Military Operations: This Pamphlet Supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, Dated 1 July 2005

Department of the Army *TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66
Headquarters, United States Army

Training and Doctrine Command
Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651-1047
7 March 2008
Military Operations
FORCE OPERATING CAPABILITIES
FOR THE COMMANDER:
OFFICIAL: DAVID P. VALCOURT

Lieutenant General, U.S. Army
Deputy Commanding General/
Chief of Staff
History. This publication is a rapid action revision. The portions affected by this rapid action
revision are listed in the summary of change.
Summary. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Pamphlet (Pam) 525-66
identifies capabilities necessary of the Army to fulfill warfighting concepts. TRADOC
Pam 525-66 guides TRADOC and other Army commands who determine, document, or are
otherwise involved in warfighting requirements and Army staff elements who are involved in
determining, documenting, and processing requirements. The force operating capabilities (FOC)
contained herein are structured statements of operational capabilities which, when achieved in
aggregate, fulfill the vision articulated in the joint and Army Concepts as they apply to the future
Modular Force. FOCs provide focus to the Army's Science and Technology Master Plan and
warfighting experimentation.
Applicability. This pamphlet applies to Headquarters (HQ) TRADOC and its subordinate
commands, centers, schools, and battlefield laboratories. It also guides other Army commands
that determine, document, or are otherwise involved in warfighting requirements and Army staff
elements who are involved in determining, documenting, and processing requirements. They
apply to tomorrow’s Army, conducting overmatching decisive operations on the information age
battlefield, and beyond.
*This pamphlet supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, dated 1 July 2005.
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Proponent and exception authority. The proponent for this pamphlet is the Director, Army
Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC). The proponent has the authority to approve exceptions
or waivers to this regulation that are consistent with controlling law and regulations.
Suggested improvements. Send comments and suggested improvements on Department of the

Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) through
channels to Director, ARCIC, (ATFC-DS), 30 Ingalls Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1046.
Suggested improvements may also be submitted using DA Form 1045 (Army Ideas for
Excellence Program Proposal).
Distribution. This publication is available only on the TRADOC Homepage at

http://www.tradoc.army.mil.
Summary of Change
TRADOC Pam 525-66

Force Operating Capabilities (FOC)
This rapid action revision, dated 7 March 2008.
o Adds information about the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System process
(para 1-2).
o Notes that FOC lead responsibilities are in the Army Concept and Capability Development
Plan (para 1-2).
o Updates administrative revisions to include terms, subjects, text boxes, and references
throughout the pamphlet.
o Updates concepts and terminology to the current standard throughout the publication.
2
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7
1-1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 7
1-2. References .......................................................................................................................... 7
1-3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms ............................................................................. 7
1-4. FOC Process ....................................................................................................................... 7
1-5. Review ................................................................................................................................ 8
Chapter 2 Background ................................................................................................................... 9

2-1. Overview ............................................................................................................................ 9
2-2. FOC Definition ................................................................................................................. 12
2-3. FOC Format...................................................................................................................... 12
2-4. FOC Organization and Concept Linkage ......................................................................... 12
2-5. Role of FOC in the JCIDS process................................................................................... 14
Chapter 3 Joint Operational Environment Overview................................................................... 16

3-1. Synopsis of the Expected Future Joint Operational Environment.................................... 16
3-2. Potential Threats ............................................................................................................... 17
3-3. Emerging Adversarial Challenges .................................................................................... 17
3-4. Nonadversarial Crisis Response Operations..................................................................... 19
3-5. Joint Issues Relevant to Both Adversarial Challenges and Nonadversarial Crisis
Response Operations................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 4 Force Operating Capabilities....................................................................................... 21
Section I – Battle Command ..................................................................................................... 21

4-1. Battle Command Definition.............................................................................................. 21
4-2. Joint/Army Concepts Linkage .......................................................................................... 21
4-3. Desired Battle Command Capabilities ............................................................................. 24
4-4. FOC-01-01: Exercise Command and Control (C2)......................................................... 24
4-5. FOC-01-02: Information Operation and Decision Superiority........................................ 27
4-6. FOC-01-03: Horizontal and Vertical Information Fusion............................................... 31
4-7. FOC-01-04: Collaborative Planning and Execution........................................................ 33
4-8. FOC-01-05: Joint, Interagency and Multinational Interoperability................................. 35
4-9. FOC-01-06: An Agile, Ubiquitous Network ................................................................... 36
Section II – Battlespace Awareness (BA)................................................................................. 38

4-10. BA Functional Concept .................................................................................................. 38
4-11. Joint/Army Concept Linkage.......................................................................................... 39
4-12. Desired Joint Functional Concept Capabilities .............................................................. 39
4-13. FOC-02-01: Processing, Analysis and Reporting of Intelligence Information ............. 40
4-14. FOC-02-02: The Ability to Observe and Collect Information Worldwide ................... 41
4-15. FOC-02-03: The Ability to Collect and Manage Biometric Data ................................. 42
4-16. FOC-02-04: The Ability to Manage Knowledge........................................................... 43
4-17. FOC-02-05: The Ability to Execute BA Assets ............................................................ 44
3
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Contents, continued
Page
4-18. FOC-02-06: The Ability to Model, Simulate, and Forecast .......................................... 44
4-19. FOC-02-07: Fusion........................................................................................................ 45
Section III – Mounted/Dismounted Maneuver ......................................................................... 47

4-20. Mounted/Dismounted Operations................................................................................... 47
4-22. Desired Mounted/Dismounted Maneuver Capabilities .................................................. 48
4-23. FOC-03-01: Mobility..................................................................................................... 50
4-24. FOC-03-02: Operations in Urban and Complex Terrain............................................... 52
Section IV – Air Maneuver....................................................................................................... 56

4-25. Air Maneuver Operations ............................................................................................... 56
4-27. Desired Air Maneuver Capabilities ................................................................................ 57
4-28. FOC-04-01: Responsive and Sustainable Aviation Support ......................................... 58
4-29. FOC-04-02: Effective Aviation Operations in the Contemporary Operating
Environment.............................................................................................................................. 59
4-30. FOC-04-03: Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) and Attack
Operations ................................................................................................................................. 61
4-31. FOC-04-04: Assured and Timely Connectivity with the Supported Force ................... 62
4-32. FOC-04-05: Mounted Vertical Maneuver ..................................................................... 63
Section V – Line of Sight (LOS)/Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS)/Nonline of Sight (NLOS)

Lethality for Mounted/Dismounted Operations........................................................................ 64
4-33. LOS/BLOS/NLOS Lethality .......................................................................................... 64
4-35. Desired LOS/BLOS/NLOS Capabilities ........................................................................ 65
4-36. FOC-05-01: LOS/BLOS Lethality ................................................................................ 65
4-37. FOC-05-02: NLOS Lethality......................................................................................... 72
Section VI – Maneuver Support ............................................................................................... 79

4-40. Desired Maneuver Support Capabilities......................................................................... 80
4-41. FOC-06-01: Enable Freedom of Maneuver................................................................... 81
4-42. FOC-06-02: Deny Enemy Freedom of Action .............................................................. 82
4-43. FOC-06-03: Engage and Control Populations............................................................... 84
4-44. FOC-06-04: Employ Nonlethal Weapons and Munitions ............................................. 87
4-45. FOC-06-05: Neutralize Hazards and Restore the Environment .................................... 89
4-46. FOC-06-06: Understand the Operational Environment................................................. 92
Section VII - Protection ............................................................................................................ 95

4-47. Protection Capabilities.................................................................................................... 95
4-49. Desired Protection Capabilities ...................................................................................... 95
4
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Contents, continued
Page
4-50. FOC-07-01: Protect Personnel....................................................................................... 95
4-51. FOC-07-02: Protect Physical Assets ............................................................................. 97
4-52. FOC-07-03: Protect Information ................................................................................... 99
4-53. FOC-07-04: Protect Unit ............................................................................................. 101
Section VIII - Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability ................................................... 104

4-54. Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability Guidelines.............................................. 104
4-55. Joint/Army Concept Linkage........................................................................................ 104
4-56. Desired Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability Capabilities .............................. 105
4-57. FOC-08-01: Airlift and Sealift Assets and Enablers ................................................... 106
4-58. FOC-08-02: Enable Theater Access ............................................................................ 108
4-59. FOC-08-03: Distribution System................................................................................. 110
4-60. FOC-08-04: Installations as Flagships for Force Projection ....................................... 112
Section IX - Maneuver Sustainment ....................................................................................... 116

4-61. Maneuver Sustainment Operations............................................................................... 116
4-62. Joint/Army Concepts Linkage ...................................................................................... 116
4-63. Desired Maneuver Sustainment Capabilities................................................................ 117
4-64. FOC-09-01: Sustainability........................................................................................... 117
4-65. FOC-09-02: Global Precision Delivery....................................................................... 119
4-66. FOC-09-03: Power and Energy ................................................................................... 121
4-67. FOC-09-04: Readiness, Reliability, Maintainability, and Commonality for Sustained
Operational Tempo ................................................................................................................. 123
4-68. FOC-09-05: Army Health System............................................................................... 126
4-69. FOC-09-06: Health Services Support.......................................................................... 128
4-70. FOC-09-07: Army Health System Casualty Prevention.............................................. 132
4-71. FOC-09-08: Soldier Support ....................................................................................... 136
4-72. FOC-09-09: Global Military Religious Support.......................................................... 137
Section X - Training, Leader Development and Education.................................................... 138

4-73. Training, Leader Development and Education Demands............................................. 138
4-74. FOC Areas .................................................................................................................... 139
4-76. Desired Training, Leader Development, and Education Capabilities .......................... 139
4-77. FOC-10-01: Leadership Training and Education ........................................................ 141
4-78. FOC-10-02: Accessible Training................................................................................. 144
4-79. FOC-10-03: Realistic Training.................................................................................... 147
4-80. FOC-10-04: Responsive Training Development and Delivery ................................... 149
4-81. FOC-10-05: Training for Joint, Interagency, and Multinational (JIM) Operations .... 152
4-82. FOC-10-06: Managing Unit Performance................................................................... 153
4-83. FOC-10-07: Providing Universal Training Support.................................................... 155
Section XI - Human Dimension.............................................................................................. 157

4-84. Human Dimension Aspect............................................................................................ 157
5
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Contents, continued
Page
4-86. Desired Human Dimension Capabilities ...................................................................... 158
4-87. FOC-11-01: Human Dimension for the Soldier .......................................................... 158
4-88. FOC-11-02: Man-Machine Interface........................................................................... 162
Appendixes
A. References............................................................................................................................. 164
B. FOC Format........................................................................................................................... 167
Glossary ...................................................................................................................................... 168
6
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1. Purpose
This pamphlet describes force operating capabilities (FOC) desired for the Army near, mid and
long term, encompassing the full spectrum of military operations, derived from analysis of joint
concepts, future Modular Force concepts, and other documents developed in support of National
Military Strategy, Strategic Planning Guidance, Army Strategic Planning Guidance, the Army
Transformation Road Map, and the Army Campaign Plan. This pamphlet provides information
about the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) process. FOC lead
responsibilities are updated annually in the Army Concept and Capability Development Plan.
1-2. References
Required and related publications are listed in appendix A.
1-3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms

Abreviations and special terms used in this pamphlet are explained in the glossary.
1-4. FOC Process
a. FOCs are statements of operational capabilities required by the Army to develop the
warfighting concepts approved by the Commanding General, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
(TRADOC). FOCs address specific warfighting capabilities not functions or operations. They
describe those capabilities in operational terms, what must be done; not how to do it. The FOCs
provide a stand alone description of the capability. FOCs are enduring; they apply to tomorrow’s
Army, but may be equally relevant to today’s or yesterday’s Army.
b. FOCs do not describe a deficiency or shortcoming. They do not provide or identify a

system specification, specific technology, organization or time frame and they do not encompass
an entire branch or functional concept. FOCs do not use relational or comparative words or
phrases. FOC lead responsibilities are covered in the Army Concept and Capability
Development Plan.
c. Applications.
(1) FOCs articulate required and desired capabilities which form the basis for determining
warfighting requirements in doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leadership, personnel
and/or facilities (DOTMLPF) systems. FOCs will form the basis for conducting experimentation
to define and refine requirements. FOCs state desired capabilities across the full dimension of
operations.
(2) FOCs are used within the Army Science and Technology (S&T) Master Plan process
to provide a warfighting focus to technology base funding.
(3) FOCs are employed in the Army technology objectives (ATO) process as the measure
of warfighting merit. Candidate efforts selected as Army ATOs within this process are published
7
TRADOC Pam 525-66
in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan as the most important S&T objectives for the
Army Research and Development community. The ATO review provides the basis for the
construct of Advanced Technology Demonstrations (ATD). Army ATOs receive senior Army
leadership oversight and have priority for resourcing.
(4) ATDs address selected high priority FOCs and demonstrate a capability that does not
currently exist. ATDs are resource intensive and provide the medium to conduct troop
interaction with mature technologies. The ATD demonstration plan is jointly developed between
TRADOC and the materiel developer with exit criteria established to execute the ATD. ATD
management plans are briefed to a council of colonels and approved at the Army Science and
Technology Workgroup (ASTWG).
1-5. Review
FOC Reviews.
a. FOCs may be updated at anytime given identification of new needs or opportunities for
new capabilities.
b. At a minimum, ARCIC will review, update, and publish TRADOC Pam 525-66 on a
biennial basis.
c. FOC elements to review and consider for updating include:
(1) TRADOC approved concepts.
(2) Operational lessons learned, including Center for Army Lessons Learned documents.
(3) CINC integrated priority lists.
(4) Opportunities from technology. TRADOC proponents will accrue awareness of

opportunities from interaction with the S&T community throughout the course of the year. The
intent of TRADOC proponents’ interaction with technology should focus on understanding the
potential battlefield capability benefits. In many cases, it will be TRADOC proponent personnel
who see operational applications for technologies and/or research otherwise unforeseen by
researchers/developers.
(5) It is incumbent upon both the combat developer and materiel developer personnel
generate ideas of potential capability from nexus of technology opportunity and warfighting
operational concepts.
d. Annual FOC review cycle. The following cycle is recommended:
(1) Year round: Combat developers accumulate inputs for FOC updates from sources
listed above.
(2) Summer/Fall: Conduct internal FOC review.
8
TRADOC Pam 525-66
e. August - September: FOC Leads review and update a list of detailed future capability
needs using a task, condition, standard, and rationale formate. The focus for this work is 10 to
20 years in the future and all current joint and Army concepts documents should be used. The
results will be consulted by the ARCIC’s Science and Technology (S&T) Division, Advanced
and Capabilities Development Directorate in the Warfighter Outcome Workbook.
f. September - November: Warfighter Outcome Analysis. During the Warfighter Outcome

Analysis the ARCIC S&T Division will disseminate the draft updated information to the other
FOC leads, combat and materiel developers to solicit comments and additional information.
FOC leads and combat developers will review the draft FOC submissions for validity, overlap,
duplication, omission, and potential for integration.
g. December - January: After the approval of the annual warfighter outcome analysis,
ARCIC S&T Division will review the Warfighter Outcome Workbook to determine if an update
of this publication is recommended.
Chapter 2
Background
2-1. Overview
a. Security Challenges. The scope of potential challenges is daunting. Traditional

adversaries will continue to possess significant conventional land, sea, and air forces. In the face
of United States (U.S.) overmatch conventional capabilities, some adversaries will adopt
irregular, unconventional methods. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the hands of
traditional or irregular adversaries pose potentially catastrophic threats. The U.S. cannot,
moreover, ignore the possibility of disruptive, breakthrough technologies that counter its
capabilities or marginalize its power. The U.S. may indeed face all of these challenges, in one
place. We cannot easily parse these threats, but rather must expect to encounter them in
adaptive, seamless combinations.
b. FOC are developed through analysis of joint as well as Army concepts. The joint
campaign framework provides the foundation for everything we do. Joint interdependence is the
purposeful reliance on other Service and joint capabilities to maximize their complementary and
reinforcing effects, while minimizing service vulnerabilities in order to achieve the mission
requirements of the joint force commander (JFC).
c. The Army has conducted strategic mission analysis to identify aspects of the joint
campaign for which land power contributions must be optimized. The result is a number of
strategic objectives that collectively describe how we will increase our relevance to joint force
(JF) and our readiness to prevail in a joint campaign. The strategic objectives fall into two basic
categories relative to the JFC’s campaign: those that contribute to particular operational
requirements and those that are necessary functional enablers. The Army will work to improve
its capability to conduct operations in support of homeland defense, civil support and stability
operations, as well as improving its capabilities against irregular challenges. The Army will
9
TRADOC Pam 525-66
pursue functional improvements that span all phases of the typical campaign; battle command,
joint logistics and global posture. Underpinning all of these efforts, the Army will continue to
implement modularity and ensure that it is balancing risk.
d. Tremendous strides have been made over the past year in the design of and conversion to
the future Modular Force, including mid-term modular force initiatives, but there is more to do.
We must follow through with the implementation of necessary joint and Army operating,
integrating, and functional capabilities as established in joint and Army concepts. The joint
operations concepts (JOC) framework consists of a capstone concept, operating concepts,
integrating concepts, and functional concepts. The joint functional concepts include Joint
Battlespace Awareness, Force Application, Protection, Focused Logistics, Net-Centric
Operating Environment, Joint Training, and Force Management. The Army has developed a
parallel and consistent concepts framework under the Army Concept Strategy (ACS) family of
concepts consisting of a capstone, two operating, and six functional concepts. These concepts
are supplemented by concept capability plans and other concepts as directed by the Commanding
General, TRADOC, such as TRADOC Pam, 525-3-7-01. The Army functional concepts consist
of TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, TRADOC Pam 525-2-2, TRADOC Pam 525-3-3, TRADOC Pam
525-3-4, TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, TRADOC Pam 525-3-6. Additionally, global posture,
strategic responsiveness, and modularity related capabilities are required (see figure 2-1).
Figure 2-1. Army Concept Strategy
e. TRADOC Pam 525-3-0 is the overarching visualization of how the Army will support
JFCs during the 2015 – 2024 timeframe. This document provides the vision of how the future
Modular Force will participate in the joint operational environment (OE) described in the JOC to
achieve full spectrum dominance across the range of military operations (ROMO).
f. The future Modular Force will be a strategically responsive, campaign quality force,
dominant across the ROMO and fully integrated within the joint, interagency, and multinational
(JIM) security framework. It will provide sustained land combat power to future joint
operations, responding effectively and seamlessly to any conflict, regardless of character or
scale. The full spectrum quality of the future Modular Force will address the diverse threats and
10
TRADOC Pam 525-66
the volatile conditions expected to characterize the future operating environment through the
adaptive combination of seven key operational ideas:
• Shaping and entry operations help seize the initiative, and set conditions for decisive
maneuver throughout the campaign. Use of multiple entry points will help overcome
enemy anti-access actions, enhance surprise, reduce predictability, and, through the
conduct of immediate operations after arrival, will produce multiple dilemmas for the
enemy.
• Operational maneuver from strategic distances to a crisis theater will enable the force to
deter or promptly engage an enemy from positions of advantage. Employing advanced
joint lift platforms not dependent on improved ports, the future Modular Force will
deploy modular, scaleable, combined arms formations in mission-tailored force capability
packages, along simultaneous force flows, to increase deployment momentum and close
the gap between early entry and follow-on campaign forces.
• Intratheater operational maneuver by ground, sea, and air will extend the reach of the
JFC, expand capability to exploit opportunities, and generate dislocating and
disintegrating effects.
• Once the future Modular Force seizes the initiative, it combines its multidimensional
capabilities in decisive maneuver to achieve campaign objectives:
o Simultaneous, distributed operations within a noncontiguous battlefield framework
enable the future Modular Force to act throughout the enemy’s dispositions.
o Continuous operations and controlled operational tempo (OPTEMPO) will
overwhelm the enemy’s capability to respond effectively, resulting in physical
destruction and psychological exhaustion at a pace not achievable today.
o Direct attack of key enemy capabilities and centers of gravity with strike and
maneuver will accelerate the disintegration of the enemy operational integrity.
• Commanders are challenged by complex missions against asymmetric threats where
lethal force is not the best or first option. Commanders must have the ability to
accomplish nonlethal tasks with reduced risk of fatalities or serious casualties among
noncombatants. Standoff capabilities are needed to nonlethally:
ο Deny area to personnel
ο Protect Forces/Resources
ο Affect crowd behavior/manage confrontations
ο Discriminate/determine intent
ο Render individuals or groups incapable of performing intended task
ο Control access to facilities
• The future Modular Force also conducts concurrent and subsequent stability operations,
the former to secure and perpetuate the results of decisive maneuver during the campaign,
and the latter to "Win the Peace," once enemy military forces are defeated, to ensure
long-term resolution of the sources of conflict.
• Distributed support and sustainment will maintain freedom of action and provide
continuous sustainment of committed forces in all phases of operations, throughout the
OE, and with the smallest feasible deployed logistical footprint.
11
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Throughout the future campaign, network-enabled battle command will facilitate the
situational understanding (SU) needed for the self-synchronization and effective
application of joint and Army combat capabilities in any form of operation.
g. Modularity is essential as it increases Army lethality, full spectrum operation (FSO)

capabilities and responsiveness. It also contributes fundamentally to the Army’s requisite
expeditionary quality. To provide combatant commanders with the relevant and ready land
power needed to win the war on terrorism, the Army must ensure the complete and aggressive
implementation of modularity in the active Army and reserve components. Resources are finite.
The guiding principle is that the Army will not compromise the quality and capabilities required
to field relevant and ready units.
2-2. FOC Definition

FOCs are groupings of advanced warfighting capabilities and required by the Army to fulfill
future Modular Force concepts, described in relevant operational measurable terms, embedded in
the future joint OE.
2-3. FOC Format

See appendix B.
2-4. FOC Organization and Concept Linkage

FOC are organized in the areas listed below. Each FOC write-up includes a linkage with the
appropriate joint and Army concept areas, which are listed below. The FOC identify what is
needed to transition the future Modular Force concept key ideas into force capabilities.
a. FOC areas: (See paragraphs 1-4 and 1-5).
• Battle command.
• Battlespace awareness (BA).
• Mounted/Dismounted maneuver.
• Air maneuver.
• Line of sight (LOS)/Beyond line of sight (BLOS)/Nonline of sight (NLOS) lethality.
• Maneuver support.
• Protection.
• Strategic responsiveness and deployability.
• Maneuver sustainment.
• Training, leader development, and education.
• Human dimension.
b. FOC Concept Linkage.
(1) Concepts define required capabilities. FOC are derived from both Joint and Army
concepts. The joint concepts, beginning with the Joint Capstone JOC and including the joint
operating concepts, joint functional concepts, and joint integrating concepts identify JF
capabilities required to prosecute a certain type of operation or to bring about a certain effect.
12
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Those required capabilities are then characterized with more clarity by the Services, in this case
the Army, to create the force(s) required for joint, FSO.
(2) The FOCs themselves are also interdependent. For maneuver forces to operate, they
must have integrated command and control (C2), BA, fires, protection, and sustainment.
Sustainment forces must have force protection (FP) and may require maneuver forces, including
aviation, and support from other sustainment forces to provide maneuver sustainment effectively.
The nature of the joint operation requires interdependence of the JF; depending on another
Service of the JF to provide a capability that may previously have been provided by the parent
Service.
(3) FOC also reinforces the capabilities required by other Services to meet their Title X
functions to support the Army. For the Army to provide the land component of a JF requires the
U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy to fulfill their Title X responsibilities to transport the Army to the
joint operations area (JOA). To meet the requirement, the Air Force and Navy need to know
what they will be transporting. The Air Force may find there is a requirement for a new
airframe, as the existing fleet cannot accommodate the Army’s future combat vehicle(s). At the
present it may not be feasible to design a land combat vehicle with the desired level of armor
protection which is light enough to be transported by Air Force tactical airlifters. The Army, in
developing a future combat vehicle (that is inherently survivable), may identify the Air Force
needs a new airlift capability or the Navy needs a better, faster sealift capability.
c. FOC joint functional concept linkage. Shown below is linkage between the joint
functional concepts and the FOCs. The major bullets are the joint functional concept and the
sub-bullets are the FOC. FOCs change every three to five years and are linked to JFCs (JCAs
change every 12 to 18 months).
Figure 2-2. Joint Functional Concept/FOC Concept Board Linkage
d. Army concepts. Below is the ACS architecture approved as the implementation

guidance for the concept development pathway of the Army Concept Development and
13
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Experimentation Plan. The ACS approved concepts are valid conceptual underpinnings for
FOCs. The ACS directed concepts under development are envisioned to enhance and clarify
required capabilities established in the current suit of concepts. Consequently, the FOCs
identified in this pamphlet provide a consistent developmental pathway toward the
achievement of required future Modular Force capabilities.
(1) Operating concepts.
• TRADOC Pam 525-3-1.

