, steel tubes costing nearly 45 times the

cost of standard strength concrete per kilogram is also 40 times
stronger. Thus, if local buckling is inhibited and steel is allowed to
develop its full strength, use of tubular columns in-filled with
concrete could be economically justified.
In India, steel tubes are 20% costlier than reinforcement bars.

However, tubes as reinforcement, located along the periphery, are
more efficient by about 15% and hence such columns in-filled with
concrete could be a reasonable structural alternative.
This structural member has, however, not been studied in India

as extensively as possible for the reason that large size tubes are not
currently manufactured.
However, Rourkela Steel Plant has started manufacturing large

cross-section, spirally welded tubes which would be economical for
use as the casing for such columns and would give fillip to this form
of construction.
Literature Review ]p
Research is currently in progress in the Indian Institute of

Technology Madras, Chennai. The outcome of the research has been
reported in the Regional Conference of Tall Buildings. The work has
given rise to the queries, such as, whether
(i) the method of loading (the core, the shell or the core as well as
shell both, loaded first) affect the strength and behavior
significantly;
(ii) the concrete core and steel shell act together over the entire
range of loading;
(iii) the square sections and rectangular sections on one hand and the
circular sections on the other, supply same confining force on
the core; and
(iv) the formula for strength of in-filled columns is independent of

the shape of column.
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Ever since the first series of tests on encased steel sections conducted
by Burr (1908), the research on the behaviour of composite columns
has been in progress. In recent years a better understanding of the
behaviour of concrete filled tubes has been established by a number of
investigators. However, most of the investigations were restricted to
circular rather than rectangular Hollow Steel Sections. In the present
study a simple process for determining the strength of rectangular and
square sections has been presented. In accordance with IS-Code
specifications, the method is based on yield strength of steel and
compressive strength of concrete. The method considers only
gradually applied load for a short period while long term effects of
creep and shrinkage are not taken into account.
For the analysis the yield stress of steel and modules of

elasticity is taken as per the Indian standard code provision. It is
assumed that concrete attains the ultimate stain of 0.003 as in case of
reinforced section. The placing of reinforcement in inner or outside
has no effect on strain of concrete if the steel is inner or outer side of
the concrete see Fig. 3.1.
On the basis of above assumption the balance failure condition

of concrete is attained, i.e. the concrete attains the strain of 0.003 on
the inside face in top flange and the tensile strain in the bottom
Analysis of Composite column 21
flange. As it is a symmetrical section, the Neutral Axis (N.A) lies in

the middle of the section but for the steel on the outer side a formula
based on strain distribution has been obtained. By the balanced
condition (Eq.(3)), N.A. lies in compression zone.
Fig. 3.2 shows the strains in flange and web. In the figure ' a ' is
the depth of the plastic zone and can be calculated from the Eq.(4).
By simple geometry the tensile and compressive forces can be worked
out in flanges and webs. Resultant force is calculated by summing up
the tensile and compressive forces in the same way as in the case of
reinforced steel sections. The moment acting on the column is given
by the product of resultant force and lever arm from top fiber.
Fig. 3.3 shows the distribution stress and strains in the flange
and web when ku < kub- In this case there is a plastic zone in web,
indicated as ' c ' in the figure. The compressive and tensile forces can
be computed using simple mathematical and geometrical properties of
the figure. The resultant axial force obtained is multiplied with lever
arm that will give the moment acting in the top fiber.
Although the preceding procedure is well suited for spreadsheet

application, yet the use of the equations is cumbersome and Bradford
(1991) sought a simple design procedure. This is based on knowing
the key point axial force in pure compression ((|)No), for moment in
pure compression on ((t>Mo) for pure bending and the balanced failure
point corresponding to neutral axis (kubd), where (j) is the composite
resistance factor used in design which is 1.0 for composite sections.
Factored axial strength (JJNQ may be taken as the sum of the factored
axial strength of the concrete and steel and factored design strength in
pure bending ^M^. This was approximated as the sum of the factored
yield moment of steel and factored bending strength of an equivalent
reinforced concrete beam with tensile reinforcement consisting of
sides of the structural steel.
c
'TO
V)
-o
c
CD
c
o
o
0)
CO
00
LL
to
0)
b
c
o
o
M
w
c
o
X!
CO
w
QJ
c +—'
CD CO
w CNJ
CO
O)
c
g
o
-Q 0)
K
Analysis of Composite column
24
0)
CO
u
c
o
o
VI
c
o
-t—•
CO
•o
(/)
CO
a;
CO
CO
CO
c
g
0)
CO
Concrete has an ultimate strain of 0.003 corresponding to an

ultimate strength of 0.85 fck uniformly distributed over a depth of
y(kud-t), a reasonable approximation of which is
Y = 0.85 - 0 . 0 0 7 (fck - 28)
0.65 < y < 0.85 (1)
where, fck is the characteristic cylinder strength in MPa
'Balanced failure condition' is defined as that when the concrete

strain on the inside face of the top flange is 0.003 and the tensile
strain in the bottom flange of the steel section reaches yield strain,
i.e.
The strain e at a distance y from the top reference fiber is given by
The balanced condition is obtained by substituting e = Sy
At y = d
^ . 0.003/Mzll
k„d-t
"^^ - 0.003 i^"^-y

200x10' lk„d-tj
or - ay kud + Oyt = 600 kud - 600y
(600 + ay)kud = 600d + ay t
600d + a „t
k..d =
600+ ay
d(600 + ayt/d)
k,.d = (3)
600+ ay
For ku > kub
Fig. 3.2 shows the distribution of strains and stresses where ku >
kub the depth 'a' of a plastic compression zone in the top flange and
webs may be obtained by setting
a = Qy at y = a
CT
y-
t y
o„k„d
ttV
a = k„d +
E,8 E^8
Rectangular Triangular
o„t a„k„d
•y u '
a = k..d +
600 600
\_ ^y^ <^"t
a = k„d +^ (4)
V 600 600
The compressive and tensile forces
Cf = (b - 2t) t ay (5)
Ci = 2at ay (6)
'''"'' '"^ ata<d

(7)
ata>d
T2 = d ( l - k u ) t a b (8)
Tf=(b-2t)tab (9)
Cc = 0.85 fek Y ( b - 2 t ) ( k u d - t ) (10)
ab = stress in the steel bottom fibre
Tf and Cf are Tensile and Compressive Forces in steel flanges.
Ta and Cj are the elastic tensile and compressive forces in steel

flanges and in steel webs.
Ci is the plastic compressive forces in the steel webs.
Cc is the compressive force.

By symmetry of triangles.
d-M^ M-t
Gi, OyXO.003 E^
(d-M)600Gy
(M-t)
(l-kj600da^
o. (11)
(kud-t) .
Resultant Axial force N and moment M about the top fiber of

the section may than be obtained
N = ZCi+lTi (12)
M = I C , ye,+STi yt, (13)
For ku < kub
""^v
S = ^
s . 0.003 ^ " ^ - y |
a=k„d
[ 600 J 600
Cf = ( b - 2 t ) t Oy
Ci = 2 at Oy
ata<d
lo ata>d
T f = (b-2t)tCTy
Tf = - Cf (14)
T i = 2ctG-v (15)
T2 = (d - c - kud)ta^ (16)
For calculation of C
e=êy aty=d-c
::^= 0.003 ^ ^ " ^ - y l

k..d-t
-a, [k d - ( d - c )
^ = 0.003 ^î—-^ ^ :
200x10' kd-t
(k„d-t) = k„d-d + c
600
-a„k„d oA
c= ' " +-^-k„d +d
600 600
c = d 1-k
V V 600 600
N = Resultant Axial force about top fibre
Ns = Axial force about certroid
Ms = M - Nd/2
Ms = Moment about centroid.
The value of Vcr calculated at particular section may be assumed

to be constant for a distance equal to d/2 , measured in the direction
of increasing moment, from the particular section.
Area x stress factor. Area xstress for steel

. ^ ^ . ^ ^
(t)No = (|)c (b-2t) (d-2t) 0.85fck + 2(j)s (b+d-2t) t Gy (18)
(t)No - Axial force in pure compression.
(j) Mo= Moment in pure bending.

(()c is resistance factor for concrete
(taken as 0.6 in Australian Code Provisions) and
(t)s is resistance factor for steel
(taken as 0.9 in Australian Code Provisions).
The resistance Rd is determined as a function of the design

stress -strain curves obtained from the characteristic curves obtained
by dividing all stresses by ym. In particular the design strength of a
material is defined by
U = fck/Yr
where.
fck is characteristic strength of the material,
Yni is the partial safety factor given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Partial Safety Factors
Combination Concrete Reinforcing steel and Structural
prestressing steel steel
Yc Ys Ya
Functional 1.5 1.15 1.0
Accidental 1.3 1.0 1.0

Design strength in pure bending,
'd t a.
(t)Mo=(|)^Zô +(t), btCT
s y (19)
2 2x0.85(t)f,^
where,
ZsÊlastic section modules of the steel about the axis of

bending.
^
m. = 1+2
-3 (20)
V't>N„y
^^_0.85(b-2t)(d-2t)f,,
(21)
2(b + d-2t)ta
a = 1.0 + 0.5?L (22)
(«i>N.)e,
(t)M, (23)
1-
pTTÊ,!
N. = (24)
L = Column Length
I = Second Moment of Inertia of the concrete transformed area

about the centroidal axis.
P = Multiplying factor in terms of parameters that affect the

bending stiffness of column.
p = 0.43 + 0.14 <1.0 (25)

Vô
(26)
((t)Nj^=(l)No _2 V-' (27)

3a
N.
V
P = (l+Y + y'f
0 45 AX.
a N
f y
N „ = A , | + A, G„+2|j,y
[i = 0,25
V D.
Y = 0.02 25-i
D
For perfectly elastic pin ended columns the elastic critical load
'Ncr' is equal to the Eular load ' N E ' .
But for the restrained columns, support condition factor
,P = 1
1 + y + y2 ^ 1
Y(1 + Y) = 0
Y = 0 or Y = - 1
The value of p can be obtained from the relevant code

depending upon the support conditions.
(<|)Nje,
m, 1+ 2 -3
N„
(28)
1-
By Newton Raphson Method
f((t) Nu) = 1+ a,((^ Nu)+a2((|) N^)' + a3 ((j) N u f + a4 {^ N„r^^= 0

