National polytechnic school

1st year Preparatory Cycle

2023/2024
Algebra II.

Series of exercises n o 2 - Semestr II

Matrices & Determinants
   
0 1 1 0 0 −1 1 0
   
−1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 
Exercise 1 Consider the two matrices A and B : A =  
, B = 0 0 0 −1
  
 0 0 0 1  
0 0 −1 0 0 0 1 0
— Calculate A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 and B 5 , then deduce An and B n in terms of the natural integer en n.
— Calculating AB, express An and B n in terms of the relative integer n.
 
a b c
Exercise 2 Consider E = {M =  c a b  ; (a, b, c) ∈ C3 }; E ⊂ M3×3 (C)
 

b c a
   
1 0 0 0 0 1
1) Verify that E is a subspace of M3×3 (C), and {I, J, K} is a basis of E ; I = 0 1 0 , J = 1 0 0
   

0 0 1 0 1 0
 
01 0
K = 00 1
 

0 1 0
2) Show that E has a ring structure. Is it commutative ? Is it integral ?
 2 2 
1 + a2 − a2 a
 2 2
Exercise 3 Let E = {A =  a2 1 − a2 a ; a ∈ R}


a −a 1
a2
1. Find two matrices M and N of M3 (R) such that A = I3 + aM + 2 N

2. Deduce that E is stable by matrix multiplication.

3. Express A−1 as a function of I3 ; M and N .
4. What is the structure of E when it is equipped with matrix multiplication ?
5. Find the smallest natural number k ∈ N such that : (A − I3 )k = 0
n(n−1)
6. Using recurrence reasoning, deduce that An = I3 + n(A − I3 ) + 2 (A − I3 )2 ; ∀n ∈ Z.

Exercise 4 Consider the following linear transformations :

f: R3 −→ R2 g: R2 −→ R3
(x, y, z) 7−→ (x − y, y − z) (x, y) 7−→ (y, 6y, 9x + 6y)
1) calculate M at(f ; B3 , B2 ) and M at(g; B2 , B3 ) where B2 and B3 are the standard basis of R2 and R3 respectively ;
2) Calculate M at(f ◦ g; B2 ) and M at(g ◦ f ; B3 )
3) Show that B3′ = {(1, 1, 0); (1, 0, 1); (0, 1, 1)} is a base of R3 ; calculate the M at(f ; B3′ , B2 ), M at(g; B2 , B3′ ) and M at(g ◦ f ; B3′ ).
 
1 −3 3
Exercise 5 Let A = 3 −5 3 be the matrix associated to the linear transformation f relative to the standard basis B3
 

6 −6 4
3
of R .
1. Determine the expression of f , then calculate Ker f, Im f and rg f . Is f injective ? surjective ?
2. Verify that B ′ = {(1, 1, 0); (0, 1, 1); (1, 1, 2)} is a basis of R3
3. Find the transition matrix P from B to B ′ and from B ′ to B, then write the components of the vector (x, y, z) in the
new basis B ′ .
4. Determine the matrix A′ associated with f relative to the new basis B ′ of R3 .
5. Calculate (A′ )n , deduce An , ∀n ∈ N.

1 1
 National polytechnic school
1st year Preparatory Cycle
2023/2024
Algebra II.

Exercise 6 Consider the two following basis of R2 : {e1 = (1, 0), e2 = (0, 1)} and {f1 = (1, 1), f2 = (−1, 0)}
1. Give the transition matrix P from the {ei } basis to the {fi } basis ;
2. Give the transition matrix Q from {fi } to {ei }.
3. What can be said about the matrices P and Q ?
!
1 −1
Exercise 7 Let f be a morphism from E with the basis e = (e1 , e2 , e3 ) on F with the basis ϵ = (ϵ1 , ϵ2 ). Let A =
1 0
be the matrix of f on the basis (e) and (ϵ).
1. Determine the matrix B of f when the basis (e) is replaced by the basis (e′ ) defined by e′1 = e2 + e3 , e′2 = e1 + e3 , e′3 =
e1 + e2 .
2. Keep (e′ ) but replace (ϵ) by (ϵ′ ) : ϵ′ = 2ϵ1 + ϵ2 and ϵ′2 = 5ϵ1 + 3ϵ2 . Determine the matrix C of f in the bases (e′ ) and
(ϵ′ ).

Exercise 8
1. Using Gauss’s scaling method, determine the rank of the following vectors written in the canonical basis of R4 :
V1 = −e1 + 3e2 + 2e3 + e4 , V2 = 2e1 + 6e2 − e3 , V3 = 4e1 − 5e3 − 2e4 ; V4 = 5e1 + 9e2 − 4e3 − e4 ;
2. Same question on R3 [X] with P0 = −2 + X, P1 = 3 + 2X + X3, P2 = 1 + 3X + X2 + X3

Exercise 9 Let T be a linear transformation on R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x).

(i) Find the matrix of T in the basis {f1 = (1, 1, 1); f2 = (1, 1, 0); f3 = (1, 0, 0)}.
(ii) Check that [T ]f [v]f = [T (v)]f , for any vector v of R3 (where [T ] denotes a matrix representation)

Exercise 10 1. Calculate the following determinants after simplifying the rows and columns :
 
2 5 −3 −2     x a ... a
1/2 −1 −1/3 t+3 −1 1
a x ... a
 
 −2 −3 2 −5 
A= ; B = 
 3/4 1/2 −1  ; C =  5 t−3 1  ; Dn =
  
.. .. ..
 1 3 −2 2  . . . a
1 −4 1 6 −6 t+4
 
−1 −6 4 3 a ... a x

 
1 2 3
2. Calculate the inverse of the following matrix : B =  2 3 4 
 

1 5 7
 
1 0 0
Exercise 11 Let A(t) the matrix defined by : A(t) =  t 1 0 
 

t2 2t 1
1. Show that A(t)A(s) = A(t + s).
2. Is A(t) invertible ?
3. Calculate An (t), ∀n ∈ N .

Exercise
 12 Let A be thematrix, written in the canonical basis of R4 where a, b are two real parameters :
−1 2 0 0
 
 −2 3 b −b 
A=  We pose B = A − I4 .
 a −a 5 −4 
 
0 0 2 −1
1. Justify, without calculating them, that the minors of order ≥ 3 extracted from the matrix B are all zero.
(Hint : use the rank formula).
2. In witch cases is the matrix A invertible ?

2 2