(2) Functional concepts.

2-5. Role of FOC in the JCIDS process
a. FOCs address the pursuit of advanced warfighting capabilities for FSOs and describe
them in relevant operational terms. Capability shortfalls are identified separately through the
capabilities needs assessment, JCIDS, and Army Capabilities Integration and Development
System processes. Inherent in the future Modular Force operational concepts is a full
consideration of the joint OE. Each FOC includes a detailed, stand-alone narrative of the
capability’s utility on the current and future battlefield.
b. In the JCIDS process, FOCs are linked to Functional Capabilities Boards. The
Functional Capabilities Boards ensure the supporting analysis adequately leverages the expertise
of the Department of Defense (DOD) components, in particular, the Services, combatant
commands, agencies, DOD laboratories, science and technology community initiatives,
experimentation initiatives, non-DOD agencies and industry to identify promising materiel and
nonmateriel approaches. It also, in conjunction with the FOC, drives the development and
acquisition of new military capabilities through changes in doctrine, organization, training,
materiel, leadership development and education, personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF). The
linkage between the FOC and the Functional Capabilities Boards is illustrated in figure 2-3.
14
TRADOC Pam 525-66
CCJ Army Capstone

Capstone Concept for Concept FOC
The Army in Joint Operations
Joint Operations 525-3-0 Areas
Battle Command.
JOC AOC Battlespace Awareness
Joint Operating Concepts Army Operating Mounted/Dismounted
Major Combat Operations, Homeland Security, Maneuver.
Stability Operations, Strategic Deterrence, Irregular Concepts Air Maneuver.
Warfare Tactical Maneuver, Line-of-sight/Beyond line
Operational Maneuver of sight (BLOS)/Non-line
JFC
Joint Functional Concepts AFC of sight (NLOS) lethality.
Maneuver Support.
Battlespace Awareness, Force Management, Army Functional Concepts
Command and Control, Training, Force Protection
Application, Focused Logistics, Force Strike, Battle Command, Move Strategic Responsiveness
Protection, Net-Centric Ops See, Protect, Sustain and Deployability.
Maneuver Sustainment.
JICs CCP Training, Leader
Joint Integrating Concepts Concepts Capabilities Development &
Global Strike, Joint Forcible Entry Operations, Joint Education.
Undersea Superiority, Integrated Air & Missile Plans Human Dimension.
Defense, Seabasing, Joint Logistics, Joint Command ??
and Control, Net-Centric Operational Environment
Figure 2-3. Concept FOC Functional Capabilities Boards Linkage
c. The JCIDS process will aid and support decisionmakers to ensure the validated
capabilities needed for winning the current war and transforming the force are being addressed
by appropriate materiel and nonmaterial approaches. It will also ensure multiple materiel
approaches or concepts, across the spectrum of DOTMLPF and across DOD components are
adequately considered to provide desired capabilities.
d. Applications.
(1) FOCs form the basis for analysis for concept-based future Modular Force
requirements across the full ROMO required of the JFC.
(2) FOCs drive organizational and functional structure changes, through the force design
update process, as the institution of the Army transforms to the future Modular Force.
(3) FOCs enable the achievement of future Modular Force capabilities into the current
force as soon as practical. They will provide the basis for technological solutions in the near
term and inform concept development and experimentation for the future Modular Force. FOCs
encompass the full range of DOTMLPF solutions and assist in the development/integration of
future to current, current to future, and current to current capabilities.
(4) FOCs validate requirements for the Army S&T Program to fulfill warfighting
concepts. FOCs are employed by TRADOC in the conduct of S&T assessment reviews, special
access program reviews, Army technology objective (ATO) candidate assessments, ATD
candidate assessments, Army S&T work group processes, and the Army S&T advisory group
process. FOCs assist in focusing the Army’s S&T investment in support of future Modular
Force overall development and Army transformation.
15
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(5) Advanced technology demonstrations address selected high priority FOC, and
demonstrate a capability that does not currently exist. They are resource intensive, and provide
the medium to conduct troop interaction with mature technologies. The ATD Plan is jointly
developed between the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics
and Technology and TRADOC with measures of effectiveness established to successfully
execute the ATD. ATD management plans are briefed to a council of colonels, and approved at
the Army S&T group.
(6) All operational requirements described in the FOC are derived from joint and Army
concepts and Army lessons learned. Analyses of all FOC are used to describe changes in the
various DOTMLPF domains, as the Army seeks to achieve future Modular Force capabilities
required to support the JFC during the next 15 to 20 years.
(7) Materiel developers and industry use FOCs as references, to maintain responsiveness
and viability in independent research and development.
(8) FOCs are used in the Army S&T Master Plan process to provide warfighting
influence upon technology base funding.
(9) FOCs are employed in the ATO process and serve as the building blocks that
measure warfighting relevance. Candidate efforts selected as ATOs are published in the Army
S&T Master Plan as the 200 most important S&T objectives for the Army research and
development community. The ATO review provides the basis for the construct of ATD. The
ATOs receive senior Army leadership oversight, and have priority for fiscal resourcing.
(10) Affordability is not specifically addressed by the FOC; however, affordability is

inherently considered within the functional solution analysis of the JCIDS, and integral to
eventual acquisition decisions.
Chapter 3
Joint Operational Environment Overview
3-1. Synopsis of the Expected Future Joint Operational Environment

The expected future OE for military forces will be extremely dynamic. Expanding webs of
social, economic, political, military, and information systems (INFOSYS) will afford opportunity
for some regional powers to compete on a broader scale and emerge on the global landscape with
considerable influence. Increased globalization is bringing changes to the international strategic
landscape based on a rise of new powers, population shifts, competition for natural resources,
impacts on governance, a pervasive sense of global insecurity, and evolving coalitions, alliances,
partnerships, and new actors (both national and transnational) that will continually appear and
disappear from the scene. Urban environments and other complex terrain will increasingly
characterize areas of operation that may include both humanitarian crisis conditions and combat
operations. Adaptive and thinking adversaries will continually seek new capabilities and new
employment methods to counter the military superiority of the U.S. and its allies. Traditional
advantages enjoyed by global and some regional powers in employing military capabilities will
16
TRADOC Pam 525-66
no longer be the norm. As new capabilities, or new methods of employing capabilities are
developed and become more accessible to warfighters, the conduct of warfare and crisis
resolution will change. While the nature of war will remain a violent clash of wills between
states or armed groups pursuing advantageous political ends, the conduct of future warfare will
include combinations of conventional and unconventional, lethal and nonlethal, and military and
nonmilitary actions and operations, all of which add to the increasing complexity of the future
security environment.
3-2. Potential Threats
a. The global nature, ever-changing variety and adaptability of multifaceted adversaries

pose significant threats to our national interests. These threats include:
• Transnational security threats, including threats from networked ideologues

elements, which may operate across the globe without regard to political boundaries
and employing terrorism or other methods.
• Regional, near-peer and emerging global competitors with significant
conventional forces, WMD or weapons of mass effect (WME), and long range
delivery means, or niche capabilities with which they might gain an advantage
against our forces.
• Failing or failed states that afford potential safe haven for terrorist or other criminal
elements and which may be ripe for humanitarian or political crises that threaten
stability and security in surrounding regions.
b. JFs will increasingly face nontraditional threats. We have historically addressed

“adversaries” as combat forces and developed our capabilities accordingly. Future adversaries
may not organize or engage U.S. forces as traditional military organizations, but more as
“networks” that strive to generate the social and political power necessary to achieve their aims.
c. Whereas traditional militaries may focus on battlefield victories, these adversaries’ goals
may be to simply sustain ideas and their organizations until they win a level of political or social
legitimacy. Contending with such adversaries will require success beyond the battlefield by all
instruments of national power. Nontraditional threats pose unique operational challenges and
may have no obvious centers of gravity. Countering such threats, whether they employ terrorism
or insurgency, WMD/WME or breakthrough technologies, will require the JF to operate more
coherently to resolve future conflicts and crises.
3-3. Emerging Adversarial Challenges
a. Future adversaries may challenge the U.S. and its multinational partners by adopting and
employing asymmetric methods across selected domains against areas of perceived U.S.
vulnerability. Many will act and operate without regard for the customary laws of war. The
National Defense Strategy contains four mature and emerging challenges.
• Catastrophic challenges involve the acquisition, possession, and use of WMD/WME

or methods producing WMD/WME-like effects.
17
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Irregular challenges come from those employing unconventional methods to counter

the traditional advantages of stronger opponents.
• Disruptive challenges may come from adversaries who develop and use
breakthrough technologies to negate current U.S. advantages in key operational
domains.
• Traditional challenges are posed by states employing recognized military
capabilities and forces in well-understood forms of military competition and conflict.
(1) Catastrophic. Opponents seeking catastrophic effects include rogue states or terrorist
actors bent on using WMD/WME to paralyze U.S. power. Deterrence of these adversaries
becomes more difficult due to proliferation of these weapons and the inability to effectively find,
fix, track, and target them. Deterring these adversaries is difficult as they see benefit in violent
action, have few overt high-value assets to hold at risk, and often perceive the continuation of the
status quo as intolerably costly. Opponents will seek to exploit our weaknesses and obtain
asymmetric advantages to impede our ability to dissuade their acquisition of catastrophic
capabilities, to deter their use, and defeat them before these capabilities can be used against us.
Particularly, their ability to proliferate WMD/WME technology and expertise makes our ability
to prevent, and if necessary contend with catastrophic attacks, the highest priority.
(2) Irregular. An irregular opponent is typically a state or nonstate adversary who aims to
erode our influence, patience, and will by adopting unconventional methods in the face of
overmatching U.S. conventional capabilities. These adversaries view time as on their side which
allows them to impose prohibitive costs in lives and other national resources with the intent of
compelling us to a strategic retreat from a key region or course of action (COA). They seek to
operate from relatively safe areas and at locations where they are indistinguishable from the
populace. Extremist ideologies and an absence of effective governance provide fertile ground
for their activities. Unclear and overlapping responsibilities of U.S. government agencies create
challenges for taking protective action. While efforts to resolve these issues are ongoing,
opponents may seek to exploit the seams between agencies to achieve their goals, such as
exploiting the different responsibilities between law enforcement and the military. Insufficient
cultural knowledge, including language capability, intensifies the difficulty in reacting to this
challenge. These political and cultural divides make our ability to contend effectively with
irregular challenges problematic, and highlight the need for an integrated response from multiple
agencies (of a kind we do not currently possess) to best address this challenge.
(3) Disruptive. Some of our potential adversaries may seek to employ breakthrough
technologies that can potentially negate U.S. military advantages in an operational domain and
disrupt JF operations. Adversaries, who are able to acquire a technology or technology
application breakthrough, or obtain an advantage, will pose a significant danger to JFs and to the
security of the Nation. An example is an adversary who attains a breakthrough capability that
threatens satellite communication systems essential to maintaining our dominance in the cyber
domain. In military operations an adversary able to cause significant disruption to our global
positioning satellites could dramatically reduce our precision strike advantage. If not refined,
cumbersome and time consuming DOTMLPF change processes may not allow us to counter
adversary breakthrough capabilities in time to make a difference.
18
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(4) Traditional. The traditional opponent is a state adversary who will employ well-
recognized forms of military force on force to challenge our power, as well as that of our
partners. Currently, our conventional superiority, coupled with the costs of traditional military
competition significantly nullifies the incentive of a potential opponent to compete with us, but
even with no “peer competitor,” the U.S. must still be prepared to deal with one or more regional
traditional challenges. The problem we face is maintaining sufficient capability against this
challenge while effectively addressing the other three challenge areas under fiscal and
organizational constraints.
(5) These four challenges rarely occur individually and in fact overlap in construct and
execution. By choice or from necessity, adversaries can be expected to employ combinations of
these challenges commensurate with their own tendencies and means. Adversaries active in one
challenge area are expected to reinforce their capabilities with ways and means drawn from the
other areas. Future adversaries will seek the space between clearly combatant and clearly
criminal to avoid our traditional military strengths. The most dangerous circumstances arise
when we face a complex blending of multiple challenges within individual operations or
combinations of operations. The problem the JF faces is providing and sustaining the capacity
for simultaneously and effectively countering these challenges across the ROMO in multiple
locations around the world (we can do many things simultaneously but not necessarily with equal
effectiveness; and vice versa). Recognizing that we cannot cover the entire globe with forward
postured military forces, overcoming time-distance and access challenges will remain key to
effectively preventing and responding to crises. Moreover, capability combinations from other
instruments of national power will help overcome these challenges.
3-4. Nonadversarial Crisis Response Operations

The JF must maintain an unsurpassed ability to fight and win the Nation’s wars. However, it
must recognize the national security implications of operations that do not necessarily include
either adversaries or combat. Examples include peacekeeping, humanitarian relief operations,
and support to civil authorities, both foreign and domestic. These operations can contribute to
preventing conflict and may require different types of capabilities or different methods of
employing those capabilities than traditionally used for warfighting.
3-5. Joint Issues Relevant to Both Adversarial Challenges and Nonadversarial Crisis
Response Operations
Regardless of the type of operation, the future JF will require new capabilities and processes to
help minimize the use of armed force and to most efficiently respond when necessary. This
includes the need for engagement before and after warfighting/crisis response, the need for
integrated involvement with interagency and multinational partners, and the need for
multipurpose capabilities that can be applied across the ROMO. Listed below are the four
Adversarial and Nonadversarial challenges:
a. Shaping Operations. Maintaining peace and preventing conflict/crises are as important as

waging major combat operations. Consequently, in addition to crisis response, the future JF
must be more involved in proactive engagement/crisis prevention. Peacetime shaping operations
might be aimed at spreading democracy, creating an environment of peace, stability, and
goodwill or even aimed at destabilizing a rogue regime. Shaping operations provide the JF
19
TRADOC Pam 525-66
continuous opportunities to assess the structure and dynamics of potential adversaries and crisis
locations to the extent practicable in anticipation of follow-on operations, should they be
required. Continuous assessment is important because of the significant limits on precise
“understanding” one might have of any adversary or situation. This implies the JF must actively
train and be equipped to be full partners in proactive and robust peacetime interaction activities.
The importance of assessment should also be reflected in military education and exchange
programs and combatant commander theater security cooperation plans. Such activities
complement JF basing and presence strategies, shaping the environment to establish conditions
that enable rapid response should a crisis occur. Success in these activities relies heavily on
active support and participation by other elements of national power.
b. Stability Operations. Winning in war requires achieving desired political aims.

Achieving these aims requires resolving crises, winning conventional combat operations, and
ensuring stability in affected areas. The JF must be capable of successfully conducting stability
operations prior to, during, and after combat operations or as a stand-alone mission. Stability
operations are inherently interagency operations. As a critical component of such integrated
operations, the JF may be required to establish a secure environment and initiate reconstruction
efforts to facilitate transition to civilian control. The JF may also be required to provide security,
initial humanitarian assistance, limited governance, restoration of essential public services, and
similar types of assistance typically required in reconstruction efforts.
c. Interagency, Multinational, and Other Partners. Leveraging capabilities of interagency

and multinational partners to address security challenges is desirable and increasingly important.
However, multiparticipant operations in the envisioned environment may exacerbate already
significant interoperability challenges and complicate cooperation strategies. Additionally,
future JF operations will likely require interaction with any number of private, nongovernmental
organizations (NGO), regional, and international organizations. Each organization brings its
own unique equipment and procedures and its own supporting or competing priorities, resulting
in additional interoperability and operational integration challenges for the JF.
d. Success across the ROMO. The U.S. will remain continuously engaged across the globe
in a continuum ranging from peace and stability (maintained by shaping and deterrent activities),
through conflict to reconstruction, with a goal of maintaining or returning to a state of peace and
stability in which U.S. National security interests are assured. The JFC’s ability to integrate
various operations in the right proportion is key to achieving desired strategic outcomes. The
uncertain environment combined with the scope of different operations will demand capabilities
that are adaptable and can be applied in multiple types of operations simultaneously. Resource
constraints alone will prevent an indefinite number of simultaneous effective responses across
the ROMO.
20
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Chapter 4
Force Operating Capabilities
Section I – Battle Command
4-1. Battle Command Definition

Battle command is the art and science of visualizing, describing, directing, and leading forces in
operations against a hostile, thinking, and adaptive enemy. Battle command applies leadership to
translate decisions into actions—by synchronizing forces and warfighting functions in time,
space, and purpose—to accomplish missions. Battle command is guided by professional
judgment gained from experience, knowledge, education, intelligence, and intuition. Battle
command is an art, underpinned and enabled by S&T. Commanders require strong character,
competence in the art and science of sustained operations, and leader skills that enable them to
meld the efforts of subordinates and colleagues into harmonious unified actions and operations to
accomplish assigned missions. The functions of Battle Command are timeless. Commanders
must anticipate, plan and execute operations and exploit or consolidate success. To do this they
must visualize their situation and battlespace, and imagine a set of actions to use the resources at
hand to achieve their desired ends. They must describe the series of actions intended for
subordinate elements and desired from separate agencies capable of contributing to effective
efforts to achieve shared ends. Commanders must then direct subordinates and influence
collateral actions, to harmonize efforts in execution so the greatest possible effectiveness results
at the least cost. All the while, they must remain sensitive to their environment and anticipate
possible challenges, opportunities and likely future missions.
4-2. Joint/Army Concepts Linkage
a. There is no joint battle command concept and single direct linkage from joint concepts to
TRADOC Pam 525-3-3. Battle command is addressed in the Joint Command and Control, Net-
Centric, and Battlespace Awareness concepts and are brought together in TRADOC
Pam 525-3-0 and TRADOC Pam 525-3-3. The capstone concept for joint operations introduces
high level capabilities and characteristics of future joint forces such as common understanding,
decision superiority, rapid deployment, knowledge empowered, networked, interoperable,
adaptive and tailorable, agile and resilient, and interagency and multinational. These high level
concepts are expanded in the Joint Command and Control and Net-Centric Operational and
Integrating Concepts.
b. TRADOC Pam 525-3-0 merges the Joint Network and Net-Centric Command and
Control concepts into an Army concept/key idea called network-enabled battle command.
Network-enabled battle command envisions the use of enhanced information and network
technologies (the science portion) and the development of innovative leaders and staff members
(the art portion) that will result in a compressed and accelerated planning, execution, and
assessment process to support the future dynamic warfighting environment. Network-enabled
battle command leverages the network effect, and the exponential increase in the value of a
network as the number of those using it increases. It extends the interconnectedness of
headquarters (HQ) to the individual Soldiers, weapons, sensors, and platforms. This extended
connectivity will enable information superiority and allow the creation of a joint networked
21
TRADOC Pam 525-66
multi-echelon collaborative C2 environment that will extend the benefits of decentralization -

initiative, adaptability, and increased tempo - without sacrificing the coordination or unity of
effort. Nonetheless, network-enabled battle command is commander-centric, vice network-
centric. To achieve this vision of a network-enabled battle command capability the Army must:
• Develop a single Army Battle Command System (BCS) that is joint - interoperable
and fully integrated from strategic to tactical levels via an overarching joint
architecture.
• Enable Army operational HQ to serve as fully capable joint functional HQ.
• Develop a multiechelon collaborative information environment (CIE).
• Fuse sensors both horizontally and vertically within an interdependent joint network,
relying on capabilities that provide persistent ISR.
• Integrate an agile, ubiquitous communications network from ‘space to mud (ground).’
• Enable battle command on the move (BCOTM) without degradation.
• Improve interoperability with interagency and multinational components.
• Continue to explore effects-based planning as a means of improving the military
decisionmaking process.
c. Distributing battle command capabilities among multiple distributed nodes from joint to
tactical levels will eliminate much of the sequentiality in today’s planning process and allow
streamlining of the military decisionmaking process. Improved connectivity and information
technologies will facilitate common situational understanding, the use of mission orders and
expand span of control, thus enabling greater decentralization and simultaneity. Access to the
CIE will enable subordinate commanders to self-synchronize their actions during operations and
make incremental adjustments in response to changing conditions. Tactical commanders will be
able to routinely employ joint effects at lower tactical levels to help conclude tactical actions
more rapidly. The sum of these advances will enable commanders to anticipate more reliably
and apply force more precisely and effectively, while simultaneously shaping the future battle
and conducting current operations, across the spectrum of operations.
d. TRADOC Pam 525-3-3, expands upon the network-enabled battle command vision in
TRADOC Pam 525-3-0. As stated in TRADOC Pam 525-3-0, the focus of battle command is
the commander. The commander is responsible and accountable for all the forces under their
command and must develop, maintain, and use the full range of human potential in their
organizations to accomplish assigned missions. The function of battle command in the future
Modular Force will not be significantly different from today. Battle command will continue to
be a combination of art and science in which commanders use their experience, knowledge, and
insights to plan and execute operations. Future Modular Force commanders must exercise the art
of battle command using the best available information in an uncertain environment to make
decisions. The commander must be the focal point of decisionmaking while the role of the staff
and advanced technological aids is to support the commander in achieving SU, making
decisions, disseminating directives, and tracking execution. Commanders apply their skilled
judgment, and that of their staff, to interpret information in the context of the mission, the higher
commanders’ intent to visualize the end state of the mission. To take advantage of improved
information availability, processing, and distribution, future leaders must improve both their
technological capabilities and human processes. (See fig 4-1 below from TRADOC
22
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Pam 525-3-3 that shows the role of the commander and where art and science apply.) Gaining
and maintaining a common operational picture (COP) at all levels will facilitate mission orders
and foster commanders capable of acting in consonance with the higher commander’s intent.
Developing graphic display aids and cognitive skills that enable commanders to visualize the
operation and then describe it in terms of intent and guidance is central to the battle command
concept. Future Modular Force commanders will operate and the future BCS will be
implemented based on the following key ideas:
• Centrality of the commander.