(29)
^ 2 ^
1+
((t>N„) ( N j (t>M«^
(<^NJ +
((t)N„)N
(<t)N„r
^ 3 ^
+ (<1>NJ"/
(<t)NorN„y
1+ 2
<|)N„
- e v*M„, - 2
m.
v't>Noy vN„y vNw
-3 + !>{ =0
eo(|)N„
1+2 K< 1 + 2 -3
V't>N„y <|)M„
_ eo(|)N„
1+2
(t)M„
(|)N A" (We,

(t)Mo = 1 + 2
1 &
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
-1
V<t>Noy (t)Mo
N„ N„<t)N„ (t)N„ U N „
<t>N„l,^ <|)N„eo_Q
+2
(t)Nj (|)M„
Arranging them in terms of power (t)Nu
f((t)N„) = (l)N„ -(*N„y

(t)N„ N„ (t>M„ N„(<t>No)
f
-ms {mS1 +m.r NJ(|>NJ"
•. f(<j)Nu)= (i)Nu a, + m,Y^2 + ((f)Nu)'^ a3 + mX 2^, (30)
2 1 e„
a, = (t)N„ (31)
N „ (|)M„
-2
(32)
<l>No(Nj
-3
(33)
3
(34)
By Newton Raphson Method
mj =m.y (35)
f((t)Nj = a,+a,((t)Nj + aa3((t.N„r +(a + l)a,((t)N„r (36)
The final value is worked out by Newton Raphson method. This

method gives an accurate approximate value. The coefficients ai, 32,
as 34 are worked out by the expressions, Eqs. 31 to 34. By assuming
first value of f((t)Nu) and r((l)Nu) is worked out. Then the next
approximate value is calculated. By making numerous trials so that
there is no change in value, the accurate value is calculated.
3.1 METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE

COLUMNS
For the analysis the following step by step procedure was adopted
Given Data
(i) Cross-section,
(ii) Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (fck),
(iii) Yield strength of steel fy ,
(iv) Length L,
(v) Modulus of Elasticity of steel (Es)
(vi) Eccentricity (Cb)
Method
Step I Calculate A, from Eq. (21)
Step II Calculate a from Eq. (22)
Step III Determine (j) MQ from Eq. (19) using relevant resistance
factor (t)s and (t)c
Step IV Determine <t)No from Eq. (18) using relevant resistance

factor (|)s and ^^
Step V Find balanced ((l)Ns)b from Eq. (27)
Step VI Find balanced moment ((t)Ms)b by substituting Eqs.(27)

and (28) in Eq.(20).
Step VII Determine Cb from Eq. (26)
Step VIII Determine (3 from Eq. (25)
Step IX Calculate Ncr from Eq. (24)
Step X Calculate (t)Nu from Eq.(36) by trial substituting in

Eq.(30) and (36) and with the help of coefficients of ai,
a2, as and 34.
CHAPTER 4
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
A series of exercises have been carried out to study the variation of

ultimate load carrying capacity ((|)Nu) of composite columns with
variable parameters. The aspect ratio (d/b), grade of concrete and
perimeter are the variable parameters. The thickness of the steel
section is kept constant in all the trials. The results obtained are
analyzed for three different perimeters and three grades of concrete.
From these values graphs are drawn for aspect ratio (d/b) versus
ultimate load carrying capacity ((t)Nu) for different perimeters and
grades of concrete. A composite graph for all the results involving
these parameters has also been shown.
4.1 EFFECT OF PERIMETER ON ULTIMATE LOAD

CARRYING CAPACITY
The results for a particular grade of concrete and perimeter are
analyzed. The grades of concrete for analysis taken are M25, M30 and
M35. The aspect ratio varies between 1.0 to 3.0 and perimeter varies
as 800, 1000 and 1200 mm. An increment of 0.2 is made for an aspect
ratio 1.0 to 2.0 and 0.5 for 2.0 to 3.0.
4 . L I Grade of Concrete M25

Figure 4.1(a) is a plotted between aspect ratio (d/b) and ultimate load
carrying capacity ((t)Nu) for perimeters 800mm, 1000mm and 1200mm.
Observation And Calculation 36
The results have also been tabulated in Tables 4.1(a), (b) and (c). In
the analysis the grade of concrete and thickness of steel section are
constant while aspect ratio and perimeter of the section have been
variables.
The results show that ultimate load carrying capacity is

inversely proportional to the aspect ratio i.e. an increase in aspect
ratio of the composite column section causes a decrease in its load
carrying capacity. The value of load carrying capacity is 1338kN for
aspect ratio 1.0 which reduces to 1275kN at 2.0 and finally 1210kN at
3.0. This reduction is to be 4.7% and 9.5% for perimeter of 800mm.
The value of load carrying capacity is 1837kN for aspect ratio

1.0 which reduced to 1745kN at 2.0 and finally 1641kN at 3.0. This
reduction is found to be 5.0% and 10.6% for perimeter 1000mm.
Similarly, for perimeter 1200mm the value of load carrying

capacity is 2400kN, 2272kN and 2113kN for aspect ratios of 1.0, 2.0
and 3.0, respectively, accounting for a reduction of 5.3% and 12.0%.
From the above discussion the reduction of ultimate load

carrying capacity ranges between 4.5% to 5.5% for aspect ratio 2.0.
For aspect ratio 3.0 the value ranges between 9.5% to 12%.
Ultimate load carrying capacity is directly proportional to the

perimeter of the section. The value of load carrying capacity is
1338kN for perimeter 800mm. The load carrying capacity is 1837kN
for perimeter 1000mm. The load carrying capacity is increased by
37% due to change in perimeter from 800 to 1000mm at aspect ratio
1.0. At same aspect ratio the load carrying capacity is 2400kN for
perimeter 1200 mm. It is observed that the load carrying capacity
increases by 3 1 % from perimeter 1000mm and 79% from perimeter
800mm. Here it is concluded that load carrying capacity value is
inversely proportional to aspect ratio and directly proportional to
perimeter of the section.
Observation A nd Calculation j7
4.1.2 Grade of concrete M30

The graph. Figure 4.1(b) is plotted for the corresponding values
obtained in Tables 4.2 (a), (b) and (c). Similarly, as discussed above
the ultimate load carrying capacity is inversely proportional to the
aspect ratio. The value of load carrying capacity is 1430kN for aspect
ratio 1.0 which reduced to 1354kN at 2.0 and finally 1276kN at 3.0.
This reduction is found to be 5.3% and 10.8% for perimeter 800mm.
For perimeter 1000mm the value of load carrying capacity is

1984kN at aspect ratio 1.0 which reduced to 1873kN at 2.0 and finally
1745kN at 3.0. This reduction is found to be 5.6% and 12.0%o.

capacity is 2614kN, 2461kN and 2270kN at aspect ratios of 1.0. 2.0
and 3.0 respectively accounting for reduction of 5.8% and 13.1%.
From the above discussed cases, reduction of ultimate load

carrying capacity ranges between 5% to 6% for aspect ratio 2.0. For
aspect ratio 3.0 the value ranges between 10.5% to 13.5%.
Ultimate load carrying capacity is directly proportional to the

perimeter of the sections. The value of load carrying capacity is
1430kN for perimeter 800mm. The load carrying capacity is 1984kN
for perimeter 1000mm. The load carrying capacity is increased by
39% due to change in perimeter from 800 to 1000mm. The load
carrying capacity is 2614kN for perimeter 1200mm. It is observed that
load carrying capacity increases by 32% from perimeter 1000mm and
83% from perimeter 800mm.
Observation And Calculation ^g
4.1.3 Grade of concrete M35

The graph, Figure 4.1(c) is plotted for the corresponding values
obtained in Tables 4.3 (a), (b) and (c). Results show that the ultimate
load carrying capacity is directly proportional to the aspect ratio.
Consonant with the results obtained for grades of concrete M25

and M30, the results show a similar trend qualitatively.
The value of load carrying capacity is 1522kN for aspect ratio

1.0 which reduced to 1434kN at 2.0 and finally 1343kN for 3.0. This
reduction is found to be 5,8% and 11.8% for perimeter 800mm.
For perimeter 1000mm the value of load carrying capacity is

2131kN at aspect ratio 1.0 which reduced to 2002kN at 2.0 and finally
1852kN at 3.0. This reduction is found to be 6% and 13.1%.

capacity is 2829kN at aspect ratio 1.0 which reduced to 2650kN at 2.0
and finally 2427kN at 3.0. This reduction is found to be 6.3% and
14.2 %.
So from the above discussion the reduction of ultimate load