• Role of the commander: framing, planning, preparing, executing, assessing, and
reframing operations.
• Mission command.
• Self-synchronizing forces.
• Collaborative planning and accelerated and streamlined military decisionmaking
process.
• Decision superiority: central, critical role of high SA, shared SA, SU, and the COP.
• Continuous battle assessment, incremental adjustment to operations during
execution.
• Adaptive C2 processes and structures, expanding span of control, and virtual staff.
• Single, integrated Army BCS(s), joint capable at lower levels.
• The network.
• Interagency and multi-national interoperability and integration.
• Horizontal and vertical fusion.
• Ubiquitous, redundant, continuous communications network.
23
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Expanded Role of the Commander

Lead
CDR / Staff CDR / Staff CDR / Staff CDR / Staff
Visualize Describe Direct

Understand Principles of War,
Tenets, ART / Science ART / Science ART / Science
ART / Science Experience
Time, Space,
Factors of the
AO WF WF
Information Resources, •Intelligence
Situation • Intelligence
Political
Military
Infrastructure METT-TC
METT-TC Purpose & •Maneuver
COP
•Maneuver
Action •Fire Support
•Fire Support
Social
Elements of
•• Protection
• Protection
• Protection
Operational •Sustainment
Economic Design •• Decisive Ops • Sustainment
•Sustainment
•C2
•End State & conditions • Shaping Ops • C2
•C2
OBJ
•Center of Gravity • Sustaining Ops
•Decisive Points
Battlespace •Plans
•Lines of Operation
•Plans&&
•Culminating Point Orders
Orders
Human Dimension •Operational Reach & •Planning
Approach •Planning •Preparation
guidance
guidance •Preparation
•Simultaneous & Staff Running
Sequential Ops •Cdr’s •Execution
•Linear & Non-linear
Estimates Input from
other
•IntentIntent •Execution
AO OPs Commander’s
•Tempo
Effects
Context
In short, we need to develop an integrated approach for the
understanding (framing) and visualizing, describing, directing,
Direction
Direction
assessing, and reframing of unified operations.
Assess
Figure 4-1. Expanded Role of the Commander
4-3. Desired Battle Command Capabilities

Synthesizing the concepts and key ideas from both the joint and Army concepts described above,
battle command is grouped into the following six capability areas:
• Exercise C2.
• Information and decision superiority.
• Horizontal and vertical information fusion.
• Collaborative planning and execution.
• JIM interoperability.
• An agile ubiquitous network.
4-4. FOC-01-01: Exercise Command and Control (C2)
a. Capstone Capabilities.
(1) C2 is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander

over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission. C2 is fundamental to the
art and science of Battle command. The focus of C2 is the commander. Through C2,
commanders assess the situation; make decisions, direct action through a BCS, which consists of
a combination of personnel, information management, procedures, equipment, and facilities. An
24
TRADOC Pam 525-66
effective Battle command process and system helps commanders plan prepare, execute, and
assess operations. This includes the ability to:
• Achieve and maintain situational understanding.

• Execute the decisionmaking process.
• Control forces and warfighting functions.
• Adapt to change.
(2) Command is the authority that a commander exercises over subordinates by virtue of
rank or assignment. Command includes leadership, authority, and accountability as well as
responsibility for unit readiness, health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel.
More importantly command carries the responsibility for effectively using available resources
and planning the employment of assigned forces to accomplish assigned missions. Throughout
history command has been and will continue to be an individual and personal function that is
more art than science. The art of battle command requires understanding the complex
relationships between friendly forces, adversaries and the environment. The better the
understanding/knowledge of situation the better the commanders can visualize and describe their
intent.
(3) Control is the regulation of forces and warfighting functions to accomplish the
mission in accordance with the commander’s intent. While command is a personal function,
control is fundamental to directing operations and involves the entire force. Commanders
exercise control over all forces in their AO. Control is more science than art in that it relies more
on objectivity, facts, empirical methods, and analysis. The quantitative and analytic aspects of
control include the physical capabilities of friendly and adversary organizations and systems in
conjunction with time-distance and environmental factors required to initiate certain actions.
(4) Effective battle command is characterized by timely and effective decisions in which
the commander combines his intuitive judgment with available information and analyzes. The
staff gathers quality information and formulates potential solutions using the BCSs for the
commander. The commander then applies his intuition based on his knowledge, judgment,
experience, education, perception and character to formulate a decision. After commanders
make decisions, they guide and track their forces through execution.
(5) Mission command is the Army’s preferred method for executing battle command.
Mission command is characterized by decentralized execution in which commanders conveys
purpose without providing detailed direction on how to perform the task or mission. Mission
command empowers subordinate initiative by emphasizing the higher commander’s intent and
requires an environment of trust and mutual understanding.
b. Narrative. The exercise of C2 and battle command, at all echelons within the future
Modular Force requires the following capabilities:
• Army leaders that can perform effectively across the ROMO in a complex, uncertain,
and dynamic operational environment.
• Subordinate leaders that can operate across all operational phases.
25
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• The ability to continuously develop knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals and
teams.
• Staffs organized to align with the conditions of the mission environment, assign roles,
and establish internal collaborative structures and processes.
• The ability to establish and/or refine the joint task force organization
• Establish and/or refine command relationships within the commander’s operational
control during all operational phases.
• Ensure missions and guidance is sent and received (for example, commander’s intent,
mission and guidance, including operational objectives, to subordinate echelons, and
staff, and ensure it is understood).
• Communicate initial and updated intent and guidance to the subordinate echelons
• Communicate action and intent through mission-type orders to subordinate echelons
and commanders.
• Future Modular Force commanders require solutions to improve their ability to
perform the operations process of framing, planning, preparing, executing, assessing,
and reframing operations in the JIM environment.
• Future Modular Force commanders at all levels require solutions for the employment
of an evolving single, integrated Army BCS functional in all JIM environments from
joint down to the Soldier level to support the conduct of complex operations in a
coordinated and synchronized manner.
• Scalable battle command capabilities that support frequent mission tailoring, force
responsiveness, and general adaptability to changing battlefield conditions.
• Provide improved strategic responsiveness and standardization
• Challenging live, virtual, and constructive exercises to train leaders through the
practice and application of leadership. Leadership can be taught to a degree in
institutional settings but needs to be enhanced through observation and emulation of
successful commanders, as well as through self study.
• Trained and develop leaders skilled in reducing complexity into manageable
appropriate actions, and to issue timely orders with emphasis on enhancing the
cognition skills of decisionmaking and mission command.
• Commanders that are capable of operating effectively with degraded BCSs.
• Training programs and exercises that allow commanders to practice C2, be
challenged to take risks, evaluated on how well they follow the higher commander’s
intent so as to understand the successful application of mission command.
• Training and leadership development programs that emphasizes higher order
cognitive processes in complex full spectrum operations, to enable rapid
decisionmaking and effective C2.
• Provide means for leaders to grow and develop trust through the extensive use of
simulation, scenario-driven war games, experiments, and training exercises that
challenge leaders and will reduce the need to learn “on the job” in actual combat
operations.
• Improved officer and NCO career tracking systems to provide appropriate progressive
opportunities for developing command and staff experience.
• Provide special education opportunities for officers selected for command to develop
higher level cognition skills as part of their pre-command preparation.
26
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Mobile and fixed computer assisted modeling and simulation facilities to provide
commanders and staffs the ability to exercise C2 across the full ROMO.
• An integrated standard collection of multifunctional and modular command post
components (shelters, trailers, tents, large screen displays, electric power, local area
network, and environmental conditioning) that are tailorable, light-weight,
deployable, easy to emplace and displace, and scalable to mission requirements.
• A standard collection of Battle Command applications that adhere to basic human
interface principles, provide cognitive user interfaces, and provide a common look
and feel so as to reduce training requirements while at the same time achieving higher
retention of system capabilities.
c. Linkage to Army Universal Task List (AUTL): Army Tactical Task (ART) 7.0 (The
Command and Control Battlefield Operating System); ART 7.1 (Establish Command Post
Operations); ART 7.2 (Manage Tactical Information); ART 7.3 (Assess Tactical Situation and
Operations); ART 7.4 (Plan Tactical Operations Using the Military Decision Making
Process/Troop Leading Procedures); ART 7.4.6 (Provide Space Support). ART 7.2 (Manage
Tactical Information); ART 7.3 (Assess Tactical Situation and Operations); ART 7.4 (Plan
Tactical Operations Using the Military Decision Making Process/Troop Leading Procedures).
d. Linkage to Universal Joint Task List (UJTL): Operational (OP) 5 (Provide

Operational C2); Tactical (TA) 5 (Exercise C2). OP 5 (Provide Operational C2); TA 5;
(Exercise C2).
e. Concept and Doctrinal Linkage: TRADOC Pam 525-3-3, Battle Command; TRADOC
Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations; and Command and Control Joint Integrating
Concept.
4-5. FOC-01-02: Information Operation and Decision Superiority
(1) Decision superiority, the ability to decide and direct action before an adversary can
react, depends heavily on obtaining and maintaining SU and a common operational picture
(COP). Obtaining, processing, and disseminating the information that enables SU and the COP
or intelligence running estimate is addressed in TRADOC Pam 525-2-1. All staff sections and
soldiers provide information that contributes to the COP and to improving SU.
(2) Enabling effective decisionmaking requires a continuous effort to obtain and maintain
timely, high quality, and relevant information. Commanders will conduct routine command
assessment using flexible processes, adaptive thinking, timely and clear guidance, and decisions
that are relevant in a fast moving physical and dispersed environment. Battle command will
focus on interoperability, the sharing and protection of data and information to generate desired
effects through linking sensors, delivery systems, and effects across the JIM environment.
(3) Continuous battle assessment can result in incremental adjustment to operations

during execution and is a subset of decision superiority. Adaptation to changing situations and
27
TRADOC Pam 525-66
providing a continuous update to the COP will facilitate mission command. Commanders and
their staffs must conduct a continuous assessment of the factors of mission, enemy, terrain,
troops, time, civilians. This requires adaptive and predictive information flows, in which the
commander and his staff have access to information relevant to the current mission goal and the
operational impact of the changing environmental conditions.
(4) The contributors to information superiority are ISR, information management,

knowledge management, and information operations. Army doctrine uses the joint definition of
“information operations” as well as all of the capabilities that compose IO; however, Army
doctrine categorizes IO capabilities differently from joint doctrine. (See fig 4-2 for how Army
doctrine organizes and applies these Army IO capabilities.) Army doctrine describes Army IO
capabilities in terms of five IO tasks:
• Five IO tasks:
o Information engagement;
o C2 warfare;
o Military deception;
o Operations security;
o Information protection.
• Responsibilities for information operations tasks are as follows:
o Military deception – plans cell.
o Information engagement – information engagement cell.
o C2 warfare – fires cell.
o Information protection – C4OPS cell.
o Operations security – protection cell.
28
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Figure 4-2. Information Operations Process
(5) Commanders will exercise effective C2 of dispersed non-contiguous forces using

adaptive and flexible BCSs and structures and virtual tactical operations center that expand their
span of control and their view of the operating environment. Staff structures have evolved over
time to meet the needs of the commander. Staffs exist to support the organization, analysis, and
presentation of vast amounts of information and to make it manageable for the commander. A
disciplined and skilled staff improves the commander’s ability to make the quick decisions, at
the right time and control of subordinate units’ execution of operations. In the future,
commanders will be assisted by virtual staffs and knowledge centers. Teaming, coordination,
and parallel planning with JIM and NGO will be routine.
(6) Finally, red teaming is also critical to affect decisionmaking. Staffs must use all
available information to provide commanders an independent capability and fully explore
alternatives in plans, operations, and capabilities from the perspectives of our partners,
adversaries, and others. Red teaming assists the staff in validating assumptions and identifying
unstated assumptions and reduces uncertainty by enabling better understanding and knowledge
of supporting units, the environment, and the enemy. When time constrained and conducting an
accelerated military decisionmaking process cycle, red teaming may prevent the development of
a plan based on flawed assumptions, an unclear end state, and an inaccurate understanding of the
operational environment.
29
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative. To achieve information and decision superiority in the future Modular Force
requires the following capabilities:
• The ability to provide end-to-end protection, assurance, and validation of

information and information systems.
• Oversee the rapid creation of data initialization and starting information.
• Continuously track, shift, reconfigure (for example, control) forces, equipment,
sustainment and support, even en route.
• Access and integrate intelligence information and forecasts, including information
on adversary, neutral, and non-combatant entities of interest.
• Distribute and update commander’s intent and guidance to include commander’s
critical information requirements, and ensure it is understood
• Maintain a tailored, relevant, synthesized COP that presents actionable
information to promote understanding.
• Provide automated decision aids, planning tools, advanced modeling and
simulation, and in-transit visibility to the operational force.
• Assimilate and dispense knowledge.
• Perform mission analysis across the operational environment
• Progressive war games and exercises with realistic time constrained conditions
that challenge and train commanders and staffs in the execution of effective battle
command.
• Red teaming capabilities to rapidly test their plans in all environments and
develop alternative approaches that are based on anticipated enemy reactions.
• Provide information delivery methods that are tailorable, scecure, and allow
reprioritization based on mission requirements and available delivery methods.
• Battle command suites similar to today’s command post of the future with
expanded and updated visualization and information sharing capabilities.
• The ability to minimize communications dependencies via doctrinally appropriate
processing and storage of critical/essential information locally, ensure
dissemination of critical time sensitive survival information, and allow users to
acquire needed information via intelligent searches.

Operational C2); TA 5 (Exercise C2).
e. Concept and Doctrinal Linkage: TRADOC Pam 525-3-3, Battle Command; Command
and Control Joint Integrating Concept.
30
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-6. FOC-01-03: Horizontal and Vertical Information Fusion
(1) Horizontal and vertical fusion is the process of combining and relating data to
produce information, improve SU, and increase knowledge. The future force will see a
significant increase in the number and types of sensors and information systems that will fuse
information as described in TRADOC Pam 525-2-1. The additional data available and generated
by the force is processed and delivered to the commander based on his critical information
requirements. Commanders and staff will also reach back to knowledge centers, other elements
of the joint or coalition force, and non-military sources of information to enrich the available
information generated locally thus enhancing the COP. This specialized knowledge and
interpretation of information is essential to improving SU, planning, and execution, and reducing
the fog of war.
(2) Battle command and rapid decisionmaking requires fused information that combines
accurate knowledge of friendly forces/self, information on the environment, and projections of
the enemy activities to plan, prepare, execute and frame/reframe operations. These knowledge
areas are delivered to the COP, where they are fused and presented according to the needs of the
commander.
(a) Knowledge of self includes JIM partners, locations, mission, future missions and
activities, and capability as well as human factors such as endurance, confidence, fatigue, and
morale. Commanders need accurate and timely information on friendly forces, international
organizations, private volunteer organizations, and the complexities of the local population to
plan, decide, and act rapidly with assurance.
(b) Knowledge of the environment includes terrain, air, CBRN, and space domains, in
addition to weather. The Commanders’ knowledge of the environment will continue to be
critical in planning and executing operations and determining risks and identifying opportunities.
(c) Knowledge of the enemy is the most challenging and difficult information to obtain
but is extremely critical to succeed. Opponents will attempt to avoid detection, implement
deception, or a false information campaign to inhibit the future Modular Force’s ability to
develop accurate information and knowledge of their intentions. Enhanced red teaming is
important component of ensuing an accurate understanding of the enemy.
b. Narrative. To achieve horizontal and vertical information fusion in the future Modular
Force requires the following capabilities:
• Access to and the ability to integrate intelligence information and forecasts, including
information on adversary, neutral, and non-combatant entities of interest.
• Access, produce, integrate and/or disseminate strategic/operational/tactical
intelligence.
• Access to timely and integrate geospatial, weather, and environmental information
and forecasts
31
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Collaboratively develop and share understanding of regional/local diplomatic,

political, economic, and cultural factors.
• Possess and have network access to advanced sensors that generate, fuse, and share
data in real time.
• The ability to reach-back for subject matter expertise and obtain products, services,
and applications from organizations that are not forward deployed.
• Fuse and display Red/Gray information and moving target and targeting data in
conjunction with geospatial, atmospheric, oceanographic, CBRN, and exo-
atmospheric conditions and their effects.
• The ability to create integrated view of the operating environment, which combines
accurate knowledge of self, knowledge of the environment, and knowledge of the
enemy. This information must be delivered to the COP, where they are fused and
presented according to the needs of the commander.
• The ability to link high altitude and space platforms and processors. Commanders
and their staffs will be able to access information simultaneously from multiple non-
contiguous locations and to provide timely, actionable, and relevant information in
support of the planning, execution, and assessment operations of the JF and
component commanders.
• Provide commander with real-time visibility of their units’ combat and operational
readiness and locations (self) to facilitate timely decisions.
• Provide logistics asset visibility that enables commanders to allocate resources at the
point of main effort, maintain momentum, and retain the initiative.
• Fuse and display sensor information (surface, subsurface, air, and space) to support
SA and decisionmaking
• Programs to assist in developing data, information, and knowledge management
solutions that will reduce risks such as information overload.
• Tools to manage, sort, store, search, visualize, and graphically display the vast
amounts of data produced by sensors.

Pam 525-2-1, Army Functional Concept for See; Command and Control Joint Integrating
Concept.
32
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-7. FOC-01-04: Collaborative Planning and Execution
(1) A CIE, which consists of distributed information management tools and software
applications connected via a reliable network, will allow commanders and staffs to conduct both
collaborative planning and track the execution of those plans from anywhere on the battlefield.
A robust CIE will allow commanders to draw upon and work with other commanders, employ
joint resources, leverage geospatial, terrain, and environmental effects and distributed
information databases, home station operations centers, as well as live and virtual staffs. This
ability to collaborate in developing and assessing courses of action, visualizing potential
outcomes, making decisions, and developing and disseminating plans will enhance the speed of
planning and execution. The CIE will also enhance the ability to control widely separated
operations simultaneously.
(2) Collaborative multi-echelon planning will streamline and accelerate the classic
military decisionmaking process and increase SU which will result in better and timelier
decisions and improved synchronization of both plans and subsequent execution across the AO.
Enabled by advanced decisionmaking tools, improved modeling and simulation tools, combined
with more realistic training, practice, and experience will further accelerate planning and
execution on the future battlefield. The commanders’ intuition and application of operational art
retains validity in the future, but is enhanced by the ability to simultaneously and virtually
connect commanders, planners and staff subject matter experts from multiple echelons together
to develop a viable course of actions (COAs) and then track execution. This increases the
commander’s SA and SU leading to more rapid selection of COAs and identifies anticipated
branches or sequels to the plan. Via the CIE the commander’s ability to know and understand
the disposition, capabilities, and intent of other friendly forces, including joint and multi-national
partners, and the projected enemy responses is greatly enhanced through the ability to quickly
share information and knowledge.
(3) The future CIE will allow commanders to establish virtual TOCs and knowledge
centers that will still provide the commander with access to the advice and expertise of his staff
sections without requiring their physical presence in a traditional command post. Commanders,
using the widely distributed and redundant network and information sharing tools, will be able to
maximize the mobility of future Modular Force organizations and still provide redundant
continuous C2. Early entry, deployable, and highly mobile command posts, mobile command
groups, and efficient employment of deputy commanders and staff elements will all aid in
achieving improved and adaptive planning and decisionmaking. Capabilities, such as BCOTM,
en route mission planning, and rehearsal will become the norm in the highly fluid future
(4) Red teaming assists the staff in determining alternative views of the objectives and
potential courses of action of adversaries, partners, and others in the CIE. The CIE allows for
enhanced and virtual red teaming that is not tied to the planning staff, and will assist in staff
horizontal integration by identifying gaps, vulnerabilities, and opportunities not previously
identified in the planning process.
33
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(5) The CIE, an improved and reliable network, and information management tools help
achieve self-synchronization. It starts with Soldiers, staff and subordinates exercising initiative
guided by their improved understanding and knowledge of the commander’s intent. The
collaborative environment improves self-synchronization and allows effective exploitation of
opportunities by subordinates without specific direction from higher HQ or their commander.
Those higher HQ however can still track the actions of subordinates and inform other affected
commanders or staff sections of their decisions and actions. This exercise of subordinates’
initiative results in collaborative synchronization of the force.
b. Narrative. To achieve a collaborative planning and execution environment in the future

• Collaboratively develop and share understanding of global knowledge such as

diplomatic, political, economic and cultural factors
• Collaboratively conduct comparative, multi-discipline assessment of adversary
strengths and vulnerabilities versus our own capabilities
• Collaboratively conduct mission analysis and COA development
• Provide the necessary physical and logical network connectivity to operate within
a collaborative information, planning, and execution environment.
• Collaboratively develop operational plans across the full ROMO, employing all
appropriate joint capability areas.
• Assess effectiveness of plans and prepare for execution
• Form collaborative planning teams across components, mission, functions, and
geographies, and with mission partners that build campaign plans and develop,
analyze and select COAs, branches and sequels.
• Collaboratively perform Enroute Mission Planning and Rehearsal
• Manage and synchronize operations across time, space, and purpose to
accomplish mission objectives.
• Continuously track, shift, reconfigure (for example, control) forces, equipment,
sustainment and support, even en route.
• Manage National/Operational/Tactical Firepower to meet mission objectives.
• Validate targets prior to attack
• Employ multi-echelon strike capabilities (lethal and nonlethal) in accordance with
appropriate rules of engagement
• A comprehensive doctrinal description of how to exercise collaborative planning,
execution and acceleration of the current military decisionmaking process
• Realistically training tools, models, and simulations to practice the collaborative
planning, decisionmaking, and execution processes.
• Exercise battle command on the move (BCOTM) and untether planning and
decisionmaking from TOCs.
• Leaders able to identify collaboration and infrastructure requirements within their
operational control
• Communicate and disseminate plans and orders to all echelons and to all
appropriate stakeholders.
• Maintain asset visibility to ensure allocation of resources to all units.
34
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Conduct asymmetric/symmetric operations.

• Determine mission status based on when desired objective, end-state, or phase
point is met
• Conduct continuous operations with few significant pauses.
• Rapidly reposition forces to maintain pressure and deny the enemy freedom of
movement
• The means to practice and reinforce training of the collaborative planning and
decisionmaking processes.

Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations; Command and Control Joint Integrating Concept.
4-8. FOC-01-05: Joint, Interagency and Multinational Interoperability
(1) Interagency and multi-national operations will be the norm in the future Modular
Force. As such, joint and Army BCSs must take this into account in development of information
systems, exercises, training, and doctrine. Future commanders must be able to extend beyond
the classic use of liaison officers to virtual liaison officers (similar to virtual staffs), and improve
information system interoperability that supports automated, secure, and timely exchange of
information and knowledge between multi-national or interagency partners. Ideally allowing
partners to plug into the network may be an optimal solution provided obstacles, such as training,
language, and security can be overcome. The proven value of exchanging quality liaison
personnel fully networked with their parent organizations will remain an enduring approach to
interoperability for those partners not having robust information system capabilities or
compatible networks.
(2) The joint nature of operations will increase in the future. Joint interdependencies will
require fully integrated joint operations at lower tactical levels. Distributed operations will
demand multiple mobile command posts equipped with advanced technological tools that
acquire data, transform information, and provide knowledge and understanding about friendly
forces, adversaries, and the environment to all partners. The future force requires a single,
integrated Army BCS that is joint capable to lower levels and utilizes the network that makes up
the backbone of the future Modular Force. A single system or set of capabilities will greatly
35
TRADOC Pam 525-66
enhance the lethality, survivability, agility, and versatility of the force while at the same time
simplifying and reducing training requirements, and improving the sustainability and
maintainability of the entire force.
b. Narrative. To achieve Joint, Interagency and Multinational Interoperability in the future

• Be able to establish collaboration procedures (planning and execution) with all

mission partners that at a minimum allow the sharing of COP and other critical
survivability information.
• Army leaders trained in and for JIM operations.
• Army leaders trained in establishing and cultivating relations.
• Army leaders trained in gaining stakeholder commitments with mission partners.
• Future Modular Force operational HQs that can effectively operate with JIM
organizations.
• Adaptable leaders trained to deal with multi-national and interagency partners.
Selected leaders and staff should be trained either with government or industry to
understand the diplomatic, information, military, cultural, and economic elements of
national power.
• A fully-integrated BCS that is interoperable and can communicate with multi-national
partners.
• Synchronize/self-synchronize operations within and among physical and functional
domains across the full ROMO employing all appropriate joint capability areas.

Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations; Command and Control Joint Integrating Concept.
4-9. FOC-01-06: An Agile, Ubiquitous Network
(1) An agile, ubiquitous communications network consisting of an integrated mix of

terrestrial and space-based systems is critical to all aspects of the battle command function. A
robustly networked force can quickly share information, which in turn enables collaboration and
self-synchronization, and enhances information and decisionmaking superiority. The network
36
TRADOC Pam 525-66
will support the transport of information necessary for three dimensional displays, instantaneous
messaging and alerts, distribution and sharing of COP and survivability information among
multiple distributed nodes and enable multi-echelon collaborative planning. A robust network is
will enable BCOTM and untether the commander from fixed command posts.
(2) A pervasive, extended range, intertheater, and intratheater beyond line-of-sight

communications capability and broadcast services between non-contiguous forces at the halt, at
the quick halt, and on the move in all operational environments and conditions will facilitate the
timely exchange and sharing of data, voice, imagery, and video down to the lowest tactical levels
to Army. The network provides the critical infrastructure that connects the JIM force along with
key space-based systems and enabling access to the GIG. The GIG is the system that provides
global access and allows all users to share the information they need, when they need it, in a
form they can understand and act on with confidence and protects information from those who
should not have it.
(3) The future network must support the concept and vision of Network Enabled Battle
Command by providing the following:
• Information superiority-enabled operations that increase combat power by

networking sensors, decisionmakers, and shooters to achieve shared awareness.
• Increased speed of command.
• Provide greater lethality.
• Increased survivability, and support self-synchronization.
(4) The future network will translate information superiority into combat power by
effectively linking knowledgeable entities in the operating environment.
b. Narrative. To achieve an agile, ubiquitous network in the future Modular Force requires
the following capabilities:
• The ability to establish network and nodal control used to send or receive strategic
information (including space systems).
• Communications between all operational and tactical forces that are JIM interoperable
• Network connectivity and interoperability across all operational phases (for example
strike, C2, sustainment, and joint intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance).
• The ability to defend systems, data, information and networks from unauthorized access
and attack
• An integrated mix of terrestrial and space-based systems that provide connectivity to
operational and tactical users
• Information management tools and processes that will support prioritization and
synchronization of battle command information. It is probable that not all levels of
network capability will be adequate for all uses and users, at all times, therefore,
commanders must be able to manage the network as combat power.
• A networked computing environment that provides the physical and logical connectivity
among all the participants. It must include data management tools to ensure that data
37
TRADOC Pam 525-66
collected in one part of the network is compatible and discoverable by the others in the
network. Single data entry is critical.
• Solutions that will minimize or negate the consequences of an attack on the network
• Information systems that are part of a joint federated information network, which is
interoperable with major JIM and NGO.
• A scalable, deployable and mobile networking capability that supports mission tailoring,
force responsiveness and agility, ability to change missions without exchanging forces,
and general adaptability to changing battlefield conditions
• Support the extensive use of live, virtual and/or distributed simulations, scenario-driven
war games and experiments, and training exercises.
• A network that can operate in all potential environments, while on the move. It will be
dynamically reconfigurable, allowing tailoring of networks for time-critical missions,
ensuring uninterrupted communications during decisive and long-range operations.
• The ability to provide end-to-end assurance and validation of information and
information systems.
• The network must have continuous connectivity, through multiple pathways, to provide
unity of effort, and extend the commander’s reach.
• Network management functions that monitor network performance and automatically
adjusts, or reconfigures, to meet the demands of user systems.

Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations; TRADOC LandWarNet CONOPS; Command and
Control Joint Integrating Concept.
Section II – Battlespace Awareness (BA)
4-10. BA Functional Concept

The BA functional concept focuses on the ability of JFCs and all force elements to understand
the environment in which they operate and the adversaries they face. In the future, efforts to
create superior BA will involve a constellation of highly responsive sensors providing persistent
coverage of adversary targets. A producer interactive network, continuously synchronized with
operations, will enable users to subscribe to both real time and archived fused data. The
capabilities needed to enable effective BA fall into the following areas:
• Processing, analysis and reporting of intelligence information.
38
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• The ability to observe and collect information worldwide.

• The ability to collect and manage biometric data.
• The ability to manage knowledge.
• The ability to execute BA assets.
• The ability to model, simulate, and forecast.
• Fusion.
4-11. Joint/Army Concept Linkage
a. The BA joint functional concept addresses the ways and means whereby the JFC plans
operations and exercises C2. BA is “the result of the processing and presentation of information
comprehending the OE – the status and dispositions of friendly, adversary, and non-aligned
actors; and the impacts of physical, cultural, social, political information, influence, and
economic factors on military operations.”
b. BA is an overarching, unifying concept mechanism to orchestrate and synchronize

ISR/RSTA operations across echelons, services, agencies and coalition partners, by enhancing
collaboration, adding new capabilities, and, in some cases, performing existing functions more
efficiently and effectively.
c. BA provides commanders and force elements with the ability to make better decisions
faster, by enabling a more thorough understanding of the physical, socio-cultural, political
information, and economic environment in which they operate, relevant friendly force data, the
adversaries they face and non-aligned actors that could aid in or detract from friendly force OE
success. BA intends to bring to bear a constellation of highly responsive sensors (for example,
unattended, human, intrusive, and remote) providing persistent, redundant and tailored coverage
of the OE.
d. BA represents harnessing the power of the networked force and ensuring that
commanders at all levels have the information they need to make decisions inside the adversary’s
decision cycle and within the construct of the socio-cultural in which they are deployed.
4-12. Desired Joint Functional Concept Capabilities
a. The BA Functional Concept focuses on the ability of JFCs and all force elements to
understand the environment in which they operate and the adversaries they face. In the future,
efforts to create superior BA will involve a constellation of highly responsive interoperable
sensors providing persistent coverage of adversary targets and noncombatants in the operational
area. A producer interactive network, continuously synchronized with operations, will enable
users to subscribe to both real time and archived fused data and intelligence. Advanced fusion
and assessment capabilities will help provide friendly forces with an understanding of the
adversary's capabilities and his inhernent possible actions which will enable commanders to
make operational decisions more efficiently by providing actual and predictive cognizance.
Additionally, socio-cultural indicators, direct and indirect, of regional population dynamics will
provide sentence important dimensions to our understanding of the OE.
39
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. There are six components that should be considered in BA. These are outlined in the
joint concept as follows:
• Processing, analysis, and reporting of intelligence information.

• Observe and collect information worldwide.
• Collect and manage biometric data.
• Manage knowledge.
• Ability to execute BA.
• Model, simulate, and forecast.
c. Fusion in intelligence usage, is the process of examining all sources of intelligence and
information to derive a complete assessment of activity. Fusion is the critical technology that
underpins these components and in many circles has become synonymous with BA.
4-13. FOC-02-01: Processing, Analysis and Reporting of Intelligence Information
a. Capstone Capabilities. Capstone capabilities needed for analysis and reporting of

intelligence information include:
• Extraction and processing of battlefield entities from observations and automated/aided

object recognition from imagery electro-optical/infrared, synthetic aperture radar, multi-
spectral/hyper-spectral, change detection video and human sources.
• Tracking of ground objects from moving target indicator, radar, and detection, and
geospatial location of objects by acoustic, seismic, magnetic sensors and change
detection.
• Identification and geospatial location of radio frequency emissions, other network
communications media, biometric measurements of individuals, Soldier/observer field
reporting, free text processing of reports and open source media.
• Hypothesize and assess potential current COAs, and future impacts to friendly
operations. Provide analyst archiving, collaboration, mining, visualizing, and assessment
tools.
• Develop decisionmaking tools to identify socio-cultural issues and needs in order to
predict the perceptions and actions and reactions of indigenous population groups in
relation to on-going or planned military operations.
• Military and nonmilitary organizations that routinely Interface with the indigenous
population.
• Use competing hypoese and updated signatures to analyse intentions and possible actions.
• Reporting or internal communications within networks and RF communications.
• Information through human intelligence (includes some biomed operation, interogrations)
media exploitations.
• Use forensics to report remotely and on site.
b. Narrative. Analysis of Intelligence Information is the ability to use open and protected
methods to discern patterns, opportunities, and vulnerabilities, and characterize information
concerning an adversary and the operating environment in order to facilitate superior
40
TRADOC Pam 525-66
decisionmaking. This capability is a combination of both ability to conduct detailed, in-depth

analysis of very specific phenomenology and the ability to fuse information from a wide variety
of sources in order to create valuable insights and actionable, relevant information.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.0 (The Intelligence Battlefield Operating System); ART 1.1
(Support to Situational Understanding); ART 1.3.2 (Perform ISR Integration); ART 1.3.3
(Conduct Tactical Reconnaissance); ART 1.3.4 (Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4.1 (Provide
Intelligence Support to Targeting).
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST 2 (Conduct Theater Strategic Intelligence, Surveillance, and

Reconnaissance); OP 2 (Provide Operational Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance);
TA 2 (Develop Intelligence).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, See.
4-14. FOC-02-02: The Ability to Observe and Collect Information Worldwide
a. Capstone Capabilities. Capstone capabilities for observing and collecting information

worldwide include:
• Find, fix, track, target, and assess IEDs (and networks), weapons, munitions, and full
spectrum chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) andWME.
• Detect, image, and characterize activity within urban structures and complex terrain.
• Detect, identify, and track in near real time, with precision friendly and enemy forces,
neutrals, and other groups in close proximity at standoff distances. This capability
includes individual leadership figures and high value targets, in a complex and chaotic
urban environment.
• Detect, image, and characterize activity in sub-surface locations.
• Find, fix, classify, and track friendly, enemy, and neutral fixed and moving equipment
and people.
• Display and record in the COP the successive positions of a moving contact.
• Observe, collect and characterize socio-cultural and institutional data and indicators
including religious, ethnic, political, economic, information, criminal, and physical
(infrastructure, natural resources) to predicatively assess the impact these spheres will
have on planned or on-going military operations.
• All facilities, fixed and mobile (including those sub-surfaces and in urban areas).
• Independent events, of either human or natural source (riots, explosions, CBRN plumes,
etc.).
• Organizations such as governmental/nongovernmental, cells, conclaves, etc.
• Assess and monitor the needs, perceptions, actions and reactions of indigenous
population groups.
• Search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of radiated electromagnetic
(EM) energy for immediate threat recognition, targeting, and planning.
41
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative. Observe and collect information worldwide is the ability to detect, identify,
characterize, and track items, activities, conditions, and events worldwide of interest to
commanders and decisionmakers. This capability includes persistent observation,
reconnaissance, and information collection from both open and clandestine sources. The
following contributing capabilities are critical for observation and collection: ready access by
friendly forces, broad area surveillance, focus/stare on targets of interest, and measure and
monitor environmental conditions.
Intelligence Support to Targeting); ART 1.1 (Support to Situational Understanding); ART 1.3.2
(Perform ISR Integration); ART 1.3.4 (Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4.1 (Provide Intelligence
Support to Targeting).

TA 2 (Develop Intelligence); OP 2 (Provide Operational Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance).
4-15. FOC-02-03: The Ability to Collect and Manage Biometric Data
a. Capstone Capabilities: Capstone capabilities for the ability to collect and manage
biometric data include:
• Detect, identify, tag, mark, and track with precision enemy forces, neutrals, and other
groups (uncooperative) at standoff distances, including individual leadership figures, in a
complex and chaotic urban environment.
• Develop undetectable combat identification/tracking of friendly special operations forces
and conventional forces located outside of blue force controlled areas.
• Develop biometric processing systems for rapid identification, coding, and tracking of
adversaries, human sources, and cataloging of information concerning enemy prisoners of
war (EPW), detainees, and civilians.
b. Narrative. Biometric data collection, processing, and analysis are rapidly becoming a
critical element in fighting the global war on terrorism. Units require the ability to identify and
track individuals at standoff distances. Identification techniques must be both near real time,
accurate, and take into account uncooperative individuals. There is also a requirement to track
and distinguish friendly personnel from a distance.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.1.2 (Perform Situation Development) ART 1.1.3 (Provide
Intelligence Support to Force Protection; ART 1.1.4 (Conduct Police Intelligence Operations);
ART 1.3.4 (Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4.1 (Provide Intelligence Support to Targeting).
42
TRADOC Pam 525-66
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST2 (Conduct Theatre Strategic Intelligence, Surveillance and

Reconnaissance); OP2 (Provide Operational Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance);
TA2 (Develop Intelligence).
4-16. FOC-02-04: The Ability to Manage Knowledge
a. Capstone Capabilities. Managing knowledge is the ability to store, retrieve, filter, fuse,
and display information from a variety of sources in context in order to ensure the right
information reaches the right decisionmaker in an actionable format in order to support superior
decisionmaking. Capstone capabilities needed for managing knowledge include:
• Domain specific date representations (shareable across multiple domains).

• Multi-level security.
• Intuitive man-machine interfaces.
• Perform sensor signature management to include: visual, acoustic, seismic, infrared,
magnetic, chemical, olfactory, and thermal.
• Perform management of biometrics data.
• BA planning shared across JTF and BCT.
• Provide rapidly updated three-dimensional mapping, imagery, or other products to
operate in urban and sub-surface terrain.
b. Narrative. Knowledge management includes horizontal and vertical integration of

information from sensors, analytic centers, and decisionmakers. Given that the nature of
information is both synergistic and contextual, it is critical that analysts and agents be able to
access past information to derive maximum benefit from the current findings. Effective
knowledge management is critical to understanding the OE to enhance maneuver support (MS).
The following contributing capabilities are critical for knowledge management:
• Smart pull/push information.

• Shared plan visibility.
• Maintaining an open archive.

e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, See (See para 5-2b(4) for advanced
collection capabilities to generate and share data in near realtime).
43
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-17. FOC-02-05: The Ability to Execute BA Assets
a. Capstone Capabilities. Capstone capabilities for BA assets include:
• BA synchronization and display tools.

• Asset control and optimization tools.
• Priority intelligence requirements development, refinement, dissemination and
integration.
• Planning and assessment tools.
• Distributed collaboration of manned/unmanned platforms.
• Perform sensor signature management to include: visual, acoustic, seismic, infrared,
magnetic, EM, chemical, olfactory, and thermal.
b. Narrative. The commander must be able to execute BA assets worldwide under a range
of conditions. The BA structure must be modular and tailorable in order to fit with a variety of
organizations across the ROMO. Examples include the capability to synchronize BA with
operations, task and dynamically re-task assets, monitor/track assets and their activities.
Intelligence Support to Targeting) ART 7.0 (The Command and Control Battlefield Operating
System); ART 1.0 (The Intelligence Battlefield Operating System); ART 1.1 (Support to
Situational Understanding); ART 1.3.2 (Perform ISR Integration); ART 1.3.3 (Conduct Tactical
Reconnaissance); ART 1.3.4 (Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4.1 (Provide Intelligence Support
Targeting); ART 1.4.2 (Provide Intelligence Support to Information Operations.

e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, See (See para 5-2b(3) for managing
collection activities).
4-18. FOC-02-06: The Ability to Model, Simulate, and Forecast
a. Capstone Capabilities. Capstone capabilities for modeling, simulation and forecast

include:
• Three-dimensional/holographic visualization tools.

• Human intelligence and all source collection models.
• Sociocultural models of communications and influence.
• Adversary COA models.
• Technical collection models to predict and tailor future collection upon, based on
environmental and sensor constraints and adversarial patterns of operations.
44
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Models to assess and prioritize reconstruction efforts in relation to the impact they will
have on the adversary’s decision cycle and indigenous population perceptions.
b. Narrative. Modeling, simulation and forecasting is the ability to utilize BA information

to create an environment that allows for modeling, simulating, and forecasting in order to
increase understanding, increase confidence, improve the planning (and execution) of COAs, and
decrease risk for commanders and analysts. Modeling, simulation, and forecasting activities
range from accurate and timely weather predictions through support of operational rehearsals,
training exercises, and military education. The following contributing capabilities are critical for
modeling, simulation, and forecasting: auto-populate models and simulations; identify enemy
courses of action; and integrate cultural, social and other nonmilitary issues into predictive
forecasts.

e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, See (See para 5-3b(5) for assess).
4-19. FOC-02-07: Fusion

Fusion is the critical technology that underpins these components and in many circles has
become synonymous with BA functions. Fusion, by definition, is a series of processes to
transform observable data into more detailed and refined information, knowledge, and
understanding. These processes, by their very nature, involve a mixture of automation and
human cognition. All of the capstone capabilities required and outlined above have one or more
aspects of fusion embedded within their constructs.
(1) Just as the BA functional concept “begins and ends with the decisionmaker,” so does
the Army’s development of OE awareness capabilities that provide actionable intelligence for
commanders and decisionmakers at all echelons. Actionable intelligence provides commanders
and Soldiers a high level of SA, delivered with the speed, accuracy, and timeliness necessary to
operate at their highest potential and to conduct successful operations. To achieve actionable
intelligence, the future Modular Force must bring to bear a constellation of highly responsive
sensors (such as unattended, human, intrusive, and remote) providing persistent, redundant, and
tailored coverage of the OE.
(2) Sources of collected data will interact over a network to provide all force elements
with the highest quality fused data. Within this “producer interactive network,” force elements
will subscribe to products or data (including archival data). Software agents will broker data and
45
TRADOC Pam 525-66
products, posting some unprocessed information. In this manner, all are provided access to
common data, enabling joint, allied, and coalition warfighters to construct tailorable, relevant
pictures.
(3) Commanders will maintain a deeper understanding of potential enemy COAs by

integrating archived and real time data to auto-populate models and simulations, and by
leveraging these models and simulations in training and operations to perform rapid and
continuous alternative forecasting. By providing simultaneous current and forecasted future
depictions of intelligence resources, and insight into their potential responsiveness, the
commander will be able to quickly re-task multiple sensors to react to emerging operational
situations.
(4) OE sensing (from manned aerial and ground platforms, unmanned aerial and ground
vehicles or forces) will be incorporated into operations planning and execution. Environmental
information (such as weather, terrain, and civil component) will be augmented with information
from OE sensors. All sources of information will be integrated into modeling and simulation to
facilitate an understanding of the potential impacts of various COAs.
b. Narrative.
(1) The commander establishes information requirements based on mission, enemy,

terrain and weather, troops, time, and civil considerations. The fusion process, operating over
integrated communications networks, includes accepting data from all BA sources, organic and
external. Sensors include combat platforms and Soldiers, organic manned and unmanned
reconnaissance and surveillance platforms, and external constellations. Fusion ensures that a
correlated, non-duplicative set of information is available across the force and provides context
to the information that has been acquired and enables SU. This requires that data and
information be converted as quickly as possible into actionable intelligence.
(2) There are six levels of fusion (0-5). However, it is levels 1 through 3 that add
progressively greater meaning and involves more analysis. Level 4 is continuous and occurs at
all levels of fusion. The fusion levels are:
• Level 0: Organize (extracts battlefield entities).

• Level 1: Correlate, identify, and resolve (correlates battlefield entities).
• Level 2: Aggregate, determines, interprets, hypothesizes, and resolves (associates
and aggregates entities, determines activity and current courses of action).
• Level 3: Interprets, determines, and predicts (assesses future red/blue courses of
action).
• Level 4: Assesses, and reviews performance (serves as feedback of levels 1-3).
• Level 5: Visualize (provides user interface to collected and fused data).
46
TRADOC Pam 525-66

e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, See (See para 5-3b(2) for a fuse
statement).
Section III – Mounted/Dismounted Maneuver
4-20. Mounted/Dismounted Operations

In the future Modular Force, Soldiers will remain the cornerstone for force design and
employment, as the Army requires their success to win wars. In future operations, decisive
maneuver will be central to position Soldiers and equipment to enter the fight on our terms, seize
and retain the initiative, and finish decisively and rapidly.
• Mounted/dismounted cmaneuver capabilities.

• Mobility.
• Operations in urban and complex terrain.
a. The force application joint functional concept describes capabilities and attributes
necessary to successfully apply force in the future military environment as documented in the
joint operations concepts and this pamphlet. Attributes are a means to assess capabilities in areas
essential to force application. The joint operations concept force application attributes are:
lethal, nonlethal, discriminating effects, predictive planning, streamlined C2, networked forces,
tailorable forces, strategic agility, tactical agility, synchronized operations, and tactical
dominance. These attributes focus on desirable qualities to be pursued when considering force
application improvements.
b. Future Modular Force tactical units operating as part of the joint team will be required to
win on the offensive, initiate combat on their terms, gain and retain the initiative, build
momentum quickly, and win decisively while simultaneously conducting stability operations to
achieve long-lasting effects and facilitate transition. They must be masters of transition.
Although necessarily optimized for offensive operations in major theater war, the future Modular
Force must be equally effective at every point on the spectrum of operations, able to execute
missions from offense, defense, to stability and support operations across the full spectrum of
conflict. They must be as comfortable and competent, in homeland security operations as they
are in combat operations overseas.
c. A major goal of the future Modular Force is to go well beyond the inherent strengths of
current forces, recognizing that evolving technical and geostrategic conditions require
dramatically new responses. We must retain strengths of quality leaders and Soldiers; reliable
sustainment; heavy force speed, firepower, and combined arms capability and survivability; in
combination with light/medium force versatility, deployability, and skill, in dismounted close
combat - all within a single force design and common mobility regime.
47
TRADOC Pam 525-66
d. Future Modular Force leaders must be knowledgeable on military, paramilitary, political,

and civic actions necessary to defeat counterinsurgency (COIN) and adjust their approach
constantly, ensuring that their elements are ready each day to be greeted with a handshake or a
hand grenade. Conducting a successful COIN campaign thus requires a flexible, adaptive force
led by agile well-informed, culturally astute leaders. COIN, described in FM 3-24, is a
combination of offensive, defensive, and stability operations. The proportion of effort devoted to
offense, defense, and stability within COIN can change over time and vary geographically and
by echelon. Future Modular Force leaders must understand the people of the host nation, the
insurgents, and the host nation government. There are successful and unsuccessful practices to
COIN.
(1) Successful practices include:
• Emphasize intelligence.
• Focus on the population, its needs and its security.
• Isolate insurgents from the populace.
• Provide amnesty and rehabilitation for those willing to support the new
government.
• Place host nation police in the lead as soon as possible.
• Train military forces to conduct COIN operations.
• Deny sanctuary to insurgents.
(2) Unsuccessful practices include:
• Over-emphasize killing and capturing the enemy rather that securing and engaging
the populace.
• Conduct large scale operations as the norm.
• Focus special operations forces primarily for raiding.
• Build and train host nation security forces in the U.S. military’s image.
4-22. Desired Mounted/Dismounted Maneuver Capabilities
a. Similar to the operational level concepts for operational maneuver and tactical maneuver,
this FOC area performs a function of integrating capabilities that enable maneuver. The
capabilities needed to enable mounted/dismounted maneuver are essentially covered in the other
FOC areas but like subordinate concepts, are essential to enabling effective mounted and
dismounted maneuver. These capabilities are essential regardless of the condition: day, night,
open terrain, complex terrain, urban, or desert environment.
(1) Battle command. An efficient, networked, streamlined and dependable battle

command construct connected to both mounted and dismounted maneuver. Without it overall
control and synchronization of effort is impossible. Chapter 4 lists the capabilities necessary for
effective battle command.
48
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(2) BA is inextricably tied to battle command and so provides BA to all dismounted

Soldiers, as well as their mounted counterparts. Without it mounted/dismounted maneuver
becomes virtually impossible. See chapter 4, section II for the capabilities for BA.
(3) Mounted/dismounted maneuvers are critical for successful moblitiy and operations
regardless of terrain day, night, or environment. See chapter 4, section III for capabilities for
mounted/dismounted manuvers.
(4) Air maneuver. The capabilities for air MS and enable mounted/dismounted
maneuver, both operationally and tactically. See chapter 4, section IV for the capabilities for air
maneuver.
(5) Fires. Fires are critical for successful mounted/dismounted maneuver. Capabilities
for fires are discussed in chapter 4, section V.
(6) MS. MS is another key element necessary for mounted/dismounted maneuver. MS

forces enable freedom of maneuver for mounted/dismounted forces, and deny freedom of
maneuver for enemy forces. See chapter 4, section VI for the capabilities for
mounted/dismounted maneuvers.
(7) Protection. Personnel, physical asset and information protection is essential to

preserve the force to be able to conduct maneuver. Improved means to detect IEDs must be a
priority. See chapter 4, section VII for the capabilities for protection.
(8) Strategic responsiveness and deployability. Strategic responsiveness and

deployability is essential for mounted/dismounted maneuver. The future Modular Force must,
within a joint context, be capable of rapidly deploying worldwide and arrive ready to fight or
conduct other FSO immediately upon arrival. See chapter 4, section VIII for the capabilities for
strategic responsiveness and deployability.
(9) Maneuver Sustainment. Future Modular Force cannot conduct maneuver without
having the right sustainment, at the right place, in the right quantities, and at the right time. See
chapter 4, section IX for the capabilities for maneuver sustainment.
(10) Training. Quality, realistic training is essential to ensure future Modular Force are
adequately trained to conduct mounted/dismounted maneuver. Systems must have embedded
training and mission rehearsal capabilities to enable Soldier training where facilities are lacking.
See chapter 4, section X for the capabilities to enable quality training.
(11) Human Dimension. Human dimension ensures the systems future Modular Force
Soldiers employ enhance Soldier task performance rather than detract from it. See chapter 4,
section XI for the capabilities for human dimension.
(12) Stability. Additional capabilities envisioned to enable mounted/dismounted

maneuver are identified in the following two areas of mobility and operations in urban and
complex terrain.
49
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-23. FOC-03-01: Mobility
a. Capstone Capabilities. Future Modular Force units will possess superior tactical
mobility. Platforms will negotiate the majority of surfaces, such as road, off-road, trails, CBRN
contaminated terrain, water crossing, and narrow gaps. Units must possess superior capability to
detect presence, identify disposition, and counter antitank and antipersonnel mines, above and
below surface, and booby traps, such as side-charge and remote detonated mines. Units must
possess superior capability to detect and identify CBRN hazards. Mounted units require the
ability to conduct route reconnaissance with forward looking and off-road sensors, to clear at
greatly improved speeds (at least 50 kilometers (km) per hour). Future Modular Force vehicles
must have improved ride quality, comfort, and safety to reduce Soldier injury and ensure their
fitness to fight upon arrival. future Modular Force, including dismounted Soldiers, must have
standoff means for detection and defeat of obstacles, the ability to mark or perform in-stride
counters to neutralize mines at a distance, and the ability to detect and locate other man-made
obstacles. Future Modular Force operational architecture must enable real time dissemination of
reported obstacles throughout the force; provide capability, organic to tactical units, to breach
disrupting and fixing obstacles in-stride, and to simultaneously engage enemy forces conducting
over-watch of the obstacles. The future Modular Force must provide organic capabilities to
cross narrow gaps, such as streams and irrigation ditches, without loss in operational momentum,
and enable dismounted assaults in urban terrain. Specific capabilities include:
• Multistory building entry through roofs and upper floor.

• Entry into, and through, subterranean complexes or collapsed structures.
• Wall breaching (50 inch x 70 inch holes, all types of construction).
• Enable protective countermobility and survivability position support available at
transition to defensive operation.
• Incorporating full spectrum CBRN sensors, detectors, analyzers, and classification
devices into ground and air vehicles.
• Provide near real time CBRN agent detection capability.
• Enable large scale personal, equipment, and area CBRN agent decontamination with a
low- to non-aqueous decontamination agent standard throughout joint and coalition
forces.
• Provide a decontamination agent capable of decontaminating sensitive and electronic
gear without destroying it.
• Provide remotely controlled ground vehicles capable of decontaminating equipment and
vehicles without human presence despite encapsulating material (for example, mud, ice,
snow, etc.) covering the CBRN agent.
b. Narrative. Mobility must include the ability to perform deception operations, requiring
the use of unmanned systems that are often equipped with acoustics, EM deception, employment
of special operations forces and psychological operations or PSYOPS. PSYOPS are planned
operations to convey selected information and indicators to audiences to influence their
emotions, motives, objectives reasoning, and ultimately the behavior or organizations, groups
and individuals. Used in all aspects of war, it is a weapon whose effectiveness is limited only by
the ingenuity of the commander using it. A proven winner in combat and peacetime, PSYOP is
50
TRADOC Pam 525-66
one of the oldest weapons in the arsenal of man. It is an important force protector/combat
multiplier and a nonlethal weapons system.
(1) The success of employing PSYOP starts with knowing its capabilities:
• Project a favorable image of U.S. and allied forces.

• Inform target audiences in new or denied areas.
• Amplify the effects of a show of force.
• Assess attitudes and impressions.
• Give opponent audiences alternative courses of action.
• Humanitarian assistance.
• Noncombatant evacuation operations.
(2) PSYOPS can be conducted using several types of media-audio, visual and print.
During combat operations, loudspeaker systems are the only medium that can achieve face to
face communication providing immediate feedback from enemy forces. During loudspeaker
broadcasts, the enemy becomes a captive audience unable to escape the message. As a result,
tactical PSYOP rely heavily upon loudspeaker operations. The advantages of loudspeaker
operations include: immediate feedback from the targer audience, flexibility, mobility, range of
transmission, exploitation of targets of opportunity, effectiveness with illiterate audiences, and
ability to pinpoint targets. The limitations include: vulnerability to enemy fire, distortion of
messages over distance and time, and employment of enemy countermeasures. The mission of
PSYOP is to provide the supported maneuver commander with the ability to communicate
directly with the human element on the battlefield. PSYOP support at each level must integrate
the needs of the maneuver commander with the CINC/JTF PSYOP campaign plan. This result in
a PSYOP plan the supports each maneuver commander while ensuring consistent PSYOP themes
and objective at all levels. PSYOP does have limitations such as:
• Tactical PSYOP teams require security

• Product approval process takes time
• Often must use supported unit’s communications equipment
• All products developed must fall within a approved PSYOP campaign plan.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 2.2 (Conduct Tactical Maneuver); ART 2.3 (Conduct Tactical
Troop Movements); ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and Operations); ART 8.1
(Conduct Offensive Operations); ART 8.2.2 (Conduct a Mobile Defense); ART 8.5 (Conduct
Tactical Mission Tasks). ART 1.4.2.1 (Provide Intelligence Support to Military Deception);
ART 3.3.2.1. (Conduct Military Deception); ART 1.4.2.1 (Provide Intelligence Support to
Military Deception); ART 3.3.2.1 (Conduct Military Deception).
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST 1 (Deploy, Concentrate, and Maneuver Theater Forces); OP 1

(Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver); TA 1 (Develop/Conduct Maneuver).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-3-90, Tactical Maneuver Operating Concept.
51
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-24. FOC-03-02: Operations in Urban and Complex Terrain
(1) The U.S. military structure, organization, doctrine, and technical capabilities are
subjects of study by most nations of the world. These nations understand how our forces will
fight, and what type of environments our forces are best suited. Using this knowledge, future
opponents will seek to avoid operations in environments for which our forces are optimized.
Thus, our adversaries will seek cover and concealment in complex terrain and urban
environments, to offset standoff of U.S. forces, and exploit the reduced inter-visibility ranges, to
negate technological overmatch of standoff reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition
(RSTA) and lethal effects.
(2) Today we can win in a complex terrain or urban fight, but with a high price, in terms
of casualties and infrastructure damage. The Army does not currently dominate the complex
terrain/urban OE. Our forces have limited ability to see into it, have limited ability to
communicate and move within it, and because of the requirement to limit noncombatant
casualties and physical damage, have limited means to shoot into it. The future Modular Force
must be able to overcome these limitations, across the entire spectrum of operations, and
dominate combat in urban and complex terrain; to the same degree present day U.S. forces
dominate the open maneuver battle. This includes operations from stability and support, to
small-scale contingencies, and urban operations in a major combat operation. Future Modular
Force must be capable of rapidly transitioning across FSOs, and transitioning, without pause,
between open and rolling to urban and complex terrain.
b. Narrative.
(1) There are several characteristics that define complex terrain and urban operations, and
make them far different than operations on less restrictive terrain. These differences include
short ranges of inter-visibility, presence of man-made structures, multidimensional OE, difficult
target identification in limited engagement areas, restrictive maneuver space, toxic industrial
material (TIM), and the presence of noncombatants. Additionally, some complex terrain is
densely vegetated, providing numerous positions for enemy concealment. Urban operations are
made even more difficult due to the restrictive rules of engagement (ROE). Urban battles of the
future will continue to challenge the JFC and staff to avoid excessive collateral damage, and
limit the number of noncombatant casualties. Future Modular Force combat systems must
provide the capability to support dismounted Soldiers to entering into, and moving through,
subterranean complexes and collapsed structures to conduct squad and larger unit assault and
clearing operations. Future Modular Force weapons must be able to switch from lethal to
nonlethal fires to minimize noncombatant casualties. Operations in urban and complex terrain
require the future Modular Force to aggressively accomplish a multitude of complex warfighting
tasks. The first, and quite possibly the most difficult, operational challenge for the future
Modular Force will be the collection of intelligence and civil and cultural information. (See
FOC-02-01, para 4-11, for Analysis and Reporting of Intelligence Information.) The second
operational challenge for the future Modular Force is the ability to move undetected to the AO.
The assembling of a large force can send signals of possible invasion to an enemy (or their allies)
52
TRADOC Pam 525-66
that possesses advanced intelligence collection capability. Positioning is further complicated if

the target areas (critical nodes and key terrain) are located deep within the city core. To enable
the future Modular Force to conduct movement operations will require several enabling
technologies and capabilities, which include:
• The ability to interdict enemy intelligence collection capabilities. The force must
have the ability to move, without the threat of enemy long-range detection and
interdiction. This capability must serve the future Modular Force from the point of
departure, to within the objective area.
• The ability to perform deception operations, requiring the use of unmanned systems
(often equipped with acoustics), PSYOP, and the employment of special operations
forces.
• Obscurant delivery systems that are capable of rapidly covering large areas, and
maintaining effects for extended periods.
• The ability of the force to move under limited visibility conditions. This will require
the development of advanced optical capabilities, which will allow future Modular
Force to move under all weather and light conditions, regardless of ambient lighting
conditions. These systems must have the ability to adjust rapidly to changes in
lighting conditions, negating ‘white out’ effects normally experienced during close
quarter urban operations.
• Systems must have the ability to move rapidly across open areas, and be highly
maneuverable within the confines of the urban operational environment. Systems
must have the ability to rapidly negotiate rubble, and reduce/negotiate obstacles,
while on the move, and provide in-stride or rapid detection and protection against
TIM in the operational environment.
• Vertical takeoff and landing capability will be critical for the insertion and extraction
of forces in the urban environment. Individual Soldiers will benefit from individual
lift systems, which will allow them to rapidly ascend structures, overcome barriers,
and bypass hazardous areas. While individual lift systems will never substitute for
larger air delivery platforms, they will provide the force (or a section of the force)
with a mobility advantage in the vertical plane during special missions, and under
unique battlefield conditions, as required.
(2) The third operational challenge for the future Modular Force is the isolation of the
urban objective(s). Isolation can involve an entire urban area, a specific point within the urban
environment, or multiple points within the built-up area. Isolation requirements include both
physical and information isolation. Once isolation is obtained, it remains a critical task
throughout the conduct of the operation. Total isolation may diminish to entry/exit control, as
the mission transitions from warfighting to peace operations. Actions during isolation operations
will also serve to ‘set conditions’ for successful decisive operations. To enable the force to
conduct isolation operations, several enabling technologies and capabilities are essential. They
include:
• Unmanned aerial, ground, and space platforms to assist with area isolation.
• A wide array of sensors to ‘fill gaps’ during large urban area operations.
53
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Large area nonlethal effects employed utilizing long-range precision fires and
unmanned systems, to facilitate area denial, or to force the enemy into less restrictive
engagement areas.
• The ability to effect resource denial to enemy forces occupying the urban area,
without completely destroying both the natural and built resource infrastructure.
• The ability to perform surgical personnel and equipment engagements, counter sniper
operations, intelligence and civil and cultural information collection, target
interdiction, and movement denial operations, both on the periphery, and within the
urban core, make snipers a tremendous asset during full spectrum urban operations.
• Snipers will significantly impact isolation operations during the urban fight as a
whole. Snipers also have a significant psychological effect on enemy forces. Key
capabilities required by snipers are:
• State-of-the-art optical devices allowing operation in all light and weather conditions.
• Optical systems utilized by ‘Sniper Spotters’ linked to a computer database, providing
the sniper team with immediate notification, once priority targets have been selected.
• A wide array of deployed sensors and unmanned systems to provide security for
sniper teams.
• Chameleon-like camouflage equipment, lightweight, easily transportable, and
deployable to allow the sniper to quickly adapt to any environment and remain
undetected.
• Weapons systems with low signature (acoustic and visual) systems that will provide
all terrain/target/weather engagement capability.
• A computerized database linked to weapons to allow a sniper to ‘insert’ their personal
data into any sniper weapons system, and the system will automatically adjust (zero)
to the individual. This allows the sniper to rapidly calibrate or recalibrate any
system, at any time, on the battlefield.
• Sensors within the weapons system to automatically adjust the point of aim based on
distance, windage, target data, deflection, and other individual shooter input,
allowing for rapid target engagement and transition.
(3) The fourth operational challenge for the future Modular Force will be the conduct of
decisiva operations to destroy or remove enemy forces, secure the safety of U.S. citizens or
interests, and enforce or maintain peace. Additionally, decisive operations may further deny the
enemy resources and decisive terrains, deceive or divert the enemy, further develop intelligence,
or simply fix the enemy in position. The end state for this phase of the operation is to set the
conditions for successful offensive operations, and impose the will of the commander on the
enemy. The future Modular Force will have the ability to enter the urban OE and conduct FSO;
however, it must be capable of transitioning rapidly across this spectrum, and operating at the
various interim levels simultaneously. The future Modular Force must be capable of fighting in
close quarters, as a member of a joint, multinational, combined arms team, during urban and
complex terrain operations. To enable the force to conduct decisive operations, the future
Modular Force will require several enabling technologies and capabilities, which include:
• The ability to conduct decisive operations, under all weather and light conditions.
All systems and capabilities within the future Modular Force must be capable of
54
TRADOC Pam 525-66
functioning at full potential, without degradation resulting from environmental

effects.
• Superior command, control, and communications capabilities. Decisive operations
require the ability to communicate effectively in real time, across the entire force,
regardless of terrain, environmental conditions, organization, or operational distance.
• The option to employ precision lethal and nonlethal systems, while avoiding
excessive collateral damage and negative effects on noncombatants. Precision
effects munitions must have the ability to penetrate deep within structures and
subterranean OE, to destroy or incapacitate enemy forces, without causing over-
pressurization or other undesired effects to adjacent structures.
• Aerial launched and high angle fires to engage targets, while overcoming the
restrictive nature of the terrain. These systems will employ brilliant munitions to
achieve precision effects.
• Dominant SU in urban combat for the future Modular Force. See BA for specific
capabilities, paragraph 4-9
• Standoff breaching and obstacle reduction that will enable the force to maintain
operational momentum, and rapidly transition through the OE, with minimal
exposure to enemy fires.
• A variety of robotic platforms, UAS, and UGV, which will assist with clearing
operations allow for greater Soldier standoff, provide early threat and hazard
detection, conduct breaching operations, assist in reconnaissance, perform high-risk
clearing operations and employ a wide variety of nonlethal effects.
• Unmanned systems, assisting Soldiers and other systems by carrying additional
equipment and supplies that are mission essential but not immediately required,
perform resupply operations during high-risk operational periods.
• Weapons systems that have the ability to perform within the constraints of urban and
complex terrain, without sacrificing their effectiveness on less restrictive terrain.
Mounted weapons systems must have the ability to elevate sufficiently to engage
enemy positions on upper-levels of structures, as well as at ground level. Some
munitions utilized during urban operations will require adjustable settings, to
compensate for limited ranges of engagement. Weapons systems will have
significantly reduced over-pressurization effects that will allow them to be fired from
structures. Minimum safe distances will be significantly reduced, which allow for
employment of effects within close proximity to dismounted forces.
(4) The future Modular Force will have the ability to physically mark TIM, CBRN
contaminated, mined, cleared, and restricted (safe) areas. These standardized marking systems
will be visible under all weather and lighting conditions. Forces will be capable of ‘uploading’
newly marked areas to the higher HQ’ database and ‘downloading’ the same. These capabilities
will allow for improved battlefield SU, and the avoidance of friendly force casualties.
(5) See FOC-09-06, paragraph 4-60, for health service support capabilities.
(6) The transition from offensive (decisive) urban operations to defensive operations will
be a significant challenge. Units will continue to conduct FP activities; however, the shift from
offensive actions to defense will most likely impact the ROE, placing even more restrictions
55
TRADOC Pam 525-66
upon the force. Additionally, there may be an attempt by the noncombatant population to
immediately return to their residences once hostilities have subsided. Noncombatants that were
hiding during the hostilities will reemerge, adding confusion and congestion to the battlefield.
Those enemy forces and sympathizers, that have yet to be identified, will certainly try to ‘blend’
into the civilian population.
(7) Successful transition from decisive operations to defensive operations will require the
future Modular Force:
• Employ a significant number of sensors and unmanned systems within the urban
core, and on the periphery, to monitor noncombatant activities, and provide early
warning against enemy activities. Unmanned systems and sensors, equipped with
explosive and gunpowder detection capability will assist in identifying enemy forces
trying to ‘blend’ with the noncombatant population. Sensors that can monitor more
than one dimension/media simultaneously will assist the JFC in monitoring
significantly more of the OE, while allowing the majority of the maneuver force to
continue mission preparation, and other essential tasks.
• Communicate with, and control, the returning noncombatant population. Translation
devices will allow the force to effectively communicate with the populace.
Unmanned systems can be deployed to meet returning noncombatants and guide
them to ‘control’ areas, minimizing mass reentry chaos and confusion.
• Repair critical infrastructure to support the returning population. Limiting collateral
damage during decisive operations will assist with this mission requirement. The
identification of noncombatants, with the skills to assist with repairs, will expedite
the rebuilding process; the ability to tap in to the urban database will assist with this
identification process and the identification of infrastructure control grids.
Troop Movements); ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and Operations); ART 8.1
(Conduct Offensive Operations); ART 8.2.2 (Conduct a Mobile Defense); ART 8.5 (Conduct
Tactical Mission Tasks).
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST 1 (Deploy, Concentrate, and Maneuver Theater Forces); OP 1

(Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver); TA 1 (Develop/Conduct Maneuver).
Section IV – Air Maneuver
4-25. Air Maneuver Operations

Army aviation and joint tactical air support must be closely integrated into ground maneuver
operations. Army Aviation plays a major role in the future Modular Force operations.
Traditional aviation roles of attack, reconnaissance, lift and cargo transport continue to be vital in
the future Modular Force. Key air maneuver missions envisioned for future Modular Force are:
close combat attack, interdiction attack, reconnaissance, security, vertical maneuvering, and air
56
TRADOC Pam 525-66
movement. Force operating capabilities envisioned to enable future Modular Force air maneuver
concepts are:
• Responsive and sustainable aviation support.

• Effective aviation operations in the contemporary operating environment.
• RSTA and attack operations.
• Assured and timely connectivity with the supported force.
• Vertical maneuver (mounted or dismounted) and air movement.

The synchronized employment of land, air, sea, space, and special operations forces provides the
commander with the widest range of strategic, operational, and tactical options. Army aviation
plays a crucial role in supporting FSO as envisioned in the joint operating concepts (Major
Combat Operations, Stability Operations, and Homeland Security) and joint functional concepts
(Joint Command and Control, Operational Environment Awareness, Force Application, Focused
Logistics, and Protection). Aviation, both manned and unmanned, is an integral member of the
joint/combined arms team in that it conducts maneuver, MS, and maneuver sustainment
operations across the spectrum of conflict.
a. During deployment and early entry operations, Army aviation will perform vital
reconnaissance and security operations, air movement of critical personnel and equipment
throughout the AOs, battle command, and control support, and crucial logistical support (afloat
and/or ashore) until ground lines of communication (LOC) can be established.
b. Through execution of its core competencies, aviation is instrumental to the future

Modular Force in simultaneous, distributed and continuous, combined arms air/ground
operations, urban operations, day and night, in open, close, and complex terrain throughout the
OE. It is a major contributor in establishing ground force dominance, wresting the initiative
from the enemy, forcing them onto the defensive, and defeating them in detail. Future Modular
Force aviation units are designed to operate at a tempo that affords the enemy no rest or relief
and no means of responding effectively. Aviation units develop situations while the ground
force is out of contact, maneuver to positions of advantage, engage enemy forces beyond the
range of their weapons, destroy them with precision fires, and provide close support to the
tactical assault at the time and place of the JFC’s choosing. The use of critical, dedicated aero
medical evacuation assets permits combat casualties to be rapidly evacuated through the Army
health system for appropriate medical care. In addition, support of homeland security operations
will likely involve significant Army aviation assets, both rotary wing and fixed wing aircraft.
Homeland security will also improve aviation survivability against EA threats (counter radio
frequency jamming, infrared, directed energy, expendables, chaff, flare, decoys).
4-27. Desired Air Maneuver Capabilities

The required capabilities envisioned to fulfill the joint and Army concepts for air maneuver are:
• Responsive and sustainable aviation support.