carrying capacity ranges between 5.5 to 6.5% for aspect ratio 2.0. For
aspect ratio 3.0 the value ranges between 11.5 to 14.5%. The value of
carrying capacity is 1522kN for perimeter 800mm. The load carrying
capacity is 213 IkN for perimeter 1000 mm. The load carrying is
increased by 40% due to change in perimeter from 800 to 1000mm.
The load carrying capacity is 2829kN for perimeter 1200mm. It is
observed that load carrying capacity is increased by 32% from
perimeter 1000mm and 86% from perimeter 800mm.
Obsen'ation And Calculation 39
00 CN o
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CNl
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b O ON
ON 00 O ON ON
X 00 NO
T
C8 (N tri 00
b o 00
VO NO
CJN
NO
o
•/-I o
NO NO
X o fsi m1
C8 1 1 1 1 (N
1
in CO CO
b CD lO o CJ> CN
X
CD O o
CN CN CO CO in
1 1 1 1 1
1
CO
CO O in CN in lO
b 5 CD
CO
in
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CO
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CO CNJ
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= E o CO m O
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CvJ (J) in
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CD in in in 5 CO
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CD CN
CD oci
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Observation And Calculation
40
ir= Z <- ON O in
tN i-H ON NO oo
PC ^ ro 00 00 NO NO
0\
ON NO in 00
O ON
ON o r~
X in NO
(N' NO'
l—H
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X 00 O O 00 in
1 1
in
1
mi NO
i
ON
1 1
in 00
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NO 00 00 in o
X ON NO
NO 00 o^ (N
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
in OO
o I—1 ON ON ON ON
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e
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ON in m O 00
Z 2 ON
ON
in
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m
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NO (N o
a II O <n
o ON
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m
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in ON ON
NO o in <N
m
I r- ON »—1 in in 00
m
a ^ 00 00 00
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"3 -e- 1^
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in
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a 0^ 00 NO in ON NO
r—t
ON 00 NO oo ON
t—(
m I—1
OO oo
ON oo NO
r< ON ON ON. ON o 00 fN
O O
O O ON
o o
o O
O (N 'T NO 00 o in o
O in in o in in o
O ON NO
O O in o
i
i/-i in in
ON NO
CNI m m
o
o 00
00
oo 00 fN
1^
rr en
NO O
oo
m fN
-e- ^ CM (N m
(N fN (N rNl fN
fN
00 fN ON NO en ON
o (N 00 in
00 O ON fN 00 en
X
NO ON fN in
o NO in o (N
o oo T — f ro 00 m <N
in
X f-H
m en
r-- fN 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
00
ON o ON 00
m in
b \ 1 I—H
(N 00 en 00 NO
X fN m ON
in o
1 1 1 i
1
« 1 1
1
ON 00 00 00
b 00 IT) NO
NO o ON 0^ en
X o o (N en
o
u od 00 00 00 00 00 od od
e
o o o en o in
^' 1 O
t-~-
r-
o
m
ON
<N
'^
fN
o
(N
(N
(N
o
ON
NO
in
NO
in
NO
en
oo
oo
r-
00 (N NO ON 00
fN m ON O
"* OO r-
o S 1 00
fN m
NO
(N
en
O
o
t S fN
in
r—t o
fN o
in
00 O
o o
en
^<s S o
o
00 00
NO
00
o
(N
f^ 00
oo ro (N
« ^, IT) -e- e^ (N fN fN fN fN
fN
2--2^ II
U S "*" = ? ON
(N o
(N
00
ON
NO ON
00
O
c a; ^ 1 ON
en fN o o
ON
-e- Z
fN 00 fN 00 in
O en fN
m in m
00 NO en NO fN
1 s O
NO
ON 00
o NO
XI-
(N
ON r~- fN
ON
SI ^ (N fN ON en
o fN
O 00 en
en
ON
fN
en
NO fN in in
o ON OO rsi
t--' m' NO en
fN t-- in r-i r-
NO
ON o
f — <
00 o 00 in 00
o O m en en
00
a O
NO
00 t^
in
in
>n
en
in
1—(
7-^
NO NO in in
00 oo
r< ON
t — 1
o NO NO 00
00
i-H (—1 o ON
T—H
O b
o o o o o o O o
o <N NO oo o in o
r-i fN en
-1 o
o
O
fN
o
fN
o
(N
in
<N
o
o
fN
o O
in
'1 o
o
r<-i
O
m
m
O O in
00
O
O
o
en
o
in
Observations And Calculations 42
2500
2400
2300 J
2200
2100
I 1600 •
1500 •Perimeter 800

•Perimeter 1000
1400 •Perimeter 1200
1300
1200
1100
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.1 (a) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) Ultimate Load

Carrying Capacity for different parameters
(Grade of Concrete M25, Thickness t = 5 mm)
Ohsen'alion And Calculation 43
3 C;^ o ON
in
in
ON NO
^ m fN
-©- o
b ON ON ON -a-
O O 00 fN
X ON
ON fN
t~-' ON <N (N ON f3N
00 (N (N ON in ON
ON ON 00 ON NO o
X
r- O
r-' r~
ON
od
b m b
1
1 1 1
fN
1 1 1
1
b ON T — f (N l-H m
NO 00 m
X
00 fN ro
I—1 r-- O p
(N m1 ro
1
<n
1 1
1 1 1
1
• * ^
V
u b ON O NO T—( NO
(J 00 NO ro (N 00
X (N rN (N <N
CI
S
o
«^ NO O m (N O r»-) CO f^
r- NO fN
o Z 2 ON
m
NO
(N in ON o <N
(N
a>
« 4 's in r- m ro
o S 1 o
ON
ON
•O
ON
O
<N
(N
NO
fN
ON
00
NO ON
r-- NO in ro ro
NO
Ss £
in
«5 o S S" f o r2 S
.w- ^t, sa
s o
fN ON
in
in
ON
r-
• * r<^
« % " -e- 1^ fN
H
OO o (N
U J *" 00 ON
(N
ON
O
O
in
ro
O
(N 00
m
o
f^
ON
fN
|-~
NO NO «0 >n r'l
<n 00 ON
b OO OO in b b r-'
u •5 "^r O r- r-' r- O
NO ON ON OO
r- o
00 iri ^^ in 00
o ON OO (N NO fN
I—1
rs
o ro -* ON
NO V-) ON m NO
ce 00 o
b fN NO o
I—(
fN
g o C3N 00 fN
ro
(N NO ON in 00 OO
s NO in (N o
NO
(N NO NO •n (N
^ ON ON ON
r-
00
in
00
•n
r-
00
00 NO
b b b b b b b b
o (N TT NO 00 o O
rsi (N ro
-I o
o
O
OO NO
o
in
o
re
O
f-o
m O
O
'1 o
o
o lO
ro
o
in
o
NO
tN
O
fN
in
00
fN
O
O
r<-i
ON 00 ON lO
00 ON ON
ON ON ON 00 00
-©- e ON
O r-H 00 ON m ON •o
I — '
NO 0^
X 00 00 NO o NO
o O r<-)
o o NO ON ND
o 00 00
X o NO
NO O
T—H m CM en NO
s 1
1
I I 1 1 1 1
o o ON 00 en 00 N/~>
00 OO (N ON
X ON
O o p
m 00
1
NO 1 1 1 1
0) 1
t
-^
ij o o o
u 00
ON
(N
oo NO NO
o
I — 1
ON
(J m
oe
X IT) NO en
0\ ON ON ON ON' ON' ON' ON
U 00
(N
o
NO
O
OO 1 — < NO
CM NO 00 00 O ON
NO O 00 OO
•a o 1—1 1 — i 00 NO
cs
O ON
00 <N NO r—H 00 NO
e s 1
t — 1
m 00 (N «-> rr O O
ON (N O 00
w 2 1—1 O 00
00
ON NO
ON
1 ^1 i
O ^ m
fS o 00 o .
-* m
w 1, is
fill -M II en ON oo ON
oo CM ON ON
ON 00
OS U S *- -e- li. ON ON ON OO
H .S « ON m
r- 00 OO
S 1 NO
1—1
ON NO
O
O
-^
00
w o O O o ON
ON ON 00 00 NO NO
U
o NO o
03
oo
r-H
NO
o O ON
o en
© (N ON 00 O NO
o ON
NO
CM o
(N
ON 00 O ON
ON <N 1 — t ON O
s O
NO
NO o CM
O
O ON
r—( 00
ON 00
ON (N NO en
a -st;
oo
ON r- ON en
c< ON CM 00
(N \—1
o o ON oo
O o
O
O
O o o o o o' o
NO oo o
•a o IT)
rn
CNI
"i O
o
o
ON
V-1
NO
O
O O IT) o
ON
' ! NO
en
Ohser\>ation And Calculation 45
0 NO ON NO 0
z ^ 0
NO
r- IT)
0. NO
m (N
(N
(N
-e- ^
0
b CO fNl 0 0
NO r-
X NO
OS 0
•0
(N 00 00 NO
b 00 ON 00 ON NO
X 0
NO 00 <N
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00
10 0 0
b 0 0 (~- ON
ON 00 ON <n NO
X
CN ON
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b 0
0
1—( NO NO NO
a; X
ON 00 ON
IT)
ON
V.
e NO 0 m
o NO NO NO
(N
00 ON
z" § ON
00
ON
T-H r--
I—1
0 m
I—I
m ON
00 0 r—H 0
00 00 ON ON
U S1 m
(^
00
T-H
00 NO
f—<
(N
r-
-e- <i ON 00 NO 0
o £
o
m
^5 •NO
0
NO
ON
NO
1—1
00
NO
NO
in
NO
(N
NO
0
NO in
m
3 ^ 0 ON NO 0
1 &< -t^ 11
•e- :*.
NO
0
NO
tN
0 NO
fS
in
fNl fNl
« 4J I' <n
0 ? m 00
u s *- NO NO
00
NO ON
ON
NO
0
ON
ON
0
ON
00
0
.2 « fNl
ON
00
in ON
<a NO IT) 10
rn
U 1 s NO
00
NO
NO
0
NO
ON
•a ON 00 ON NO
ON
0 00 ON
CO fS
CM
m.
NO in
© ON 00 NO
<r\
r-i m (N
ON r—i
0
NO T-H 1—1
r—1
S ON •0 r^l
a 0 00 NO 00 m
NO NO NO in m
ON
00 ON ON
r< TT
NO 00 NO NO
I—H 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 NO 00 0
•0 m
-1 0
0
m
0 0 0 in 0
0
0 0
m
'I 0
0
0
m
r<-|
0 0 <0
00
0
0
0
r<-i
0
in
2700
2200
2100
1700
•Perimeter 800
-Perimeter 1000
•Perimeter 1200
1200 -i
1100
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.1(b) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load

(Grade of Concrete M30, Thickness =5mm)
O t^ 00
O t^ cn <3N
IT) ^ 1^
-©- e
0^
b 00 oo <N 00 oo i-n
00 o (N 00 ro NO r-
X r- (N 00 T—^ NO od o^
NO' oo rM m
b ON NO OO r- NO
00 o '^ m
X NO O oo 00
ro
m1 '^' 1 ^' NO 00
1 1 1 1 1
1
b O ON
ON
<N
o
X
ON o in ON NO m
NO
rt <N
<N tN
1
NO
1
1 1 1 1
-^^
b 00 ON ON lO 00
o ON 00 NO >n I—1 rr
e X fN
o
o
(N o
NO ON 00
O o
Z 2 0\
V-)
NO
NO
o
IN
(N
o ^1 O
NO
00
ON
00
O
lO
in
m
oo tN OO
s 1 00 oo
NO
ON
ON ON
S fi w -2
NO
= oo a ON
(N I—<
O
ON
NO
00
o
r-
IN ON
o
<N (N IN CN
« V. » o 00 't
m ON
o • *
1^ t^
=? m NO 00 NO
^ 1 ON O
fN
(N
O
00
o
NO
o o
oo
CM
IT) m
u NO NO NO
ON
-^ oo
U O <N 00
o
oo O
o
o o
O
oo
NO •>^ I—1
ON <3N r-
en ON tN r—1 00
ON OO
© (N o NO fN
<N
ON
NO ON m (N in NO
00 r-' b (N NO
o o o
E <N
I—*
t~o
ON
IN
00 IN
IN
NO NO tjN
b in lO
ON
r- •
•
*
^
OO
ro
tN ON tN IN NO
<< O 00
O
NO
o
C3N
0\
m
ON
00
00
ON
r-
o
r—i I—*
b b b b
^ o O o O o O o o
o <N NO oo
O in o
•B tN IN
-1 o
o
(N
O
00
>n
NO
o o O
m
•n O
O
'1 o
o
(N
o
(N
m
(N
o
<N
o
NO
(N
O
r-
IN
m
00
(N
O
O
m
Ohsen'otion And Calculation 48
ON NO 0 in
en ON NO m 0 m
0 0 0 0 ON 00
-e- e
0
00 00 NO
b NO NO m
r-H 0\
X l-H
0
en 10 r<-i
>0 00 ON ON 00 r—1
b NO I—1
0 ON ON
X (N m
ro
s 1 1
00
1
ON
1
r—(
1 1 1 1
00
NO 0 <n NO 0 1—1
b NO 00 ON '^ 00
•<:)•
NO 00 0 NO I—1
X
1 NO ON I—1
1
t-H
1
CM
CS 1 1 1 1 1
b 00 NO m NO 00
9; T—1
00
NO 00 ON r-
X 00 00 00 00 00
00
u 00 00 00 00 00 00' 00" 1
(J
B 00 0 00 lO
O ON 0
ON m NO m
U 2^" 2 (N
0 ON NO
o\
«M
o m ON NO 00
00 IT)
00 •n NO
a> 0\ 00
«
^ 1 0
rs t-H
NO
ON
0 0 NO
ON
i>
»—f
00
O ,£!
ON IT) NO CO
^.. c 10
0\
^§ s ON
NO
NO
0
m 0
in
m
0
I « i «/) -e- :*, 0 ON
I—i
00
1—1
D< - ^ II
u s *- = ?<Nro NO
0 0
ON
00
<n
ON
H NO
00
NO
ro
NO
<N
0 in
00
0
in
.S «
T—*
0 NO
0 ON ON 00 00
NO
u u-1 0\ NO
NO
ro
NO 00 NO NO
m ON
U § S 00 1—i NO
NO
r^
l<
0
0 0 m NO
<N 00 ON 0
(N
m
ON (N NO 0
© (N (N
r- 00
•«-<
05 '= 1 ON
ON
<N
0
NO
NO
0
0 ON
ON
(N
0
0
0
r-
ON
00
s I—1
ON NO 0
ON r--
a 0^
NO
NO NO NO NO NO
in
in
1—(
in
00
00 in ON
ON
00 NO
t-i ro 0
0
T 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=5
•0
0 NO 00 0 in
0 10 0 0 in
0 ON NO
- ! (-Nl
' 1 0 in
ON
0 in
CO
0
NO
m
m
Obsen'ation And Calculation 49
ON <N •Tf t—1 ON O r~- r~

(N r-H 00 ON lo fN (M
z is
• ^
00 00 r- t~- NO NO m
(N <N (N (N fN (N rsl "^
(N
m in 00
OO ON 00
o ON
O
ON
O
(N
>o lO ON
NO
X CO OO »-H o
O O O o ^^ ^
• ^
^
\D
O
^ CN NO O <o 00 IT) o
>/-i NO r- NO r<^ r<-i •O r~
(N m H ^ 00 r~-
X </-) ON
^
(N ON
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00
m o\ 00 NO >0 ^^ r~ NO
O m V-)
^ m p-^
v-)
>n
>0
m ^
m
X r- I—I
o tN
(^
(N <N CO m NO 00
cs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b Tt O m o 00 NO ro 00
tN T-H OO (N 00 I—1 t^
X 00 00 (^
00 00 ON ON 1—1 l—H
u rt vo NO NO NO NO NO r~ r~
(J
G
O r~- o ON ON O r- o
L. I^- >ri (N fN m t--
^ '^ '
u z g.
IT)
o
<N
ro
m
lO
00
(N
O
• ^
<N
OO
o
(N
00
r-
• *
(N ON
o
• *
'^ ^
a> <o m r-~ ^
^'s ro NO
• *
ro
00
(N
ro
NO
NO
I—1
NO
00
• *
O I—(
V-) NO o o o
a sw 2| tN
O
o
ON
O
00
m
l~-
o
NO
o
Vi
00
rs
<N
'^
m
£
=1
• ^ c^ O ON o r-H c<\ O 00 O
m m <N ON NO m •<t 00
-Z© -"^
w 00 OO 00
r- r- C-- NO lO
i O t, C
Z !5
ON
<N
00
CN
ro
l-H
OO
fS
• *
OO
f^
<N
_^
•<3-
t^
<N
o
o
t^
(N
o
<o
NO
(N
t--
(N
in
(N
r^
fS
• *
fN
=? ON fN ^ (N O ON (N m
NO >o NO I^
• *
c-~ 00 •*
00 ON Tj- 'I-
• *
O NO
.2 « S|
-©•§
00
irl
ON (N Tj-
m
00
<N
I—1
<N
NO
O
NO
• *
^ ON
^
OO ON
NO IT)
m 1—1
U OO
NO
1S r- T — 1
NO NO fN
N£>
O
NO
ON
oo
fN
o (N
ON
ON fN
iri CO ON
o fN O OO
m
ON
(N
r<^ NO • ^ (N m •o t~- I/-1

« (N o ON 00 <N NO
'^ m
^ E m (N r^ CO m rs| r—- r-
E •—I
(N
ON
t—f
t--
''
NO
l-H
lo
'—'
-*
(—4
rvi
^^
o
^^
ON ro V-) 00 fN
00
ON i>
r<-i (N
8 OO OO
ON r- ^ r-- (N
oo r~ r~- r-~ NO
NO
I—^
'-^ ^^ ^^ —
'• -^
NO
00 NO f- ^ 1 IT) >/-l
(N
r~- rr ON lO ON m
0\
NO NO IT) m
<-< NO '/~i
"^ fN
-^ —
o o o o o o O O
=5
•o
o fN • ^
^^ 00 o lO o
r^l (N m
^.^
-i o
o
ro
O
r-
<N
o
to
(N
o
r^
(N
•ri
I—(
<N
o
o
rsl
o
t--
^ H
O
•/-i
^ H
^_^
'i o
o
r<^
O
m
m
o
•rl
m
O
r--
ro
"O
OO
m
O
o
rf
o
m
• *
o
m
^
2300
2200
1700
•Perimeter 800
•Perimeter 1000
-Perimeter 1200
1300
1200
1100
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d^)
Fig. 4.1(c) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load
Carrying Capacity for different Parameter
(Grade of Concrete M35, Thickness t = 5mm)
Obsen>ations And Calculations 51
4.2 EFFECT OF GRADE OF CONCRETE ON

ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
The result series. Tables 4.4 (a), (b) and (c) presents the results of
effect of different grades of concrete on strength of composite column
sections. In the tables, the constant parameters are perimeter of
column section, aspect ratio and thickness while grade of concrete is
taken as a variable. The tabulated values have been drawn in the form
of graphs (Fig. 4.2 (a), (b) and (c)) with non-dimensional aspect ratio
(d/b) along the ordinate and ultimate load carrying capacity along the
abscissa for different values of perimeters.
4.2.1 Perimeter 800mm

The results tabulated in Table 4.4.(a) are analyzed and Fig. 4.2(a) is
plotted for perimeter 800mm. At aspect ratio 1.0 for M25 grade of
concrete the load carrying capacity value is 1338kN. The load
carrying Capacity value at same aspect ratio for M30 grade of concrete
is 1430kN and 1532kN for M35. The load carrying capacity values at
aspect ratio 3.0 for M25, M30 and M35 grade of concrete are 1210kN,
1276kN and 1343kN, respectively. The percentage increase in values
for change of grade from M25 to M30, M30 to M35 and M25 to M35 is
6.4%, 6.6% and 12.6% respectively for an aspect ratio 1.0.
Corresponding values of percentage increase for an aspect ratio 3.0
are 5.1%, 5.0% and 9.9%.

The results tabulated in Table 4.4(b) are analyzed and Fig. 4.2(b) is
plotted for perimeter 1000mm. Similarly, as discussed above, the
increase in values for change of grades M25-M30, M30-M35 and M25-
M35, are 7.4%, 6.9%) and 13.8% respectively for an aspect ratio 1.0.
Corresponding values of percentage increase for an aspect ratio 3.0
are 6.0%, 5.8% and 11.4%.
OhservalionsAnd Calculations 52

The results tabulated in Table 4.4(c) are analyzed and Fig. 4.2(c) is
plotted for perimeter 1200mm. Similarly, as discussed in the
preceding cases the increase in values for change of grade M25-M35
and M25-M35 is 8.2%, 7.6%, 15.2% and for aspect ratio 1.0 and 6.9%),
6.5%o and 13% at 3.0 aspect ratio.
It may be concluded from the above discussion that with change

in grade of concrete there is change in ultimate load carrying capacity
of a composite column section. The values range between 6% to 9%
for change of grade from M25 to M30, or from M30 to M35 while for a
change from M25 to M35, value ranges between 9% to 16%.
4.3 COMPOSITE GRAPH

A unit graph for all the above discussed results tabulated in the table
series has been plotted and shown in Fig. 4.3. From the graph it is
seen that the values of ultimate load carrying capacity decrease with
increase in aspect ratio and increase with increase in grade of
concrete and perimeter. It is obvious from the graph and hence may be
concluded that there is increase in load carrying capacity of column
section with the increase of perimeter. For an increase in perimeter
from 800mm to 1000mm the value increases between 37%)-40%. For
change in perimeter from 1000mm to 1200mm the value increases by
31%)-32%). And for change in perimeter from 800mm to 1200mm the
load carrying capacity increases by 79%-86%. The reason for increase
in value of load carrying capacity with respect to perimeter is that
change in perimeter increases the axial moment in pure bending ((t)Mo)
worked out in step III (Eq.l9) and axial force in pure compression
worked out in step IV (Eq.l8). This results in decrease in values of
coefficients ai, a2, as and a4 (step X) that have been used to work out
the final value by Newton Raphson Method.
Table 4.4(a)
Ultimate load for perimeter 800mm
t = 5mm
d b D/b M25 M30 M35
(mm) (mm) (kN) (kN) (kN)
200 200 1.0 1338 1430 1532
220 180 1.2 1333 1424 1515
235 165 1.4 1332 1411 1500
250 150 1.6 1306 1391 1477
260 140 1.8 1292 1375 1458
270 130 2.0 1275 1354 1434
285 115 2.5 1245 1319 1393
300 100 3.0 1210 1276 1343