• Effective aviation operations in the contemporary operating environment.
• RSTA and attack operations.
57
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Assured and timely connectivity with the supported force.

• Mounted vertical maneuver.
4-28. FOC-04-01: Responsive and Sustainable Aviation Support
• Conduct airspace and air traffic management, aviation maintenance and sustainment in
support of aviation missions worldwide.
• Maintain a 90 percent operational readiness rate with reduced operation and support
burden.
• Enable graceful function degradation to minimize mission aborts.
• Implement condition-based maintenance and diagnostics/prognostic systems to support
a common logistical operating environment.
• Reduce rearm/refuel times.
• Deployable air and ship transportable aviation systems compatible with transport
vehicles and timelines (self-deployable where applicable).
b. Narrative. Responsiveness is measured in terms of time, distance, and sustained

momentum. It capitalizes on the positioning of forward deployed forces and supplies (ground
based sustainment/sea-based sustainment), as well as strategic lift. The future Modular Force
will need support from the other services to achieve the required levels of deployability. It
demands close, continuous coordination between Army component commanders, and joint and
interagency decisionmaking agencies to insert air and ground combat units into austere theaters
through multiple unimproved entry points without relying on fixed ports and staging bases.
Improvements in operational availability, mission reliability, and logistics systems will enhance
aviation responsiveness, mission effectiveness and affordability. Future operations emphasize
maximum mission utilization of deployed systems and minimization of the logistics footprint.
Aviation will conduct operations worldwide in areas with austere infrastructure and harsh
environmental conditions (for example, extreme temperatures, sand and dust, arid and humid
climates, maritime conditions, high altitudes etc). Operations will take place in complex terrain,
at high wartime flying hour mission usage rates, over long periods of time and an extended
discontinuous OE. Army forces must be deployable and capable of rapidly concentrating combat
power in an operational area. Aviation units must comply with the future Modular Force goal of
deploying a BCT anywhere in the world within 4 to 7 days, a three BCT division in 10 days, nine
BCTs in 20 days, and up to fifteen BCTs within 30 days. BCTs are required to sustain high
intensity operations for 3 days without external resupply and support. This will require enhanced
systems and capabilities. Systems must be transportable, logistics must be focused and flexible,
and a culture must reside within the Army that accepts deployment readiness as a way of life.
Aviation must significantly reduce the maintenance man-hours per flight hour, minimize the
launch/recover/launch cycle time, and be able to rapidly reconfigure systems to meet changing
mission needs. Aviation units must achieve and maintain a 90% operationally ready rate at
wartime flying hour rate usage generated by mission demand. Aviation will need anticipatory
maintenance systems based on component condition established by embedded
diagnostics/prognostics with data logging and remote data transmission rather than current
systems based on operating hours. Aviation needs an “on condition” based, two-level
58
TRADOC Pam 525-66
maintenance process and the ability to automate the maintenance process to work with a “just in
time” parts delivery concept. Platform operating costs must be reduced. Systems must achieve
improved reliability and exhibit graceful degradation of function during mission execution to
minimize mission aborts. To maintain OPTEMPO, flight and ground crews need the ability to
rearm and refuel aircraft up to a basic combat load in less than15 minutes, and achieve a mean
time to repair of less than 2 hours for field level maintenance. Sustainment systems must
develop intelligent logistical programs and interfaces that deliver the correct parts “just in time”
and minimize procurement of excess repair parts. The Army’s Airspace and Air Traffic
Management (Air Traffic Services) future systems must meet or exceed the future Modular
Force maintainability, deployability, supportability, and interoperability requirements to ensure
safe airspace and air traffic operations, accurate air picture updates, and the ability to conduct
joint interoperable, sustained and simultaneous operations. Army forces must be sustainable
across the spectrum of conflict in a JIM environment. Sustainability requirements reflect the
continuous, uninterrupted provision of sustainment replenishment to Army forces.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 2.3 (Conduct Tactical Troop Movements); ART 6.1 (Provide
Supplies); ART 6.2 (Provide Maintenance); ART 6.5.2 (Provide Medical Evacuation);
ART 7.6.1.7 (Control Tactical Airspace); ART 8.3 (Conduct Stability Operations); ART 8.4
(Conduct Support Operations); ART 8.5.29 (Conduct Combat Search and Rescue); ART 5.3.
(Conduct Survivability Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 1.1 (Conduct Operational Movement); OP 4.4.3.2 (Manage Flow

of Casualties in the Joint Operations Area); OP 4.3 (Provide for Maintenance of Equipment in
the Joint Operations Area); OP 4.5.2 (Supply Operational Forces); TA 6 (Protect the Force).
4-29. FOC-04-02: Effective Aviation Operations in the Contemporary Operating

Environment
• Conduct survivable missions against threats that include unconventional and hard to
detect opponents who may use cover, concealment, camouflage, denial and deception
tactics, including operations in close proximity to noncombatants and civilian
structures.
• Survivable aircraft that counter threat offensive systems, survive weapons’ lethal
effects (to include CBRNE), and prevent/limit crew and passenger injuries, and system
damage in crashes.
• Conduct safe, worldwide, aviation operations (manned and unmanned systems in a
degraded visual environment and complex terrain), including flight path and landing
zone obstacles (wire, trees, poles, towers, vehicles, etc.), by crewmembers in high task
loaded environments.
• Aircraft performance (range/lift/endurance/fuel efficiency) to execute missions in
various worldwide environments (high, hot, dusty, wet, etc.) over extended operational
environment distances.
59
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Enhanced crew mission performance through management of cockpit workload to

allow the crew to maintain better external SA and SU.
• Enable self-deployable systems capable of conducting shipboard operations in the
theater.
b. Narrative. Unlike previous operating environments, optimized for mass, momentum,

and attrition warfare against a single well defined opponent, Army Aviation must fight and win
across a wide range of conflict situations against various opponents with differing capabilities,
from high to low ends of the operational spectrum, from major combat operations to peacetime
military engagement, and under a more expansive framework employing all elements of National
power. Current aircraft systems do not enable optimally safe operations across the range of
expected mission conditions. Aviation must be able to operate worldwide during day andnight
and in reduced visibility conditions due to adverse weather and environmental obscurants
(blowing dust, blowing snow, blowing debris, etc.). Effective aviation operations are also
limited by high crew workload, ability to manage and control UAS, conducting operations in
CBRNE or other adverse environmental conditions, and extended duration missions. Workload
intensive operations degrade crewmember and operator ability to focus on the most mission
critical tasks, reduce safety, and increase risk of errors. Anticipated mission complexity is driven
by requirements to safely operate the aircraft, manage multiple inputs, control onboard and off-
board sensors, communicate, manage, and control UAS, and react to threat systems. This
imposes high cognitive and physiological loads on crewmembers. Aviation survivability and
reaction time are insufficient against unpredictable and hard to detect threats. Manned and
unmanned aviation systems often operate against unpredictable threats and within the range of
small arms fire, rocket propelled grenades, man portable air defense systems, antihelicopter
mines, and natural or emplaced flight path obstacles. Ground and air platforms that employ the
best combinations of low observability, ballistic protection, long-range acquisition and targeting,
early attack, and high probability of first round hit and kill technologies will be required to
ensure the desired degrees of survivability.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.3.3 (Conduct Tactical Reconnaissance); ART 2.2.10

(Navigate from One Point to Another); ART 3.1 (Decide Surface Targets to Attack); ART 3.2
(Detect and Locate Surface Targets): ART 3.3 (Employ Fires); ART 5.3 (Conduct Survivability
Operations); ART 7.5 (Prepare for Tactical Operations); ART 7.6 (Execute Tactical Operations);
ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 2.2 (Collect and Share Operational Information); OP 2.3

(Process and Exploit Collected Operational Information); TA 6 (Protect the Force); TA 7.1
(Conduct Mission Operations in a CBRNE Environment).
60
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-30. FOC-04-03: Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) and

Attack Operations
• Conduct RSTA missions in worldwide conditions, day and night in adverse weather
to locate targets.
• Aviation attack assets that can rapidly and precisely engage and destroy/neutralize
threats. Threats include fixed and mobile infantryman up to heavy armor and
structural targets, such as bunkers or buildings.
b. Narrative. Responsive focused RSTA and target engagement is required worldwide in

day, night, adverse weather, obscured visibility, high levels of background clutter, complex
terrain environments, and in the presence of cover, concealment, camouflage, denial and
deception. Targets may have low or indistinct signatures/emissions (personnel, small UAS &
UGV, IEDs, mines, CBRNE agents, etc.). Targets may be highly mobile with short exposure
times and may be intermingled with noncombatant civilian populations and infrastructure in
urban environments so collateral damage and fratricide must be minimized. Standoff must be
maximized to enhance survivability. Aviation systems must be able to search areas of operations
within times and at ranges consistent with survivable operations. Systems must overcome enemy
use of countermeasures. Systems must enable detection, classification, recognition,
identification, affiliation, and determination of target location with the accuracy needed for
tracking, precision targeting, and reporting/handover to conduct target acquisition and
identification is required at or beyond the range of the tactically preferred weapon system.
Aviation requires the capability for a persistent aerial presence at altitude for extended periods of
time. Data must be processed, confirmed, integrated into COP-compatible reports and
disseminated in a time consistent with planning, responsive and survivable engagements or
reporting, and OPTEMPO requirements. It must achieve first round destruction/neutralization of
targets with minimal collateral damage and no fratricide. Capability should include nonlethal
options and scalability up to lethal level. Damage to target should be sufficiently detectable and
assessable to enable accurate and reliable battle damage assessment (BDA). The effectiveness of
aviation RSTA and attack operations is limited by our inability to detect and identify targets with
low or indistinct signatures/emissions and by the excessive timelines to report information and
acquire targets. Aviation weapon systems require sufficient range, lethality, accuracy, and
flexibility to engage diverse target sets in the future OE at survivable ranges. Lethal Army
forces can combine the elements of combat power to provide overwhelming and decisive force at
the right time, at the right place, and for the right purpose.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.3 (Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance);

ART 2.2 (Conduct Tactical Maneuver); ART 2.4 (Conduct Direct Fires); ART 3.1 (Decide
Surface Targets to Attack); ART 3.2 (Detect and Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.3.1 (Conduct
Lethal Fire Support); ART 5.3.5 (Conduct Security Operations); ART 7.2 (Manage Tactical
Information); ART 7.3 (Assess Tactical Situation and Operations); ART 7.5 (Prepare for Tactical
Operations); ART 7.6 (Execute Tactical Operations); ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks
and Operations).
61
TRADOC Pam 525-66
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 1 (Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver); OP 2

(Provide Operational ISR); OP 3 (Employ Operational Firepower); TA 2.4 (Disseminate Tactical
Warning Information and Attack Assessment); TA 3 (Employ Firepower); TA 6 (Protect the
Force).
4-31. FOC-04-04: Assured and Timely Connectivity with the Supported Force
• Communicate in the combined/joint worldwide environment. Manage and

synchronize manned/unmanned aerial platforms and airborne munitions within the
joint operational tactical environment.
• Aviation systems connectivity to future Modular Force elements compatible with
battle command construct requirements.
• Communication system must have assured real time capability at extended ranges and
NLOS conditions common to aviation missions.
• Communication system must have sufficient bandwidth to handle analog and digital
voice and data message traffic.
• Communication system must not be susceptible to jamming and adverse
environmental interference.
• Air traffic services must provide real time airspace synchronization to ensure safe and
efficient mission execution along with threat warning.
b. Narrative. Communications are required during all flight nodes and conditions (LOS
and NLOS) air to air, air to ground and in the presence of jamming and other countermeasures.
Aircraft and air traffic services systems must have joint, combined arms, and multinational force
interoperable communications (voice, data, and imagery) during all flight modes and aviation
operations. Onboard/on-system LOS/NLOS communications must be secure and reliable,
possess a low probability of intercept, provide a jam resistant capability, and be hardened against
virtually any source of electronic countermeasures, and operate in both secure and unsecure
modes. Use of the communications system must not significantly increase aircrew workload nor
degrade or interfere with their ability to maintain SA or fly the aircraft and execute the mission.
Communications system must be compatible with future Modular Force BCS requirements.
Transmitted signal must minimize the risk of detection and location of the transmitter.
Communications systems must be high efficiency, lightweight, multi-spectral, and not interfere
with other onboard systems to enable over the horizon control and information transfer for UAS
and RSTA missions through airborne, high altitude, and satellite links. Systems must provide
sufficient bandwidth and speed to maintain level IV control of UAS. Air traffic services
operations control must be accomplished in day/night/adverse weather/obscured visibility
conditions. Airspace environment will include friendly, threat, and noncombatant aerial systems,
as well as airborne munitions (artillery, rockets, missiles, etc.). Air traffic control system must
be capable of providing effective and responsive airspace management and air traffic services in
a complex, rapidly changing, evolving, and crowded airspace. Systems must be integrated
within the joint and integrated air picture utilizing systems reducing the logistics burden of
62
TRADOC Pam 525-66
deployment and sustained operations. All JIM users of airspace must be accounted for,
managed, and synchronized.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.1 (Support to Situational Understanding); ART 1.3 (Conduct
ISR); ART 7.2 (Manage Tactical Information); ART 7.3 (Assess Tactical Situation and
Operations); ART 7.4 (Plan Tactical Operations); ART 7.5 (Prepare for Tactical Operations);
ART 7.6 (Execute Tactical Operations); ART 7.8 (Conduct Continuous Operations); ART 8.0
(Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and Execution); ART 7.6.1.7 (Control Tactical Airspace).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 2 (Provide Operational ISR); OP 5.1 (Acquire and Communicate

Operational Level Info and Maintain Status); OP 6.1.3 (Provide Airspace Control); TA 2.4
(Disseminate Tactical Warning Information and Attack Assessment).
4-32. FOC-04-05: Mounted Vertical Maneuver
a. Capstone Capabilities. Mounted vertical maneuver capabilities should include:
• Vertically lift, maneuver to extended distances and vertically emplace future combat
system (FCS) vehicle sized loads and Stryker class vehicles and their crewmembers
in close proximity to their AOs.
• Repositioning of Stryker and FCS equipped forces indepth over operational distances
to within striking distances of enemy forces.
• Maneuvers must be conducted in worldwide environmental conditions that include
high altitudes (up to 6000 foot pressure altitude) and high temperatures (up to 95°F),
and in day, night, and obscured visibility conditions using unprepared landing
surfaces and shipboard operations.
• Vertically emplace other future Modular Force systems, materiel, personnel and self-
deployable system capable of conducting shipboard operations in the theater.
b. Narrative. With manned and unmanned air maneuver assets, the future Modular Force
will possess the capability to conduct vertical maneuver (mounted or dismounted) during tactical
and operational maneuver. When executed rapidly, vertical maneuver gains positional
advantage, exposes enemy capabilities to destruction across the joint operations area (JOA), and
dislocates enemy forces. The inability to conduct vertical maneuver with FCS sized loads (up to
25+ tons), and current heavy lift fixed wing transport aircraft’s reliance on prepared landing
surfaces reduces the flexibility and responsiveness of the FCS. The future Modular Force must
be capable of vertically lifting, maneuvering and transporting over combat radius distances of up
to 500+ km, and emplacing FCS and Stryker class vehicles, personnel, and other future Modular
Force materiel in close proximity to the AO using unprepared landing zones, and of
repositioning Stryker and FCS equipped forces indepth from operational distances to within
tactical striking distance (within 1 to 2 terrain features, no more than 25 km) of the enemy.
Utility and cargo aircraft must provide the lift, range, and endurance necessary to support assault,
battle command, and maneuver sustainment operations.
63
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Troop Movements); ART 6.1 (Provide Supplies); ART 6.0 (Combat Service Support Battlefield
Operating System).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 1.1 (Conduct Operational Movement); OP 1.2 (Conduct

Operational Maneuver and Force Positioning); OP 1.3 (Provide Operational Mobility); OP 4.4.4
(Reconstitute Forces); TA 1.1.1 (Conduct Tactical Airlift); TA 1.2.1 (Conduct Air Assault
Operations); TA 4.2 (Distribute Supplies and Provide Transport Services).
Section V – Line of Sight (LOS)/Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS)/Nonline of Sight (NLOS)

Lethality for Mounted/Dismounted Operations
4-33. LOS/BLOS/NLOS Lethality

Fires are categorized as LOS, BLOS, or NLOS capabilities encompassing the full spectrum of
effects envisioned in how the future Modular Force will integrate fires or strike. Engagement
range is not directly tied to the definitions of LOS, BLOS, and NLOS fires. The method used
determines the type of engagement. Future Modular Force fire control and distribution requires
networked responsive fires on demand, engaging complex and simultaneous target sets, executed
as preplanned or opportunity engagements. Capabilities envisioned for fires in joint and Army
concepts are:
• LOS/BLOS lethality that provides the future Modular Force networked, responsive fires
of extended range and precision munitions, to destroy and neutralize the adversary and
their capabilities, at any time, and in any place, while minimizing fratricide and
noncombatant casualties.
• NLOS lethality for fires and effects that extend seamlessly, from tactical to operational
distances, with no gaps in coverage, or loss of timeliness; with advanced, automated fire
control and distribution means to sort out high payoff and most dangerous targets rapidly
in depth.
• LOS/BLOS/NLOS lethality also embraces advances in warfighting technology that
enable the future Modular Force to employ electronic attack in the full spectrum of
conflict.

The Force Application Joint Functional Concept and TRADOC Pam 525-4-1 (formerly the Army
Fires and Effects Functional Concept) emphasize that Army and the JFs must be able to operate
at will within all domains in order to enable engagements across the depth and breadth of the OE.
Forces must possess combinations of stealth, speed, IS, connectivity, protection, and lethality to
enable maneuver. They must also have the use of lethal and nonlethal means to generate the
desired lethal and nonlethal effects that are scaleable or tailorable to target types and that control
effects when mitigation of collateral damage may be a significant operational or tactical concern.
The LOS/BLOS/NLOS FOCs identify required capabilities envisioned in joint and Army
concepts.
64
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-35. Desired LOS/BLOS/NLOS Capabilities

Capabilities envisioned for fires in joint and Army concepts fall into the following areas:
• LOS/BLOS lethality.
• NLOS lethality.
4-36. FOC-05-01: LOS/BLOS Lethality
(1) Fires are categorized as LOS, BLOS, or NLOS. Engagement range is not directly tied
to the definitions of LOS, BLOS, and NLOS fires. Thus, the method used, rather than the range,
determines the type of engagement. However, as a general guideline, LOS engagements occur at
a maximum range of 5 km, BLOS engagements occur up to 16 km. Some future Modular Force
combat systems may have the ability for more than one method (such as LOS and BLOS). Fire
control and distribution requires responsiveness with fires on demand to engage complex and
simultaneous target sets executed as preplanned or opportunity engagements. Future Modular
Force combat systems must be capable of automated precision engagements, with automated fire
control, and distribution and clearance procedures with a manual backup. Future Modular Force
combat systems must be capable of precision, cooperative, and autonomous/designate LOS and
BLOS; and be able to defeat helicopters and UAS.
(2) The future Modular Force must possess the capability to destroy and/or neutralize the
adversary and their capabilities, at any time, and in any place, while minimizing fratricide and
noncombatant casualties. At the BCT level, the lethality capabilities must provide for extended
range lethality overmatch. These capabilities will be centered on direct LOS and BLOS fires,
aided by joint and fused fire support multieffects, to include nonlethal. The future Modular
Force seeks not only to attain decisive weapon system of systems lethality overmatch, but also to
achieve comprehensive operational advantages in battle command, tactical maneuver and
mobility, maneuver sustainment, MS, and FP. These advantages permit the application of
precision engagement and dominant maneuver. Aggressive, adaptive, situationally aware
leaders, highly trained, multifunctional Soldiers, coupled with the massing of lethal fires and
precision effects, are fundamental to obtaining and maintaining this full spectrum overmatch.
Every element in the warfighting formation must be capable of contributing to the long-range
projection of dominant combat power, throughout the depth of the OE, as prescribed by the
maneuver commander. Extended range lethality LOS/BLOS overmatch with improved fire
control is a key component required for all potentially hostile operations, and provides the means
to achieve decisive operations, freedom of maneuver, and FP in highly volatile, distributed
environments.
(3) LOS Fires are direct fires from mounted, dismounted, air-ground and unmanned SOS
optimized for the offense. LOS is the traditional form of fire used by assaulting elements, as
they conduct fire and movement to close with and destroy an enemy. The target in a direct LOS
engagement is not masked from the Soldier manning the weapon. The sensor, shooter, and
decider are all resident with the combat system engaging the enemy target. LOS fires
characterize most dismounted weapons, and weapons employed by elements in the assault; they
65
TRADOC Pam 525-66
have the advantage of point and shoot immediacy against targets that can be directly seen, or
sensed, from the combat platform. Point and shoot is a subset of cooperative engagement, and
allows a Soldier or platform to designate a target for engagement by another platform in the same
echelon. Point and shoot implies the immediacy of effects, and occurs within the same echelon.
Immediate in this construct denotes highly responsive (5 seconds or less) first round effects
against the target. Mounted and dismounted elements possess point and shoot capability to
designate targets they cannot engage with organic weapon systems. This capability is networked
such that a sensor-to-shooter relationship results in responsive and precise fires. The masking
effects of terrain, however, limit both the range and fields of fire available for LOS engagements.
LOS fires are specially designed to support fire and maneuver, tactical assault, and actions on
contact. Key required capabilities are rapid gun firing capability with high rate of fire; to
quickly kill multiple moving and stationary targets with increased accuracy and stowed kills;
overmatch at extended ranges; hunter-killer relationships between systems; and ability to fire
first, with improved first round kill.
(4) BLOS fires are fired over the horizon from systems optimized for LOS, and will be
employed at extended ranges, out to 12-16 km for ground, and 16-20 km for aerial engagements.
BLOS is an extension of the traditional direct fire. Direct fire BLOS enables standoff
engagements at greater ranges, and also opens up fields of fire previously denied to elements,
due to the restrictions of intervening terrain. BLOS fires permit BCTs to conduct mutual support
and cooperative engagements between platoons, companies, and battalions. To achieve direct
fire BLOS, the Soldier or crew exploits mobile or other sensors, organic to their echelon, to
extend their direct vision of the OE. Advanced sensor capabilities networked to Soldiers and
crews enable target acquisition, identification, and engagement, without LOS visual
confirmation. This allows the direct fire method to be employed, with munitions that fly over
interveining terrain. The extension of direct vision, combined with weapons capable of firing
both LOS and BLOS, permits the Soldier or crew to close with the enemy. Furthermore, it
permits engaging targets in the offense, at greater standoff range. Maneuvering platforms
possess the capability to exploit targeting information, generated from external sensors, and
available on the COP of the battlefield, to further enable direct LOS and BLOS engagements.
BLOS fires allow the BCTs and systems to use terrain masking for protection. Acquisition,
delivery, and control are done organically in small tactical units, and fires are delivered by
ground or air systems. Since BLOS fires are a backup to NLOS systems, they attack most
dangerous or high payoff targets, and provide mutual support and over watching fires. BLOS
fires must be capable of high angle fire, to overcome the restrictive nature of complex and urban
terrain. Future Modular Force lethality capabilities will include reactive counterfire, conducted
by BCTs equipped with organic, networked, target acquisition for immediate response. The
dismounted platoon will have a BLOS capability able to kill an armored vehicle with explosive
reactive armor.
(5) Electronic warfare (EW) includes any military action involving the use of electronic
measures (EM) and directed energy (DE) to control the EM spectrum or attack an enemy. There
are three major categories of EW: electronic attack, electronic support, and electronic protection.
Military operations are executed in an increasingly complex EM environment. EW provides
scalable lethality as a key component to fires that has been largely missing and is now required
for all potentially hostile operations. EW provides the means to achieve decisive operations,
66
TRADOC Pam 525-66
freedom of maneuver, and FP in highly volatile, distributed environments without the politically
unacceptable repercussions often tied to more lethal options. EA is the use of EM energy,
directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the
intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a
form of fires. Thus, EA adds both lethal and nonlethal capabilities to LOS/BLOS fires. Aerial
EW platforms provide the best EA capability with the best delivery options.
(6) Future Modular Force combat systems must be capable of automated precision EA
engagements, with automated fire control, and distribution and clearance procedures, including
EM spectrum deconfliction. Future Modular Force combat systems must be capable of
cooperative and autonomous EA fires, where a combination of EA and kinetic fires is required.
Future Modular Force combat systems will rely on networked, synchronized EA fires. The
effects coordination centers at operational and tactical levels will monitor and coordinate fires as
appropriate. The EW coordination cell will coordinate clearance of fires for EA engagements
and leverage space-based capabilities for EA targeting and engagement. Networked fires may
select EA as the most appropriate fires for a target. Another advantage of EA is that it requires
no consumption of Class V (ammunition), a major contributor to the logistics footprint. The
electronic warfare support (EWS) is a required element for EA targeting and engagement.
(7) Every element in the warfighting formation must be capable of contributing to the
long-range projection of dominant combat power, throughout the depth of the OE, as prescribed
by the maneuver commander. The operational level future Modular Force will orchestrate
continuous shaping operations, with selected air-ground maneuver operations, and the full range
of joint and Army capabilities, including joint EW and space control capabilities. The process of
shaping will set conditions for follow-on tactical engagements or battles. Among the most
critical shaping tasks will be achieving favorable force ratios to enable tactical maneuver. The
operational level future Modular Force isolates the battlefield, by employing fires to eliminate an
enemy’s ability to synchronize action, by attacking mobile reserves, or by blinding the enemy
through the disablement of their C2 capabilities. These actions will also include denial of
adversary access to space based C2 capabilities, such as communications and position
navigation. Shielding fires include the capability to eliminate the enemy’s long-range precision
fires. To accomplish these tasks, the operational level future Modular Force requires ‘reach’ to
joint sensors and fires, which include substantial EW capabilities and precise sensors. Of
particular importance is the ability to effect the enemy’s long-range ballistic and cruise missiles,
rockets, artillery, mortars, UAS, and command systems by employment of advanced space
control technologies, such as change detection imagery, space-based radar, space-based SIGINT,
space-based jamming for communication, and ISR systems. The future Modular Force will have
capabilities to conduct long-range strike or temporarily influence operations within the corps and
above operational areas. Future Modular Force fires elements, located with the operational level,
will provide a broad array of lethal and nonlethal capabilities to directly shape the future fight.
(8) EA includes special munitions, such as obscurants, illumination, and obstacles, in a