Table 4.4(b)
t = 5mm
d b D/b M25 M30 M35
250 250 1.0 1837 1984 2131
275 225 1.2 1829 1974 2194
295 205 1.4 1811 1953 2094
310 190 1.6 1790 1929 2066
325 175 1.8 1765 1898 2030
335 165 2.0 1745 1873 2002
360 140 2.5 1683 1799 1915
450 125 3.0 1641 1745 1852

Table 4.4(c)
t = 5mm
d b D/b M25 M30 M35
300 300 1.0 2400 2614 2829
330 270 1.2 2388 2600 2812
350 250 1.4 2368 2576 2784
370 230 1.6 2337 2539 2741
385 215 1.8 2308 2504 2699
400 200 2.0 2272 2461 2650
430 170 2.5 2184 2356 2527
450 150 3.0 2113 2270 2427

1600 -
•M25]
-M30
•M35
1100
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 IX 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.2(a) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load Carrying

Capacity for perimeter 800mm
(Grade of Concrete M25, M30, M35, Thinckness t = 5 mm)
2200
-M25|
-M30'
-M35
1500
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.2(b) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load Carrying

Capacity for perimeter 1000mm
(Grade of Concrete M25, M30, M3S, Thinckness t = 5 mm)
2900 -
2800
z
-e- 2700 -
8. 2600
IS
2500
2400
U
« -M25
O 2300
-M30
S 2200 •M35
5 2100
2000
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.2(c) Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load Carrying

Capacity for perimeters 1200mm
(Grade of Concrete M25, M30, M35, Thinckness t = 5 mm)
From previous discussion it was concluded, that for an increase

in aspect ratio there is decrease in ultimate load carrying capacity.
The decrease in value range between 4.5%-6-5% at aspect ratio 2.0
and 9.5%-14.5% at 3.0. The decrease in strength is due to decrease in
second moment of inertia, which has a direct bearing on the axial
moment in pure bending ((t)Mo), (Ref. step III). The increase in aspect
ratio means width (b) of section decrease causing an increase in the
Newton Raphson's coefficients ai,a2,a3 and a4 worked in Step X. This
results in decrease in ultimate value of load. The decrease in value of
width (b) also decreases the value of axial force in pure compression.
It was also observed that for change in grade from M25 to M30
and from M30 to M35, the percentage increase in value ranges between
5.0% to 8.5%. For change of grade from M25 to M35, the value ranges
between 9.5% to 15.0%, for all aspect ratios between 1.0 to 3.0. This
increase is due to the increase in axial force in pure compression and
axial moment in pure bending.
2900
M25,Perimeter 800
M30, Perimeter 800
M35,Perimeter 800
M25, Perimeter 1000
M30,Perimeter 1000
M35, Perimeter 1000
M25J'erimeter 1200
M30, Perimeter 1200
M35, Perimeter 1200
1100
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
Aspect Ratio (d/b)
Fig. 4.3 Effect of Aspect Ratio (d/b) on Ultimate Load

(Grade of concrete M25, M30, M35,Thickness t = 5mm)
Observations And Calculations 5$
4.4 EFFECT OF STRENGTH PARAMETER {%) ON

ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY ((|)Nu)
Bar chart, Figure 4.4 is drawn with ultimate load carrying capacity of
column to the strength parameter {X) for the results presented in
preceding table series, Tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. From the figure it is
seen that the aspect ratio has an effect on strength of column. The
strength value at aspect ratio 3.0 for M30 grade of concrete and
perimeter 800mm is 1276kN. Same strength with same perimeter can
be obtained even at a lower grade of concrete i.e. M25 but with a
higher aspect ratio 2.0. The strength value for perimeter 1000mm at
aspect ratio 2.5 and M30 grade of concrete, can also be obtained at
lower grade M25 at an aspect ratio 1.4. For perimeter 1200mm having
M30 grade of concrete at aspect ratio 2.5, the strength value is
2356kN. For the same perimeter having aspect ratio 1.4 at M25 grade
of concrete the value is 2368kN, which is nearly equal.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the requisite load carrying

capacity can be obtained at a lower grade of concrete by suitably
selecting an efficient aspect ratio resulting in overall economy of the
structure.
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EXERCISE I
Perimeter = 800mm
Aspect Ratio =1.0
b = 200 mm
d = 200 mm
t = 5 mm
L = 3000 mm
E, = 2.00 X 10 ^N/ mm^
M25 Grade of concrete and Mild Steel.
fck = 3 0 N/mm^
av = 250 N/mm^
Step-I; Calculate A, from Eq.(21)

0.85(b-2t)(d-2t)f,k
X
2(b + d-2t)taj.
0.85(200 - 2 X 5)(200 - 2 x 5) x 25
X^ = 0.7868
2(200 + 2 0 0 - 2 x 5 ) x 5 x 2 5 0
Step-II: Calculate a from Eq.(22)
a = 1+0.5X
a = 1+0.5x0.7868= 1.3934
Step-III: Determine (j)Mo from Eq.(19) using relevant resistant factor

(t)s and (t)c
t o.
<l>Mo=(t)A<J,+(|),btaj
2 2x0.85(t)f,ck /
d(600 + ayt/d)
k„d
600+ a„
( 250x5
200 600 +
V 200
k„d 142,65 m m
600 + 250
200 X 200' ( 200 190x190' { 200

+ 200 X 200 142.65-- + 190x190 142.65
12 12
V V
= 31826687.75 mm'*
11826687.75
"'steel = 223110.32mm'
142.65
200 5 X 250
(t)M„ =0.90x223110.32
1.7 X 25
= 66082175.89N:
= 66082 kNmm
Step-IV: Determine (t)No from"^ relevant resistance

factor (j)s
(|)No = (t)c(b-2t) (d-2t) 0.85fck+2(t)s (b+d-2t) t Gy
(t)No= 0.60(200-2x5)(200-2x5)x0.85x25+2x0.90(200+200
-2x5)x5x250
= 1337775 N
= 1338 kN
Step-V: Find balanced ((t)Ns)b from Eq.(27)
((t)Nj =(t>N,
3a
1.3934-1
((1)NJ,= 1337775
3x1.3934.
205369.97 N
205 kN
Obsen'ations And Calculations 63
Step-Vl: Find balanced moment ((t)Ms)b by substituting Eq.(27)and

Eq.(28) into Eq. (20)
1+2
r 205369.97 "i ^205369.97

((j)MJb =66082175,89 1 + 2
1337775 1337775
= 71810489.09 Nmm
= 71810 kNmm
Step-VII: Determine Cb from Eq.(26)
71810489.09 ^^^^^
eu = = 349.66 mm
205369.97
S t e p - V n i : Determine (3 from Eq.(25)
p = 0.43 + 0.14 <1.0
349.66
p = 0.43 + 0.14 oo<l
0
.•.p = l
Step-DC: Calculate Ncr from Eq.(24)
PTIÊJ
N,
L^
E, = 5700V25 = 28500N / mm'

2.00x10' ^ ^ , ^
m= = 7.017
28500
190x190' 200x200' 190x190'

I eg of concrete + 7.17
12 12 12
282148785.8 mm'
xrc^ X 28500x282148785.8
N„ =
3000'
= 8818206.84 N
= 8818kN
Step-X: Calculate (t)Nu from Eq. (36) by trial substituting in Eq.

(30) and Eq.(36) and with the help of coefficients of ai,
a2, a3 and a4.
f'{(4>Nj'}
f((t) Nu)= (t) Nu ai + ((t) Nu)'a2 + ((|)Nu)" a, + ((t)Nu)""'a4
f'((t)N„) = a,+a,((t)N„)+aa3((t)N„r'+(a + l)a,((t)N„)"

2 1 e„
(j)No N„ (t)M 0
2 1 0
a, = = -1.3816x10"^
' 1338 8818 236475
-2
a.
*2
*No(Nj
a., = ? = -1.6964 X 10"'

(1338)(8818)
-3
a, =
(<t>No)"
a. = ^^KT^ = -1-320 X 10'

3 (1338)1.3934
^4 =
(<t>No)°'N„
3
= 1.496x10'
' (1338)'-''''x8818
f(1000)=l + 1.3816xl0"^(1000)-1.6954xl0"^(1000)^
-1.320x10"^ (1000)^^"'*+1.496x10-^(1000)'-^"^
= 0.4397
f (1000)=1.3816xl0'^-2x 1.6954x10-^(1000)
- 1 . 3 9 3 4 x l . 3 2 x l 0 " ' ( 1 0 0 0 ) ° " " + 2 . 3 9 3 4 x 1 . 4 9 6 x 1 0-^(1000) 2.3934
Ohsen'ations And Calculations 65
f(1000)=1.3816xl0"^-3.3904xl0"^(1000)-1.8392x 10-^1 OOO)*'""

+ 3.580x10^ ( 1 0 0 0 ) ' ^ " ^
= -1.2028x10"^
04397
f (1000) - 1000 -^^^—- = 1365 kN
-1.2028x10"'
f(1365)=l + 1.3816xl0"^(1365)-1.6954xl0"'(1365)^
-1.320x10"''(1365)'-^"'*+l.496x10"^ (1365)^-^^^^
= -0.03878
f (1365)=1.3816x10-^-3.3904x10-^(1365)-1.8392xlO-''(l 365)'^"^^
+3.580x10"^ (1365)'^^^^
= -1.3977x10"^
f (1365) = 1365 -Q03878 ^ ^^^^ ^^
-1.3977x10"'
f(l 338)= 1 + 1.3816x10-^(133 8)-1.6954x10^^(1338)^
-1.320x10"''(1338)'"^''+1.496x10"^ (1338)^"^^
= -0.00016
f(1338)=1.3 816xlO-^-3.3904xlO"^(1338)-1.8392xlO-\l338)''-'"''
+3.580x10"^ ( 1 3 3 8 ) ' " ^ ^
= -1.3977x10"^
f (1338) = 1338 000016 ^ ^^^^ ^

-1.3864x10"'
Obsen>ations And Calculations 66
EXERCISE NO. 2
Perimeter = 800mm
Aspect Ratio = 3.0
b = 100 mm
d = 300 mm
t = 5 mm
L = 3000 mm
Es = 2.00 X l O ' N / m m '
eo =0
M25 grade of concrete and Mild steel.
fck = 2 5 N/mm^
Ov = 250 N/mm^
Step-I: Calculate X from Eq. (21)
0.85(b-2t)(d-2t)f^,
2(b + d-2t)tay
, 0.85(100-2 x5)(300-2x 5) x25 ^^^^„

A, = = U.jooo
2(100 + 3 0 0 - 2 x 5 ) x 5 x 2 5 0
Step-II: Calculate afrom Eq. (22)
a= l+0.5?i
a = 1 +0.5688 x 0.5 = 1.2844
Step-III: Determine (t)Mo from Eq. (19) using relevant resistant
factor (t)s and (t)c
fd t o„
<)>Mo=(t)A<^y+<l>sbtay
2 2x0.85(t)f,k
d(600 + gyt/d)
k..d =
600 +a..
250x5
100 600 +
V 100
k,.d = 72.06 mm
600 + 250
300x100' f 100 290 X 90' ( 100

'Slcel + 100x300 72.06- + 290x90 12.06--
12 V 12 V
9280410 mm^
9280414 ,
Z.,^,
•^Steel = 72.06 = 128787.26 mm'
100 5x250
(j)M„ = 0.90 X 128787.26 X 250 + 0.90 X 5 X 290 X 250
2 1.7x25
= 35694045.26 Nmm
= 35694 kN
Step-IV: Determine (|)No from Eq.(18) using relevant resistance factor

(t)s
(t)No = (t)c (b-2t) (d-2t) 0.85fok+2(t)s (b+d-2t) t Oy
<t)No= 0.60(100-2x5)(300-2x5)x0.85x25+2x0.90
(300+100-2x5)x5x250
= 1210275 N
= 1210 kN
Step-V: Find balanced ((|)Ns)b from Eq. (27)
(<t)Nj,=(t.N„
3a j
(#sf J, = 1210275
3x1.2844,
= 120644.43 N
=121kN
Step-VI: Find balanced moment (<t)Ms)b by substituting Eq.(27) and
Eq. (28) into Eq. (20)
ri.^1
(|)N \ ^(t)K^'
= 1+2 -3
<t,M„ v4>N„y
1.2844
120644.43 120644.43
((t)MJb =35694045.26 1 + 2
1210275 1210275
= 37269762.48 Nmm
= 37270 kNmm
Step-VII: Det ermine eb from Eq. (26)
'^b
(NJ,
_ 37269762.48 _
Cb 308.92 mm
120644.43
Step-VIII: Determine p from Eq. (25)
(3 = 0.43 + 0.14 - ^ <1,0

vôy
308.92 = c o < l
(3 = 0.43 + 0.14
0
(3 = 1
Step-IX: Calculate Ncr from Eq. (24)
N = P ^ ^
E„ = 5700V25 = 28500N / mm'

2.00x10' ^^,^
m= = 7.017
28500
_ 290x90-' ^ "300x100' 290 X 9 0 ' '
of concrete -, ^
12 12
= 70550025 mm'
1 X ;r' X 28500 x 70550025

N. =
3000'
= 2204952.65 N
= 2205 kN
Step-X: Calculate (j)Nu from Eq.(36) by trail substituting in Eq.(30)

and Eq.(36) and with the help of coefficient ai, a2, a.^ and
f((t) Nu)= (t) Nu ai + ((t) Nu)'a2 + ((|)Nu)" aj + ((t)Nur"*a4
r ( ^ N j = a,+a,((t)Nj+aa3((t)N„r*+(a + l)a,((t)N„r
2 1 eo
a,
<|)No
2 1 0
1.199X 10
a, 1210 2205 35694
-2
a. <t)No(Nj
-2
a. _ - 7.494 xlO"'
(1210)(2205)
^3 =
(<t.No)°
a. = ^T^sr = -3.302 x 10"

' (1210)'-'^^
3
a4 =
(ct)NorN„
a4 = TTSI = 1-497 X 10"'

' (1210)'-''^ X 2205
f(l 500)= ] + 1 . 1 9 9 x l 0 - \ l 5 0 0 ) - 7 . 4 9 4 x l 0 " ' ( l 500)^-3.302xl0"''(l 500)'-^^^^
+ 1.497x10"^ (1500)^-^^''^
-0.1521
f(1500)=1.1999xl0"^-1.5xl0~^(1500)-4.240xl0"^(1500)°^^^^
+3.420x10'^ (1500)'-^^'*^
- -3.4189x10'''
f (1500) = 1500 ~^-^^^^ _, = 1055 kN

-3.4189x10"^
f(l 055)= l + 1.199xl0-^(1500)-7.494xl0"^(l500)^-3.302xl0"\l 500)'^**^^

+ 1.497x10"^ (1500)^-^^''^
0.11923
f(1055)=1.1999xl0"^-1.5x 10-^(1500)-4.240x10"'' (1500)°-^^''^
+3.420xl0"^(1500)'-^^^^
-8.3975x10'^
011923
f(1055) = 1055 ^ =1197 kN
-8.3975x10^
f(l 1 97)= 1+ 1.199xl0"^(1500)-7.494xl0"^(l 500)^-3.302xl0"\l 500)^-^^''^
+ 1.497x10'^ (1500)^-^^^''
0.009165
f(1197)=1.1999x10-^-1.5x1 0-^(1 500)-4.240x10"'' (1500)*^^^"^
1.2844
+3.420x10-^(1500)
-7.0626x10'^
f(n97).1197- """^'^^^niOkN
-7.0626x10"^
EXERCISE NO. 3
Perimeter = 1200mm
Aspect Ratio =3.0
b = 150 mm •
d = 450 mm
t = 5 mm
L = 3000 mm
Es = 2.00 X lO^N/mm^
eo =0
M25 grade of concrete and Mild steel.
Ick = 25 N/mm'
= 250 N/mm'
Step-I: Calculate X from Eq. (21)

0.85(b-2t)(d-2t)f, ck
\ =
2(b + d-2t)ta.
^ ^ 0.85(150- 2 X 5)(450- 2 x 5) x 25 _ ^^^^^

2(150 + 4 5 0 - 2 x 5 ) x 5 x 2 5 0
Step-II; Calculate afrom Eq. (22)
a = H-0.5X
a = 1 + 0.8874 x 0.5 = 1.4437
Ste|>-m: Determine (t)Mo from Eq. (19) using relevant resistant

factor (t)s and (j)c
t a.
(|)Mo=(t),Z,a^+(t),bto,
2 2x0.85(t)f,, J
d(600 + ayt/d)
kd=
600 +a„
250x5
150 600 +
V 150 .
k„d = 107.35 mm
600 + 250
450x150' / 150 440 X140' / 140

^ Steel + 150x450x 107.35- + 440x140 107.35-
12 V 12 V
= 32123649.42 mm'
32123649.42
^ Steel 299242.19 mm'
107.35
150 5x250
(j)M„ = 0.90 X 299242.19x250 + 0.90 x 5 x 450 x 250
2 1.7x25
= 90408537.54 Nmm
= 90408 kNmm
Step-IV: Determine (t)No from Eq. (18) using relevant resistance
factor (j)s
(t)No = (t)c (b-2t) (d-2t) 0.85fck+2(t)s (b+d-2t) t Oy
(t)No= 0.60(150-2x5)(450-2x5)xO.85x25+2x0.90
(450+150-2x5)x5x250
= 2112900 N
= 2113 kN
Step-V: Find balanced ((|)Ns)b from Eq. (27)
( 2 V-i
((t>Nj,=(t)No
3a
1.4437-1
((1)NJ,= 2112900
3x1.4437,
= 370325.54 N
= 370kN
Step-VI: Find balanced moment ((t)Ms)b by substituting Eq. (27) and

Eq. (28) into Eq. (20)
1+2 -3
UN„J UNJ
.1.4437
r370325.54^_ ("370325.54
((t)MJb= 90408537.54 1 + 2
2112900 2112900
= 100148485.4 N m m
- 100148 k N m m
Step-VII: Det ermine eb from Eq. (26)
^b
A^^X
(*NJ,
10048485.40
Cb = 270.43 mm
370325.54
Step-VIII: Determine p from Eq. (25)
p = 0.43 + 0.14 ^ <1.0
270.43
P-0.43 + 0.14 = 00<1
0
.•.P = l
Step-IX: Calculate Ncr from Eq. (24)
E^ = 5700V25 = 28500N / mm^

2.00x10'
m = 7.017
28500
440 X 140' 450x150' 440x140'
I eg of concrete -• rs + 7.017
12 12
= 282698635.80 mm^
IxTi'x 28500x282698635.80
N„=-
3000'
= 8835391.72 N
= 88354 IcN
Step-X: Calculate <t)Nu from Eq. (36) by trial substituting in

Eq.(30) and Eq.(36) and with the help of coefficients of
ai, a2, ^3 and a.^.
f'{(^Nj }
f((l) Nu)= (|) Nu ai + ((t) Nu)'a2 + ((t)Nu)" aj + ((t)Nu)"'''a4
f'((t)Nj = a,+a,((^Nj+aa3((|)N„r'+(a + l)a,((t)Nj"
2 1 Co
a,
<t)No (t)Mo
2 1 0
^1
: 8.334 X10-^
"2113 8835 90409
-2
^2
<t)No(Nj
-2
a. -1.0682 xlO-'"
(2113)(8835)
-3
as
mr
a, = Kn^ = -4.742 x 10"
3 (2113)'-^"
3
a^ =•
' mTK
^ -5.379x10"'
4 (2113)'-^" X 8835
f(1500)=l+8.334xl0-'*(1500)-1.0682xl0"^(1500)^
-4.742X 10-^(1500y-^^"+5.379xlO"^(l 500)^-^'*"
0.4918
f(1500)=8.334x10-^-2.136xl0-''(1500)-6.846x10-^(1500)°'*^"
+ 1.897x10^^(1500) 1.4437
= -7.4492x10"^
04918
f(1500) = 1500 • ^ = 2 1 6 0 kN
-7.4492x10"^
f(2160)=l+8.334xl0"\2160)-1.0682xl0'''(2160)^
-4.742x 10-^(2160)'-^^"+5.379x 10"^(2160)^-^'*^^
-0.03002
f (2160)=8.334xl0"^-2.136xl0"^(2160)-6,846x10-^(2160)'^'*''"
+ 1.897xl0"\2160)'-^^^^
= -8.483x10"'*
f(2160) = 2160 -QQ3Q02 ^^3}^^