fully networked architecture. The future Modular Force must have an unprecedented capability
to fully integrate fires and maneuver. The tactical level future Modular Force employs
responsive and effective fires to enable maneuver, to rapidly move to positions of advantage.
From positions of tactical advantage, the tactical level future Modular Force employs destructive
67
TRADOC Pam 525-66
fires, with great precision at extended ranges, against high payoff targets (HPTs), in order to
eliminate enemy combat capabilities at decisive points, or centers of gravity. Once contact
occurs, fires will remain fully integrated with maneuver. To enable this, fires must be
continuously available on demand, tailored to mission requirements, and scaleable to achieve the
desired effects. Fires will continue to be employed against HPTs. At the tactical level the future
Modular Force has significantly improved it’s ability to respond with fires, to those enemy forces
and systems that present themselves as ‘most dangerous’ targets, demand an immediate response,
or face unacceptable risk at the lowest tactical echelon. When required, the tactical level future
Modular Force conducts tactical assault, while leveraging all combined arms fires, to achieve
scalable effects that lead to decisive military and political outcomes.
(9) LOS/BLOS protective and suppressive fires may be lethal or nonlethal fires in close
support of tactical maneuver. These include suppression, to fix or isolate an enemy, and prevent
them from emplacing accurate lethal fires on the formation; by using obscuration or screening
smoke to preclude observation by enemy; by using smart mines to protect friendly flanks; and by
using defensive or offensive EAs that screen friendly forces from enemy sensor acquisition or
degrade and disrupt enemy C2 capabilities. Protective fires may be lethal or nonlethal, and are
oriented on the friendly force in order to facilitate our ability to maneuver. Suppressive fires also
protect friendly forces, but are oriented on proactively attacking targets, such as enemy indirect
fires or air defenses. Suppressive fires may be employed to facilitate ground maneuver, and the
employment of Army or joint aviation assets. Inaccurate or unconfirmed target identification or
locations may dictate the employment of suppressive or nonlethal fires.
(10) LOS/BLOS special purpose fires add to full spectrum capability. These fires may
include munitions that provide obscurants, multiple means of illumination, countermobility
capabilities, thermobaric effects, counter C2 fires, incapacitation, and capabilities that blind,
disrupt, or destroy enemy acquisition, observation, and reporting systems.
(11) Teaming capability by BA and EA fire systems, dispersed throughout the OE, is
critical. A system of systems framework will achieve the requirements for such a capability. It
is critical that an enabling, integrated networked fires functional component within the BCS of
systems leveraging a wider set of capabilities, including sensors, C2, and attack means from
Army, joint and multinational forces will provide the operational capability. Protective EA fires
can also support maneuver by suppressing enemy air defenses, degrading, disrupting, or
destroying enemy sensors and C2, countering the fires from enemy indirect fire systems and
disrupting enemy access to critical space based capabilities with space control capabilities.
(12) Future Modular Force EW capabilities will enable strike operations by more than
just the ability to deliver disruptive, degrading, and destructive fires in quanity and duration,
directed at personnel, equipment, or facilities; in both the protective or suppressive role.
Examples of EA mission capabilities related to strike capabilities are:
• Ability to plan, synchronize and coordinate nonlethal fires through the use of EW
planning and execution tools (hardware and software) integrated with the BCS of
systems. (BN to ARFOR and Joint Force Land Component Command (JFLCC)).
68
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Ability to conduct offensive space control negation operations; ability to plan and execute
space control operations in a timely manner; ability to execute space control operations in
support of a coordinated IO campaign.
• Ability to rapidly identify and locate friendly and enemy sources of radiated energy and
to transfer this information in real time to strike planners and executers. (Soldier
platform through ARFOR and Coalition Joint Forces Land Component Command
(CJFLCC)).
• Ability to rapidly fuse and analyze ES data to provide threat recognition, targeting, and
planning information in support of strike operations via the BCS of systems. (BCT to
ARFOR and CJFLCC level).
• Ability to provide counter enemy EW effects aimed at interfering with strike operations.
(Soldier platform through ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to integrate non organic nonlethal fires in support of strike operations. (BCT to
ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to provide nonlethal fires in order to disrupt, degrade and/or destroy adversary
personnel, equipment and facilities. (Soldier platform to ARFOR and CJFLCC levels).
• Ability to provide a continuously updated EW COP in support of strike operations to
include: ES planning and targeting information, joint and organic EW asset availability,
non lethal fires Combat Assessments, and EW threat warning. (BCT to ARFOR and
CJFLCC level).
• Ability to provide on demand access to ES data, EW asset availability, and EW threat
warning information in all operational environments and conditions. (BCT to ARFOR
and CJFLCC level).
• Facilitate immediate BDA and reattack as required. (BCT to ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to provide improved real time, or near real time space based ES with on-board
sensor processing and direct down link to supported ground systems. Ability to
dynamically task and re-task space based and unmanned aerial EW systems in support of
strike operations. (BCT to ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to support nonlethal strike operations with extended range EW aviation platforms
(manned and unmanned) capable of secure over the horizon and BLOS communications
and control data links to provide: threat location and identification, nonlethal fires
(jamming of adversary C2 and EW systems), and lethal EW fires (directed energy, pre-
detonation, EM pulse). (Soldier platform through ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to conduct over the horizon and BLOS autonomous UAS and aviation EW
nonlethal and lethal strike missions. (BCT through ARFOR and CJFLCC).
• Ability to leverage space-based EA against enemy C2 and EW weapon systems and
space-based ES to detect, locate and ID enemy radiated expected EM environment in
support of strike operations. (Division to ARFOR and CJFLCC levels).
• Ability to use nonlethal strike to deny, disrupt, or degrade adversary access to space-
based systems. (Division to ARFOR and CJFLCC levels).
• Ability to provide protection of strike systems and platforms from enemy EW effects.
(Soldier platform to ARFOR and CJFLCC levels).
• Ability to employ EW in support of IO and Electronic deception. (BCT to ARFOR and
CJFLCC).
69
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative.
(1) The future Modular Force must generate dominant lethality overmatch across FSOs,
particularly in urban and complex terrain environments. The future Modular Force will harness
a balance of organic direct fires, LOS and BLOS, and joint and Army fire support capabilities, to
ensure the success of early entry, forced entry (opposed/unopposed), shaping, decisive
offense/defense, and stability and support operations. By orchestrating and synchronizing in real
time this diverse and versatile mix of fires and integrated effects capabilities, the future Modular
Force can rapidly set the conditions to overwhelmingly defeat enemy conventional forces, and
asymmetrical threats in all environments.
(2) The future Modular Force will have the required direct fire capabilities to dominate
and extend the close combat battle to BLOS. These capabilities will include real time target
detection and identification, together with the ability to conduct a first strike/kill beyond the
range of threat direct fire systems. Future Modular Force combat systems will also have a
predictive and standoff detection capability against dismounted enemy forces. This requires
employment of intelligent system throughout the force that are able to quickly correlate, and
employ, artificial intelligence based learning algorithms to compare new data to a historical
repository for pattern and predictive profiling.
(3) Combat maneuver systems in the future Modular Force will have onboard weapons,
equally effective in immediate LOS and BLOS point engagements. In order to exploit these
weapons, the crews onboard these system of systems will extend their direct vision to BLOS by
linking to the GIG, as well as by employing their own organic sensors. As a result, the future
Modular Force’s maneuver systems will initiate the direct close combat fight from BLOS, by
exploiting the suppression effects from the force’s organic fire support systems and joint fires.
They will then seamlessly transition into LOS engagements to bring about the defeat of an
enemy force and seize the objective. Manned and unmanned system technologies will also
permit the future Modular Force to maintain its lethality overmatch/standoff advantage in urban
operations.
(4) The future Modular Force will possess a wide range of organic and highly deployable
fire support systems that are able to deliver advanced and fused fire support effects out to
operational distances. Together with joint fires, these organic fire support capabilities will
generate an efficient and dominant suppression umbrella of multiple effects (such as nonlethal,
EW, fire support, counter IO, etc.) that maneuver elements can exploit to gain positional
advantage. This fusion of fire support effects will permit the future Modular Force to conduct
decisive maneuver, and cause the rapid disintegration and destruction of enemy forces of
significantly larger size, without having to employ attrition techniques. These same advanced
fire support capabilities will have the range, versatility, and flexibility to protect the future
Modular Force throughout the depth of the extended and non-linear OE, to include protection
from enemy long-range precision missiles.
(5) The future Modular Force will dominate the Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. EM
spectrum dominance is central to achieving the full spectrum dominance envisioned in the joint
and Army concepts. EM spectrum dominance will greatly depend upon the interdependence of
70
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Service, joint, and National capabilities. At the strategic and operational levels, the future
Modular Force will rely heavily upon echelons above corp, joint, and National EW capabilities
to support the overall EM spectrum dominance effort. The future Modular Force requires an
organic EW capability that will allow the force to operate freely across the EM spectrum, while
controlling adversarial use of the spectrum. These organic EW capabilities, when applied across
the warfighting functions in support of FSO, will enable the future Modular Force to address the
broadening set of EW targets and maintain EM spectrum dominance within the force’s OE.
(6) EW provides added capabilities to LOS/BLOS lethality through EA and EWS

capabilities. In addition to the EA fires in support of the maneuver function, EA capabilities can
include pulsed energy effects such as high powered microwave weapons to impact hard and
deeply buried targets and WMD. Similar EA capabilities can be used to attack power generation
and infrastructure targets. The option to use lethal or nonlethal EA fires provides the future
Modular Force with enhanced flexibility in weapon/target matching, and will allow them to
better engage targets constrained by collateral damage concerns.
(7) EWS capabilities provide the force with EW and BA assets to collect, intercept,
identify, and locate sources radiating expected electromagnetic environment. This information
can then be used for threat recognition; planning; and targeting for the conduct of EA fires in
support of operations.
(8) The future Modular Force must apply an underlying knowledge of the culture extant
in the OE. In determining effects of applied fires, the enduring impact of those fires on the
society and the likely behavior that will result must be considered.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.1.2 (Perform Situation Development); ART 1.1.3 (Provide
Intelligence Support to Force Protection); ART 1.2.1 (Perform Indications and Warnings); ART
1.3.4 (Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4 (Provide Intelligence Support to Effects); ART 2.4
(Conduct Direct Fires); ART 3.1 (Decide Surface Targets to Attack); ART 3.2 (Detect and
Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.2 (Detect and Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.3 (Employ Fires
to Influence the Will and Destroy, Neutralize, or Suppress Enemy Forces); ART 3.3.1 (Conduct
Lethal Fire Support); ART 3.3.2 (Conduct Nonlethal Fire Support-Offensive IO); ART 5.1.2
(Enhance Movement and Maneuver); ART 5.3.1 (Protect Against Enemy hazards within the
Area of Operations); ART 7.3.3 (Provide Combat Assessment); ART 7.4.1 (Conduct the Military
Decision Making Process); ART 7.4.2 (Integrate Requirements and Capabilities); ART 7.4.4
(Establish Target Priorities); ART 7.6.4 (Synchronize Actions to Produce Maximum Effective
Applications of Military Power); ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and Operations);
ART 8.1 (Conduct Offensive Operations); ART 8.2 (Conduct Defensive Operations); ART 8.5
(Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks); ART 8.5.1 (Attack By Fire an Enemy Force/Position); ART
8.5.2 (Block an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.3 (Breach Enemy Defensive Positions); ART 8.5.5
(Canalize Enemy Movement); ART 8.5.10 (Defeat an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.11 (Destroy a
Designated Enemy Force/Position).

(Employ Operational Firepower); TA 3 (Employ Firepower).
71
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-37. FOC-05-02: NLOS Lethality
(1) Extended range NLOS lethality overmatch is a key component required for all
potentially hostile operations, and provides the means to achieve decisive operations, freedom of
maneuver, and FP in highly volatile, distributed environments. Capabilities for NLOS fires and
effects must extend seamlessly, from tactical to operational levels, with no gaps in coverage, or
loss of timeliness. Advanced, automated fire control and distribution means must sort out HPTs
and the most dangerous targets rapidly in depth, amongst the vast array of threat intelligence.
Aerial platforms add an accurate and immediate third-dimensional sensor and shooter capability
to the building fight.
(2) Future Modular Force combat systems must be capable of automated precision
engagements, with automated fire control, and distribution and clearance procedures, with a
manual backup. Future Modular Force combat systems must be capable of precision,
cooperative, and autonomous NLOS fires. Future Modular Force combat system sensor-to-
shooter linkages enable lethal overmatch, by engaging enemy target sets, near instantaneously in
seconds, using automated, semiautomated, or manual fire control and distribution procedures;
and provide automated target identification, to reduce latency in providing effects. Structurally,
and throughout the network, sensor-to-shooter relationships begin at the Soldier, squad, and
platoon level to direct effects from internal tactical level elements, supporting operational level
forces, and joint assets, with unprecedented speed and accuracy. Networked fires facilitate
clearance of fires, and discern static or moving HPTs and the most dangerous targets rapidly, and
thoroughly, and direct the most appropriate fires to destroy them. Timely, accurate BDA is
required to ensure intent of the fires has been achieved, and to reduce the consumption of Class
V (ammunition), a major contributor to logistics footprint. Ground based, long-range precision
engagement is required to complement joint counter precision and counter anti-access
capabilities, and is particularly important for entry operations, and to shape the OE.
(3) The maneuver commander prescribes every element in the warfighting formation tot
be capable of contributing to the long-range projection of dominant combat power, throughout
the depth of the OE. The operational level future Modular Force will be the focal point for the
continuous integration of networked NLOS fires. The operational level future Modular Force
will orchestrate continuous shaping operations, with extended-range precision fires, selected air-
ground maneuver operations, and the full range of joint and Army capabilities. The process of
shaping will set conditions for follow-on tactical engagements or battles. Among the most
critical shaping tasks will be achieving favorable force ratios to enable tactical maneuver. The
operational level future Modular Force isolates the battlefield, by employing fires to eliminate an
enemy’s ability to synchronize action, by attacking mobile reserves, or by blinding the enemy
through the disablement of their C2 capabilities. Shielding fires include the capability to
eliminate the enemy’s long-range precision fires. To accomplish these tasks, the operational
level future Modular Force requires ‘reach’ to joint sensors and fires, and organic precision,
extended range fires capabilities, linked to precise sensors. The future Modular Force echelons
must be provided with capabilities for long range shaping and interdiction. Of particular
importance is the ability to destroy the enemy’s long-range ballistic and cruise missiles, rockets,
72
TRADOC Pam 525-66
artillery, mortars, UAS, and command systems. Future Modular Force will have organic
capabilities to conduct long-range strike, or temporarily influence operations within the division
or corps operational area. Future Modular force fires elements, located with the operational
level, will provide a broad array of advanced, scalable, lethal, and nonlethal precision munitions,
with ranges out to 40 km for artillery and out to 299 km for rockets and missiles.
(4) Future Modular Force must have an organic ability to deliver destructive fires, point
and area, protective and suppressive fires, in quantity and duration, and special munitions, such
as obscurants, illumination, and obstacles, in a fully networked architecture. The future Modular
Force at tactical level has an unprecedented capability to fully integrate fires and maneuver. The
tactical level future Modular Force employs responsive and effective fires to enable maneuver, to
rapidly move to positions of advantage. From positions of tactical advantage, the tactical level
future Modular Force employs destructive fires, with great precision at extended ranges, against
HPTs, in order to eliminate enemy combat capabilities at decisive points, or centers of gravity.
The increased long-range killing capability of fires will be employed, to fix and destroy the
enemy. By achieving greater destruction at standoff, fires ensure freedom of action and
maneuver. Fires will dislocate, disintegrate, or destroy the enemy, creating the opportunity for
maneuver to transition to exploitation, or move to other positions of advantage. Once contact
occurs, fires will remain fully integrated with maneuver. To enable this, fires must be
continuously available on demand, tailored to mission requirements, and scalable to achieve the
desired effects. Fires will continue to be employed against HPTs. However, the tactical level
future Modular Force has significantly improved ability to respond with fires, to those enemy
forces and systems that present themselves as the ‘most dangerous’ targets, demand an
immediate response, or face unacceptable risk at the lowest tactical echelon. If required, the
tactical level future Modular Force conducts tactical assault, while leveraging all combined arms
fires, to achieve the destructive effects that lead to decisive outcomes.
(5) Fires must be reliable, timely, and accurate, with the ability to sustain rates of fire and
rates of kill continuously in all weather and terrain conditions. Future Modular Force organic
fires must be able to deliver effects, at extended ranges beyond 40 km, to deny sanctuary in the
OE. The future Modular Force must be able to provide mutual support from dispersed locations,
rapidly shift striking power across the battlefield, and apply the full range of effects to assure
mission end state. Fire support must be agile to support forces in contact. Fires must provide
greater target location, and weapon delivery accuracy and rates of fire, to complete the mission
faster using smaller firing teamsd with less exposure; as well as rapidly deliver scalable
munitions effects to destroy, disintegrate, or dislocate enemy forces. Fire support must have the
ability to shift fires and mission types quickly. Fires are categorized as destructive, protective
and suppressive, and special purpose.
(6) Destructive fires are employed to enable tactical maneuver. These include precise or
area long-range fires, joint and Army, to deliver killing blows on enemy capabilities, such as
mobile frameworks, indirect fire, and air defense assets, C4ISR, support systems, etc.
Destructive fires may also be employed in combination with maneuver, to gain synergistic
effects, and present the enemy with multiple, lethal problems to enable tactical maneuver.
73
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(7) Protective and suppressive indirect fires may be lethal or nonlethal fires in close
support of tactical maneuver. These include suppression, to fix or isolate an enemy, and prevent
them from emplacing accurate lethal fires on the formation; by using obscuration or screening
smoke to preclude observation by enemy, by using smart mines to protect friendly flanks.
Protective fires may be lethal or nonlethal, and are oriented on the friendly force in order to
facilitate our ability to maneuver. Ultimately, protective fires may include danger close missions
and final protective fires. Suppressive fires also protect friendly forces, but are oriented on
proactively attacking targets, such as enemy indirect fires or air defenses. Suppressive fires may
be employed to facilitate ground maneuver, and the employment of Army or joint aviation assets.
Inaccurate or unconfirmed target locations may dictate the employment of suppressive fires.
(8) Special purpose fires add to full spectrum capability. These fires may include
munitions that provide obscurants, multiple means of illumination, countermobility capabilities,
thermobaric effects, incapacitation, and munitions that blind or disable enemy acquisition and
observation. With the advances in technology, future Modular Force Fires may also include EA,
which incorporates the use of EM energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack
personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy
combat capability. Future Modular Force combat systems must be capable of automated
precision EA engagements and clearance procedures. Future Modular Force combat systems
must be capable of cooperative and autonomous EA fires, where a combination of EA and
kinetic fires is more effective. EA may be the most appropriate fires for a target, based on many
variables including ROE, possible collateral damage, and target priorities.
(9) Networked fires change the dynamics of indirect fire support. Networked fires are the
triad of relevant sensors, effects capabilities, and battle command that enables dynamic
application of lethal and nonlethal destructive and suppressive effects, to achieve the
commander’s tactical and operational abjectives. Networked fires are a component of the battle
command construct, and supporting communications architecture. The JFC intent for the
employment of fires and effects at the time and place of their choosing is enabled by the dynamic
application of networked fires. Networked Fires are fully integrated from theater to platform,
allowing it to rapidly establish, alter, and terminate linkages to all relevant sensors and LOS,
BLOS and NLOS, external and joint systems, with a wide set of lethal and nonlethal effects. The
network allows the JFC to dynamically tailor guidance, and refocus and task sensors and effects
capabilities, to position, cue, cross-cue, task and dynamically retask netted layers of redundant
space, air, and surface sensors and relays to meet the requirements of changing situations.
Networked Fires will provide JFCs a real time capability to apply full dimension effects
solutions, across the OE. It is fully integrated and interdependent with Army, joint,
multinational, and interagency sensors, effects-generating systems and capabilities, and IT
systems. Networked fires is a purpose oriented, execution focused, networked capability
optimized to provide a broad range of lethal and nonlethal effects, against enemy decisive points
and centers of gravity, in concert with maneuver and support operations and enables the JFC to
dynamically apply fires and effects on demand, to any echelon, in support of combined arms and
joint operations in any operating environment.
(10) With all elements fully networked, the future Modular Force can achieve virtual
teaming, mutual support, and the ability to rapidly mass effects when required, without massing
74
TRADOC Pam 525-66
forces. Networked fires enable detection, delivery, and assessment, in near real time, with every
platform and Soldier having the ability to be a sensor. The network is capable of rapid fusion of
sensor inputs to produce executable and protected target data. It is also capable of routing and
rerouting of targeting data to sensors or shooters, when established sensor-to-shooter linkages
become inappropriate. Networked fires balance the need for responsiveness against producing
tactical solutions, with the most effective application of systems and munitions. It facilitates
rapid clearance of fires and airspace coordination. NLOS/BLOS fire sensors should be linked to
full spectrum CBRN sensors to increase sensitivity and intelligence gathering capabilities.
(11) It is critical that an enabling, integrated networked fires functional solution,