-8.483x10"^
f(2113)=1+8.334xl0"\2113)-l.0682x10^^(2113)^
-4.742xl0"^(2113)^-^'*"+5.379xl0"^(2113)^-^''"
- -0.0001328
f(2113)=8.334xl0"^-2.136xl0"'(2113)-6.846xl0"^(2113)'^'*^^''
+ 1.897xl0"^(2113)'-^'*^'^
= -8.3867x10"^
-8.386x10"^
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The present work makes an analytical effort to study the variation of

ultimate load carrying capacity ((t)Nu) of square and rectangular
composite columns. The analysis is based on the stress-strain
behaviour of composite sections. The length of the composite column
is taken as one storey height. The load is assumed to be at zero
eccentricity. The variables selected have been perimeter of the
section, grade of concrete and aspect ratio (b/d).
The method presented herein is a close approximation for

working out the ultimate strength of composite columns. A set of
exercises with different aspect ratios and grades of concrete have been
carried out. The yield strength of steel has been taken as per the codal
provisions of Bureau of Indian Standards. The method gives
satisfactory results as compared to axially loaded reinforced concrete
columns.
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
1. The load carrying capacity of a concrete filled square column is

15% higher than that of rectangular column of same perimeter.
2. With increase in aspect ratio (d/b) the load carrying capacity of

a composite column decreases. For an increase in aspect ratio
Summary and Conclusions 77
from 1.0 to 3.0, the load carrying capacity ((|)Nu) decreases by

4.5% to 14.5 % respectively.
3. Grade of concrete has a direct bearing on the strength of the

composite columns. The percentage increase in load carrying
capacity of composite steel columns is 10% to 15% with respect
to increase in grade of concrete from M25 to M35.
4. The desired load carrying capacity of a section can be achieved

with a lower grade of concrete and lower perimeter by choosing
the most efficient aspect ratio thus making the section
economical.
5. The load carrying capacity of composite columns is directly

proportional to the perimeter of the section. Percentage increase
in load carrying capacity varies from 79% to 86% for a change
in column perimeter from 800mm to 1200mm.
5.2 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Following are some of studies recommended for future study:
1. The results obtained in this analytical method may be validated

by experimental investigations.
2. The method may be extended to include other parameter like

bond of concrete with steel, length upto which method is
applicable.
3. Details study of connection with beams with columns may be

carried out.
4. A computer programme should be made for analysis of

composite sections.
REFERENCES
1. Andrew, E. Kilpatrick and Vijaya Rangan, B. (1999), "Tests on

High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns", ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No.2.
2. Bradford, Mark Andrew (1996), "Design Strength of Slender

Concrete. Filled Rectangular Steel Tubes", ACI Structural
Journal V. 93 No. 2.
3. Furlong, Richard W. (1967), "Strength of Steel Encased

Concrete Beam Columns", Member J. Structural Dir. Proc. of
ASCE Vol. 93 ST5.(October)
4. Gardner, Noel J. and Jacobson, E. Ronald (1967), ''Structural

Behavior of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes", ACI Journal title No.
64-38.(July)
5. Grauers, Marianne (1993), "Composite Columns of Hollow Steel

Sections Filled with High Strength Concrete", School of Civil
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Sweden.
6. Hajjar, Jorome F. and Brett C. Gourley (1996), "Representation

of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Cross-Section Strength", Member
ASEC Vol. 122 No.11.
7. Hanbin, Ge. and Usami, Tsutomu (1992), "Strength of

Concrete-Filled Thin-walled Steel Box Columns", Member, J.
Structural Dir. Proc. Of ASCE, Vol. 188 No. 11.
8. Knocoles, Robert B. and Park, Robert (1969), "Strength of

Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns", Member, J. Structural
Dir. Proc. of ASCE, Vol 95, ST 12.
9. O'Shea, Martin D. and Bridge, Russell Q. (2000), "Design of

Circular Thin-walled Concrete Filled Steel Tubes", Journal
Structural Engineering Vol. 126.
References 79
10. Ramamurhy, L. N. and Sriniasan, C. N. (1978), "Behaviour of

Concrete In-filled Tubular Columns", Member, IE (I) Journal -
CI Vol. 58.
11. Ramojeyam, L. and Swamidurai, A. (1997), ''Behaviour of

Concrete In-filled Cold Formed Steel Tuhualr Columns Stiffened
with Weld-mesh", J. St. Proc. to Structural Engineering Vol. 24,
No. 2.
12. Sully, Raef M. and Hancock, Gregory J. (1996), "Behavior of

Cold Formed SHS Beam-columns", ASCE Vol. 122 No. 3.
13. Vijaya Rangan, B. (1990), "Strength of Reinforced Concrete

Slender Columns", ACI Structural Journal Vol. 87, No. 1.
14. Vijaya Rangan, B. and Joyee, Matthew (1992), "Strength of

Eccentrically Loaded Slender Steel Tubular Columns Filled with
High Strength Concrete", ACI Structural Journal, Vol.89.
15. Zhang, Weizi and Shahrooz, Bahram M. (1999), "Strength of

Short and Long Concrete-Filled Tubular Columns", ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No.2.
APPENDIX
Appendix includes some example exercises with variation of different parameters

in following pages:
Appendix 81
EXERCISE NO. 4
Perimeter 800mm
Aspect Ratio =1.0
b = 200 mm
= 200 mm
t = 5 mm
L = 3000 mm
Es = 2.00 X 10 ^N/ mm^
Co =0
Grade of c o n c r e t e is M35 and Mild Steel
fCk 35 N / m m '
av= 250 N / m m '
Step-I: Calculate A, from E q . ( 2 1 )
_ 0.85(200 - 2 X 5)(200 - 2 x 5) x 35 _,,^^

2(200 + 2 0 0 - 2 x 5 ) x 5 x 2 5 0 "
Step-II: Calculate a from E q . ( 2 2 )
a = 1 . 0 + 0 . 5 X 1.102 =1.551
Step-III: Determine ^Ma from Eq.(19) using relevant resistance
factor (t)s and ^c
r
200 600 +
250x5
V 200
k„d = 142.65inm
600 + 250
200 x 200'
12
+ 200x200x 142.65
fj 190x190"
12
/
•190x190 142.65-
V
200'
= 31826687.750™"
Appendix 82
31826687 75 ,
^ Steel ^ = 223110.32mm'
142.65
^200 5x250
(1)M„ = 0.90 X 223110.32 x 250 + 0.90 x 200 x 5 x 250
2 1.7x35
= 67972931.24 Nmm
= 67973 kNmm
Step-IV: Determine (JJNO from Eq.(18)using relevant resistance

factor (|)s
(t)N„ = 0.60(200 - 2 X 5)(200 - 2 x 5) x 0.85 x 35 + 2 x 0.90(200 + 200 - 2 x 5) x 5 x 250

= 1521885N
= 1522kN
((t)NJ, =1521885
r 2 Y.i5\-i
V3x 1.551
= 328744.92 N
= 329 kN
Step-VI: Find balanced moment ((t)Ms)b by substituting Eq.(27) and

Eq. (28)into Eq. (20).
,1.551
328744.92^ '328744.92
((()MJ = 67972931.24 1 + 2 -3
1521885 . ^ 1521885
= 78405301.83Nmm
= 78405 kNmm
Step-VII: Determine eb from Eq.(26)

78405301.83
= 238.5mm
328744.92
Step-VIII: Determine p from Eq.(25)
"238.50
P = 0.43+ 0.14 oo< 1
0
(3 = 1
Appendix ^j
Step-IX: Calculate Ncr from Eq.(24).
E^ = 5700V35 = 33721.65 N / mm'

E^ =2.00x10' N / m m '
2.00x10' ,„,,
m= = 5.931
33721.65
_ 190x190' 200x200' 190x190
^cgofconciete ~ ,» + J.yJ 1X
12 12
= 255289290.8mm'*
_ 1 X 7t' x 33721.65 x 255289290.8
N„
3000'
= 9440579.4 N
= 9441 k N

a2, a3 and a4.
2 1 0 ,
a, = =1.208x10"'
' 1522 9441 67973
a,
*2 = ^ = 1.392x10"'
(1522)(9441)
as = ^ = -3.477 x 10"'
' (1522)'"'
a, = ~ = 3.683 X10"'
' (1522)"" X9441
f(1500)=l + 1.208x 10-^(1 500)-1.3920xl0"^(l 500) 1.551
-3.477xl0"^(1500)'"'+3.683xl0"^(1500)^"'
= 0.03198
f(1500)=1.2082xl0"^-2.784xl0'^(1500)-5.393x10^(1 5 0 0 ) " " ^
+9.3948x10 ^(1500)'^^'
= -1.450X 10'^
f(1500) = 1500 003198 ^^^3221^

-1.450x10"'
f(1522)=l + 1.208xl0"^(1522)-1.392xl0"^(1522)'"^
-3.477xl0"^(1522)'-^^'+3.683xl0"^(1522)^-^^'
= 0.000028
Appendix $4
f(1522)=1.208xl0"^-2.784xl0-^(1522)-5.393xl0"^(1522)°-^^^
+9.394xl0"^(1522)'-^^'
= -1.45971X 10"^
f(1510) = 1510 QQ16685 ^^^^2^

-1.4597x10"'
Appendix 85
EXERCISE NO. 5
Perimeter = 1000mm
Aspect Ratio = 1.0
b = 250 mm
d = 250 mm
t = 5 mm
L = 3000 mm
Es = 2.00 X 10 ^N/ mm^
eo =0
M35 Grade of concrete and Mild Steel
fck- 35N/mm^
ay=250 N/mm^
Step-I: Calculate A, from Eq.(21)
, 0.85(250-2x5)(250-2x5)x35 ..._.
X= = i.jyoo
2(250 + 2 5 0 - 2 x 5 ) x5x250
Step-II: Calculate afrom Eq.(22)
a = l + 0 . 5 X 1.3988 = 1.6994
Step-III: Determine (t)Mo from Eq.(19) using relevant resistant

factor (t)s and (|)c
25.0 X 5^
250 600 +
V 250
k..d = 177.94mm
600 + 250
250' X 250 250 240 X 240'
"^ steel + 250x2501 177.94 + 240x240'l77.94-^T
12 I, 2 12 ^ 2 J
62773786.97mm'*
62773786.97
-•steel = 352780.64mm'
177.94
Appendix 86
250 5 X 250
(t)M„ = 0.90 X 352780.64 x 250 + 0.90 x 250 x 5 x 250
2 1.7x35
= 108623280 Nmm
= 108623 IcNmm
Step-IV: Determine (t)No from Eq.(18) using relevant resistance

factor (t)s
<{)No=0.60(250-2x5)(250-2x5)xO.85x35+2x0.90(250+250-2x5)x5x250
= 2130660N
=2131 kN
2 1.6994-1
((t)NJb = 2130660
^^ '^^ .3x1.6994.
= 559066.45 N
= 559kN
Eq. (28) into Eq.(20)
1.6994
5 59066.45 ^ _ / 559066.45
i^MJ^, = 108623280.4 1 + 2
l^ 2130660 j t 2130660
= 132083507.1Nmm
= 132083 kNmm
132083507.1
:236.26mm
559066.45
"236.26'
p = 0.43 + 0.14 = CX3< 1
0
.•.p = l
Appendix 87
Step-IX: Calculate Ncr from Eq.(24)
E, = 57OOV35 = 33721.65N / mm'

2.00x10' ,„,
m= = 5.93
337221.65
_ 240" 250' 240"
eg of concrete ~ ,~ "r _).!7j
12 12
567292141.70mm"
1x71^ X 33721.65x5672921.7
N. =
3000'
= 20978422.13N
= 20978 kN

a2, as and a.^.
a, =— ^- ^ — = 8.9184x10 -4
' 2131 20978 108623
a, = = -4.474 X 10"*
' (2131)(20978)
^3 = ^^T7^ = -6.635 X 10"*

' (2131)'''"'
K = TTsI = 3.163 X 10-'°

" (2131)'•''"" X 20978
f(2000)=l+8.9184xl0-''(2000)-4.474xl0~^(2000)^
-6.635xl0-^(2000)^-^^^'*+3.163xl0-'°(2000)^-*^^^
= 0.1643
f(2000)=8,9184xl0"'^-8.948xl0-^(2000)-l. 127x10-^(2000)°^^^'*
+8.538xl0-'°(2000)^^^^'*
= -1.2315X 10"^
016434
f (2000) = 2000 • = 2133 kN
-1.2315x10"'
Appendix
f(2133)=l+8.9184xl0"\2133)-4.474x10-^(2133)^
-6.635xl0-'(2133)'''''+3.163xl0-'°(2133)'''''
= -0.0031247
f(2000)=8.9184x10-^-8.948xl0-''(2000)-1.127xl0"^(2000)°-^^^^
+8.538xl0"'°(2000)^-^^^^
= -1.30932X 10 "^
0.0031247
f(2133) = 2 1 3 3 - _ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 = 2131 kN
1.30932x10^
Appendix 89
EXERCISE NO. 6
Perimeter = 1200mm
Aspect Ratio =1.0
b = 300mm
d = 300 mm
t = 5mm
L = 3000mm
Es = 2.00X lO'N/mm^
eo =0
M35 grade of c o n c r e t e is and Mild Steel
fck= 35N/mm^
ay = 250N/mm^
Step-I: Calculate X from Eq.(21)
, 0.85(300-2x5)(300-2x5)x35 , ^^^^
A= = 1.0962
2(300 + 3 0 0 - 2 X 5) X 5 x 2 5 0
Step - II: Calculate a from E q . ( 2 2 )
a = 1.0 + 0.5 X 1.6962 = 1.8481
Step - I I I : Determine (t)Mo from E q . ( 1 9 ) using relevant resistant
factor (t)s and (j)c
300x5^
300 600+ -
250
k„d = - V = 213.23 mm
600 + 250
300x300' r 300 290 X 290' / 300'

•-Steel + 300x300 213.23- + 290x290 213.23-
12 V 12 V
= 109187560.8 mm'
Appendix 90
109187560.8 ^ , . „ . . „ 3
Z<:,„,
^Steel = •——— = 512064.72 mm
213.23
300 5x250
(t)M„ = 0.90 X 512064.72 x 250 + 0.90 x 300 x 5 x 250
. 2 1.7x35.
= 158749225.9 Nmm
= 158749 kNmm
Step-IV: Determine (l)No from Eq.(18)using relevant resistance

factor (t)s
(l)Na=0.60(300-5x2)(300-2x5)x0.85x35+2xO.90(300+300-2x5)5x250
= 2828685 N
=2829 kN
2 1.8481-1
((t)N Ji, = 2828685
3x1.8481,
= 850073.78 N
= 850kN
Eq.(28) into Eq.(20)
850073.78 850073.78
((j)Mj^= 158749225.9 1 + 2 -3
2828685 2828685
= 202535223 Nmm
= 202535 kNmm
202535223
eb = = 238.25mm
850073.78
'238.25'
b = 0.43 + 0.14 = oo<l
0
b=l
Appendix 91
Step-IX: Calculate Ncr from Eq.(24)
E, = 5700V35 = 33721.65N / mm'

E, =2,00x10'Nmm'
2.00x10' ^^,
m = = 5.93
33721.65
290x290 3 , _ 300x300' 290x290'
T = 1-5 91
eg of concrete ,« •J.^-'
12 12
= 1097003892 m m '
_ 1X Tt' X 33721.65 x 1097003892
3000"
= 40567124.11 N
= 40567 kN
Step-X: Calculate (t)Nu from Eq. (36) by trial substituting in

Eq.(30) and Eq.(36) and with the help of coefficients of
ai, a2, as and a4.
2 1 0
a, = = 6.824 xlO"'
' 2829 40567 158749
a, = = -1.743x10"
' (2829)(40567)
as = niJir = -1-254 x I0-*

(2829)''**'
"^ =3.093x10'"
' (2829)'-''^'X 40567
f(2000) =1+6.824xl0"'^(2000)-1.743xl0'^(2000)^-l.254x10-^(2000)'
+3.093xl0-''(2000)^-^^^'
= 0.79265
f(2000) =6.824x10-^-3.486xl0-^(2000)-2.317x10-^ (2000)°-^''^'
+8.809xl0~''(2000)
= -7.33232 X 10'^
f(2000) = 2000 0^^92653 ^ jQgj j ^

-7.3323 X 10"*
Appendix 92
f(3081) = 1+6.824xl0"\3081)-l.743x10-^(3081)^-1.254x10-^(3081) 1.8481

+3.093xl0"''(3081)^^'*^^
= -0.3097
-6/-)AOi \0.8481
f(3081) =6.824x10- -3.486x10-X3081)-2.3 17x10-^(3081)
> 8 . 8 0 9 x 1 0 " " (3081)'-^''*'
1.287 X 10"-*
-0.3097
f(308l) = 3081
-1.287
f(2840) =1+6.824x10-^^(28 .0) -1.254x10-^(2840) 1.8481
+3.093x10"
= -0,01371
f(2840) =6.824xl0-'*-3.486' 10-^(2840) 0.8481
+8.809xl0-"(28^)k^^
= -1.1722 X 10"^
-001371
f (2840) = 2840 ' = 2829 kN
1.1722x10"^

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STUDY OF COMPOSITE STEEL SECTIONS IN-FILLED

WITH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Enrolment No. 98-RC-382

Certified that the dissertation report entitled "STUDY OF

COMPOSITE STEEL SECTIONS IN-FILLED WITH HIGH

STRENGTH CONCRETE" Submitted by Mr. Sanjeev Kumar, Roll No.

198707 in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Master of

Technology in Civil Engineering {Structural Engineering and

Construction Techniques) is a record of students own work carried out

under our supervision. The matter embodied in this dissertation work

award of any other degree or diploma.

(Saraswatj Sfttia) (Dr. P. N. Sharma)

With the deepest sense of gratitude and reverence, I wish to express

I also wish to record my sincere gratitude for the blessings and

My sincere thanks are due to all my friends, who helped me

Date: 61^ ohJ^eroJl (SANJEEV KUMAR)

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE COLUMN

CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Composite columns offer a number of advantages over conventional

P Factor in terms of perimeter

^b Stress in the steel bottom fiber

% Yield strength of Steel

In the design of buildings great effort is made to increase the

In composite columns made of hollow steel sections (HSS)

1.1 COMPOSITE COLUMNS

(a) Concrete encased steel sections, and

(b) Concrete filled steel sections.

The two types of columns have been shown in Fig. 1.1.

Composite column can neither be designed by the rules

1.2 POSSIBILITIES WITH COMPOSITE COLUMNS

The load and deformation resisting capacity of laterally

Advantages of composite columns as compared to reinforced

1. The load carrying capacity is increased without increasing the

2. The steel section prevents the concrete from spelling, which in

3. Less shrinkage of the concrete.

5. Better deformation resisting capacity for seismic loading.

6. Better fire resistance compared with steel or reinforced concrete

1,3 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The basic assumptions in theoretical analysis are that the

Historically, steel sections were encased by concrete as fire

A few test data are available in open literature from tests on

Studies of concrete filled steel sections subjected to biaxial

Andrews Bradford(1996) gives a design method 'Design

In Eurocode 4 (1992) design rules for composite columns were

In Sweden, Granersm (1993) gives a design method for the

1.6 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE

Following assumptions have been made while working out the

> Linear stress distribution

Because of hypothesis that the stress distribution is linear, the

> Complete interaction between the steel section and the

It is assumed that there is a perfect bond at the interface

> Bilinear stress strain relationship for the steel

The stress-strain relationship for the steel is assumed to be valid

> Residual stresses in the steel are neglected

No account is taken of the distribution of possible residual