leveraging a wider set of capabilities, including air, ground and space sensors, C2, and attack
means from joint, Army, and multinational forces, be applied to achieve the operational
capability required today and in the future. These capabilities will leverage the precision and
persistence that space-based and high altitude systems bring to targeting and surveillance
functions. Protective fires can also support maneuver by suppressing enemy air defenses, and
countering the fires from enemy indirect fire systems. Close support may involve danger close
missions and final protective fires that are designed to bring fires especially close to maneuver
formations for ultimate protection.
(12) Special purpose fires include artillery raids, illumination of enemy positions, and
neutralization of minefields with NLOS delivered thermobaric effects, as well as lethal and
nonlethal attack capabilities. Future Modular Force NLOS lethality capabilities will include:
• Centralized planning of fires and effects that integrates sensors, effects capabilities,
and battle command.
• Automated coordination and deconfliction in all dimensions.
• Capability to mass fires, without having to mass the units themselves.
• Sensors providing target acquisition, at extended ranges and sufficient target location
accuracy, permitting the networked fires system to rapidly optimize target-weapon
pairing and rapid delivery of effects.
• Advanced fire direction, extended ranges, and position locating and orientation
capabilities, to enable firing systems to be highly dispersed, and permit the conduct
of fire missions by single platforms.
• All-weather, all-terrain fires, enabled by pervasive, redundant target acquisition and
ISR means:
• High-angle fires to engage targets, while overcoming the restrictive nature of terrain.
• Brilliant and precision munitions.
• Improved nonlethal effects.
• Preemptive counterfire.
(13) The traditional roles of indirect fire, such as strike, close supporting fires, and
special fires, remain relevant for future Modular Force NLOS lethality. These roles require 24/7,
adverse weather, all terrain, all ROE availability, volume, and rate of fires for:
• Suppression of enemy activities for extended duration, as ground maneuver force

conducts movements to positions of advantage, and conducts final decisive assault.
75
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Isolation of the battlefield once forces are joined, by eliminating an enemy’s ability
to synchronize actions, and by attacking mobile reserves, or C2.
• Shielding critical assets or population centers from enemy long-range fires.
• Simultaneous, multi-target set engagement.
• Continuous integration of fires and maneuver, by providing precise or area fires
before forces are joined, obscuring enemy observation capabilities, protecting
friendly flanks, suppressing enemy air defenses, and countering enemy indirect fire
systems.
• Obscuration effects over wide areas, for extended periods, to support ground
maneuver.
• Close support of ground maneuver force in contact with the enemy, including
danger-close missions, and final protective fires.
• Special tasks of illumination during night operations, emplacing minefields, attacking
and neutralizing enemy networks and C4ISR systems, and other nonlethal effects.
(14) The future Modular Force must have the capability to provide networked, extended-
range fires for precision attack of point and area targets, in support of the future Modular Force
BCT, with a suite of munitions that include special purpose capabilities, including precision
munitions with course correction capabilities. The capability must provide sustained fires, both
in quantity and duration, for close support and destructive fires for tactical standoff engagement.
These fires must readily available 24 hours a day, in all terrain, and under all weather conditions.
The system’s primary purpose will be to provide responsive fires in support of combined arms
battalions and their subordinate units, in concert with other LOS, BLOS, NLOS, external, and
joint capabilities. The system provides flexible support through the ability to change the effects
round by round, and mission by mission. These capabilities, combined with rapid response to
calls for fire and rate of fire, provide a variety of effects on demand. Indirect fires systems will
be capable of dispersed platoon or lower level operations. Cannons offer a wide range of
trajectory options, from direct fire to high angle, to support the diversity of the operating
environment. Additionally, accelerated development of precision munitions, with course
correction capabilities, will ensure their timely incorporation into future Modular Force cannon
munitions, future Modular Force mortars, and NLOS launch system.
(15) The future Modular Force must have the capability provided by launch systems that
execute networked, extended-range targeting and precision attack of armored, lightly armored
and other stationary and moving targets during day, night, obscured, and adverse weather
conditions. The system’s primary purpose is to provide responsive, precision attack of HPTs in
support of the tactical level future Modular Force, in concert with other future Modular Force
NLOS, external, and joint capabilities. The system also provides ‘discriminating’ capability via
aided/automatic target recognition, and limited BDA. The launch system will permit the future
Modular Force to shape and isolate the battle space by destroying enemy forces out of contact. It
provides precision destructive and protective/suppressive fires, while avoiding noncombatant
casualties, and minimizing collateral damage. It provides close supporting fires for friendly
forces joined in contact, enabling freedom of action, while denying options to the enemy. It also
provides a counterair capability, to accurately destroy low and slow moving enemy aircraft and
enemy UAS through the use of onboard munitions.
76
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(16) Future Modular Force mortars, with precision munitions, must provide added
capability to attack targets precisely in support of the close fight. Mortars provide responsive,
sustained fires in support of the combined arms battalion and subordinate companies. These
fires provide complementary capabilities to the other future Modular Force NLOS systems.
Mortars provide the ability for continuous operations, in all weather and terrain conditions. They
also provide destructive fires that complement maneuver, by destroying targets of opportunity
with precision-guided fires. Mortars provide responsiveness, with on demand fires to engage
complex and simultaneous target sets; protective fires for overwatch, screen and final protective
fires; suppressive fires for suppression and obscuration; special fires that provide illumination
(white and infrared) and nonlethal. The destructive, protective, suppressive, and special fires are
for close support of maneuver units. Guided long-range rocket munitions must be accelerated to
enable engagement at the upper end of NLOS range requirements. Networked fires must be
accelerated in concept and development; and networking links to Army aviation and other joint
fires platforms are required. Development and procurement of new nonlethal effects must be
accelerated. Finally, reconnaissance and surveillance assets, including joint assets and UAS,
must provide acceptable target location accuracy. All these capabilities must be nested in the
networked architecture that allows future Modular Force to rapidly pair joint and Army sensors,
delivery systems, and munitions to the needs of the moment, and the demands of the supported
force.
b. Narrative.
(1) Army forces dominate land operations by employing fires and maneuver, during
combat operations, to accomplish the task of controlling the ground environment, its populations,
and enemy centers of gravity. For the JFC to achieve maximum effectiveness there must be a
symbiotic relationship between fires and maneuver, as fires enable maneuver, and maneuver
enables fire. This relationship demands synchronization and integration. NLOS fires will play
an ever-increasing role in support of maneuver, as the Army transitions to the future Modular
Force. New enhanced capabilities will provide the ability to routinely destroy and disorganize
enemy formations at extended ranges, before forces become engaged in close combat. NLOS
indirect fires are higher trajectory fires, that emanate from both inside the maneuver
commander's formations (mortars, cannons, some rockets), and from supporting elements
(cannons, rockets, missiles, attack helicopters, high performance fixed wing aircraft, etc.). It is
the ground maneuver commander's responsibility to synchronize the maneuver elements with all
available direct, indirect, organic, and joint fires. To set the maneuver conditions, commanders
must be able to employ destructive, suppressive (area suppression missions against imprecise or
fleeting targets, to fix them, and keep them from maneuvering), and protective (smoke, artillery
delivered mines, illumination for night operations) fires to facilitate maneuver in the close battle.
NLOS fires must provide responsive fire support; immediately available on demand, timely,
continuous, unhampered by terrain, 24 hours a day, all weather. These fires must be agile and
flexible enough to fire on multiple, disparate, disconnected, point, and area targets,
simultaneously. Networked fires must facilitate interdependence among Army, joint, and
multinational fires.
(2) NLOS fires must provide mutual support, by virtually teaming dispersed systems to
mass effects, as needed, and be agile enough to shift quickly over an expanded battle space.
77
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Fires must be tailorable to meet the demands of mission and effects, whether destruction at
depth, or support of the assault. In either case, missions must be achieved under a widely
varying set of environmental and threat conditions. To achieve the requisite effects, fire support
must provide accurate target locations and munitions that are delivered responsively and
accurately. The ultimate lethality of fires is a function of munitions effects, discrete or volume
of fires, target location and weapon delivery accuracy and response time, from target detection to
assessment of effects. While the roles of NLOS fires have evolved over time, there have been
some constants. Today, there are three major roles that NLOS fires routinely provide, in support
of maneuver brigades at the tactical level. Each of these roles is critical in enabling and retaining
freedom of maneuver, through suppression or destruction of enemy forces, or protection of U.S.
Forces. These enduring functions are:
(a) First, to strike the enemy with killing blows prior to forces being joined in contact.
This includes gaining the synergistic effects of combining BLOS and NLOS fires to present the
enemy with multiple, lethal problems to enable tactical maneuver. Efforts are predominantly
preemptive, to attack the enemy’s total strike system of systems, including their mobile
framework, indirect fire and air defense artillery, C4ISR, support systems, and logistics support
areas.
(b) Second is close supporting fires, to protect U.S. Forces through such means as
suppression or obscuration of enemy forces and air defenses, isolate the current close fight, or
counter fires to defeat enemy indirect fire systems. This provides U.S. Forces freedom of action,
while denying options to the enemy, which is absolutely critical to gaining and maintaining the
initiative in any battle, to allow U.S. Forces to close with, and destroy, an enemy through assault.
Danger close missions, and final protective fires, are designed to bring fires especially close to
maneuver formations for ultimate protection.
(c) Third are special tasks, such as employing illumination during night operations, or
emplacing minefields, and the use of other nonlethal effects.
(d) These functions will not only endure, based on future Modular Force operational
concepts, their importance will increase. The future Modular Force will have freedom of
maneuver, and the ability to deliver killing blows, without having to become decisively engaged.
Based upon SA, and the connectivity of networked fires in support of tactical maneuver, the
future Modular Force will be capable of greater destruction at standoff. In some cases,
formations will be able to destroy the enemy, without having to execute tactical assault;
however, the BCT will be exceptionally capable in the tactical assault supported by networked
fires, when required to conduct tactical assault to achieve decision.
(3) The most demanding role for NLOS fires is support for the close fight, where forces
are in immediate contact with the enemy, and the fighting between the committed forces and
readily available tactical reserves of both combatants is occurring. The dynamic nature of the
close fight demands very responsive and agile fires, to ensure maneuver and fires remain
synchronized. Cannons, in direct support of maneuver, provide the ability to scale (through
massing and number of rounds delivered) and tailor (through munitions selection) effects, to
those required by the supported maneuver force. Additionally, cannons can most easily
78
TRADOC Pam 525-66
overcome changes in target environment conditions (minimization of collateral damage, target

latency, target location accuracy, weather, terrain), by adjustment of fires, if required.
(4) The future Modular Force must orchestrate and synchronize a diverse and versatile
mix of fires and fused effects capabilities in real time. It must rapidly set the conditions to
overwhelmingly defeat enemy conventional forces and asymmetrical threats, in all environments
and dimensions, including austere theaters of operations.
(5) The future Modular Force must apply an underlying knowledge of the culture extant
in the OE. In determining effects of applied fires, the enduring impact of those fires on the
society and the likely behavior that will result must be considered.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 3.0 (The Fire Support Battlefield Operating System); ART 3.1
(Decide Surface Targets to Attack); ART 3.2 (Detect and Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.3
(Employ Fires to Influence the Will and Destroy, Neutralize, or Suppress Enemy Forces);
ART 7.2 (Manage Tactical Information); ART 8.0 (Conduct Tactical Mission Tasks and
Operations); ART 8.1 (Conduct Offensive Operations); ART 8.2 (Conduct Defensive
Operations); ART 8.5.1 (Attack By Fire an Enemy Force/Position); ART 8.5.2 (Block an Enemy
Force); ART 8.5.5 (Canalize Enemy Movement); ART 8.5.10 (Defeat an Enemy Force); ART
8.5.11 (Destroy a Designated Enemy Force/Position).

Section VI – Maneuver Support
4-38. Maneuver Support Focuses. MS forces focus on ensuring future Modular Force freedom
of maneuver and protection throughout the theater of operation. MS capabilities are applied
within operating areas, fully integrated within combined arms teams, to ensure continued
friendly freedom of action and denial of enemy freedom of action. On a noncontiguous, three-
dimensional battlefield, the idea of maneuvering fires, sensor networks, and distribution based
sustainment and communications networks broadens the applications of MS capabilities. MS
provides a wide range of integrated actions, both proactive and defensive, that support
uninterrupted momentum, allow maneuver forces to preserve combat power so that it may be
best applied at decisive points and times, and foster rapid transitions in operations. Capabilities
to enable MS concepts are:
• Enable freedom of maneuver.

• Deny enemy freedom of action.
• Engage and control populations.
• Employ nonlethal weapons and munitions.
• Neutralize hazards and restore the environmental.
• Understand the OE.
79
TRADOC Pam 525-66
a. MS concentrates on two interrelated components: freedom of maneuver and protection.

For a maneuver based force, there is significant overlap and synergy between these two
functions, with MS assets, systems, and Soldiers capable of supporting both simultaneously.
b. MS takes on added dimensions and significance with the increasing emphasis on

battlefield frameworks that encompass extended, dispersed, distributed, noncontiguous, and
three-dimensional OE and non-linear operations, to include forcible and early entry operations
and operational maneuver. In addition, the Army’s vision of the OE recognizes that adversaries
will apply a wide array of conventional and unconventional or asymmetric means to deny access
to and movement of friendly forces, starting with their strategic deployment platforms and
continuing within the theater of operations and tactical environment. The physical environment
can affect the ground force, sometimes more than enemy actions, this includes the terrain,
infrastructure, weather, hazards, and the presence and dynamics of the local populace.
c. All of these factors create major challenges to the freedom of action and protection of the
force. Without the proper MS enablers, critical combat power must be diverted to facilitate and
protect the movement of forces and sustainment elements to the operating areas where they will
fight. MS capabilities are also applied within operating areas, fully integrated within combined
arms teams, to ensure continued friendly freedom of action and denial of enemy freedom of
action. On a noncontiguous, three-dimensional battlefield, the idea of “maneuvering” fires,
sensor networks, and communications networks broadens the applications of MS capabilities.
MS provides a wide range of integrated actions, both proactive and defensive, that support
uninterrupted momentum, allow maneuver forces to preserve combat power so that it may be
best applied at decisive points and times, and foster rapid transitions in operations. When
applying MS in military operations, commanders must consider the inherent economy of force
offered by MS, as well as unique risk mitigation features. MS enablers range from embedded
capabilities to reach operations that include National assets. MS assets may include maneuver
and sustainment elements as well.
4-40. Desired Maneuver Support Capabilities

Capabilities to fulfill the vision for MS articulated in joint and Army concepts are identified in
the following areas:
• Enable Freedom of Maneuver.

• Deny Enemy Freedom of Action.
• Engage and Control Populations.
• Neutralize Hazards and Restore the Environment.
• Understand the Operational Environment.
80
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-41. FOC-06-01: Enable Freedom of Maneuver
(1) Enabling freedom of maneuver includes all those actions that guarantee the JFC the
ability to deploy, move, and maneuver, by ground or vertical means, where and when desired,
without interruption or delay, to achieve the intent. The countermine and counter booby trap
missions are both critical aspects of enable freedom of maneuver. The fundamentals of assured
mobility are: predict, detect, prevent, avoid, neutralize, and protect. These six fundamentals
represent overlapping and concurrent tasks that must be accomplished, allowing the JFC to
mitigate impediments to mobility from standoff, and greatly reduce the likelihood of traditional
breaching or neutralization requirements. The application of the fundamentals leads to:
• COP for mobility.

• Means to rapidly ‘breach ahead’ in open, restricted, and urban terrain.
• Means to rapidly cross wet and dry gaps.
• Embedded, standoff, forward- and side-looking remote detection, and
neutralization of hazards such as mines, booby traps, and IEDs.
• Route security and clearance (route reconnaissance and surveillance, LOC/main
supply route regulation enforcement; river and obstacle crossings, and passage of
lines) to include control and maintenance of LOC to, and within, the AO.
• Circulation/traffic control measures. Area/route clearance at operating speeds.
• Ability to differentiate between IED explosive fillers and CBRN fillers at
standoff distances. Ability to deploy and detect full spectrum CBRN markers
during daylight, darkness, and adverse weather conditions.
• Ability to provide obscuration support to integrated joint and coalition operations.
(2) Capabilities to enable freedom of maneuver include:
• COP for Mobility.

• Means to rapidly ‘breach ahead’ in open, restricted, and urban terrain.
• Means to rapidly cross wet and dry gaps.
• Embedded, standoff, forward- and side-looking remote detection, and
neutralization of hazards such as mines, booby traps, and IEDs.
• Route security and clearance (route reconnaissance and surveillance, LOC/main
supply route regulation enforcement; river and obstacle crossings, and passage of
lines) to include control and maintenance of LOC to, and within, the AO.
• Circulation/traffic control measures. Area/route clearance at operating speeds.
• Ability to differentiate between IED explosive fillers and CBRN fillers at
standoff distances. Ability to deploy and detect full spectrum CBRN markers
during daylight, darkness, and adverse weather conditions.
• Ability to provide obscuration support to integrated Joint and Coalition
operations.
81
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative. The mobility of the future Modular Force is critical, to maintain the high
tempo, and operate over the extended distances dictated by this concept. Enabling freedom of
maneuver is one of several key MS enablers of the future Modular Force, and must be developed
to its full potential. Enabling freedom of maneuver extends the concept of air corridor
suppression of enemy air defense, to ground mobility routes, or corridors. A blanket of sensor
coverage will encompass the selected COA, allowing assured route mobility. Sensors will
maintain current, updated SU, and sensor-effects links will preclude the enemy from modifying
the current mobility situation. The current operational pictures will be fed continuously to JFCs,
and area denial systems will prevent enemy alteration. Future requirements for the ISR system
include sensors that can distinguish between friendly, enemy, and civilian activities; integration
of battlefield sensors; mobility decision aids; and denying enemy forces the opportunity to apply
countermobility and surveillance measures.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 5.0 (The Mobility/Countermobility/Survivability Battlefield

Operating System); ART 5.1 (Conduct Mobility Operations); ART 5.1.1 (Overcome
Barriers/Obstacles/Mines); ART 5.1.1.1 (Conduct Breaching Operations); ART 5.1.1.2 (Clear
Obstacles); ART 5.1.1.2.1 (Conduct Area Clearance); ART 5.1.1.2.2 (Conduct Route Clearance);
ART 5.1.1.3 (Conduct River Crossing Operations); ART 5.1.2 (Enhance Movement and
Maneuver); ART 5.1.2.1 (Construct/Maintain Combat Roads and Trails); ART 5.1.2.2
(Construct/Maintain Forward Airfields and Landing Zones); ART 5.2. (Conduct Countermobility
Operations); ART 5.2.1 (Site Obstacles); ART 5.2.2 (Construct, Emplace, or Detonate
Obstacles); ART 5.2.3 (Mark, Report, and Record Obstacles); ART 5.2.4 (Maintain Obstacle
Integration); ART 5.3.5 (Conduct Security Operations); ART 6.3.1.3 (Conduct Maneuver and
Mobility Support Operations); ART 8.5.4 (Bypass Enemy Obstacles/Forces/Positions).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 1 (Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver); OP 1.3.1

(Overcome Operationally Significant Barriers, Obstacles, and Mines); OP 1.3.2. (Enhance
Movement of Operational Forces); OP 1.4 (Provide Operational Countermobility); OP 6.2.13
(Conduct Countermine Activities); ST 1 (Deploy, Concentrate, and Maneuver Theater Forces);
TA 1 (Develop/Conduct Maneuver); TA 1.3 (Conduct Countermine Operations); TA 1.4
(Conduct Mine Operations).
e. Linkage to Concepts: Capstone Concept for Joint Operations; Major Combat

Operations Joint Operating Concept; Force Application Joint Functional Concept; Global Strike
Joint Integrating Concept; Joint Forcible Entry Operations Joint Integrating Concept; TRADOC
Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations – The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept;
TRADOC Pam 525-3-92, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-90, Tactical Maneuver;
TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect; TRADOC Pam 525-3-6, Move.
4-42. FOC-06-02: Deny Enemy Freedom of Action
(1) Key to the success of the future Modular Force will be its ability to maintain an
unprecedented level of freedom of maneuver at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, in
all environments. Equally as critical, is denying the enemy the freedom of action. Denying the
82
TRADOC Pam 525-66
enemy freedom of action includes proactive measures to leverage the physical environment to
isolate enemy forces, deny key terrain, and deny, impede, or canalize enemy movement, in order
to protect friendly forces and their freedom of action, and to place enemy forces in positions of
disadvantage.
(2) Required capabilities include:
• Countermobility means to reinforce friendly fires (intelligent sensor/munitions

fields, and the means to employ them).
• Terrain modification/obstacle emplacement capability, to fix enemy forces, or
disrupt enemy operations.
• Effective isolation during military operations in urban terrain, and operations in
complex terrain, to shield friendly forces, or fix enemy forces.
• Sensor/effects packages, to deny access to critical points.
• Autonomous minefield/mine emplacement and/or recovery.
• Dynamic, self-healing minefields, and other ‘obstacles on demand’.
• Nonlethal capabilities for point and area denial, trafficability, and traction reduction
and countermateriel.
• Unmanned sensors capable of detecting full spectrum CBRN agents.
• Ability to selectively obscure portions of the EM spectrum on demand.
• Ability to positively influence the attitudes, opinions, and behavior of specific
populations to effect isolation of adversaries from popular support.
b. Narrative.
(1) This aspect of MS focuses on enabling our maneuver commanders, and formations, to
seize the initiative in achieving a position of decisive advantage, from the very outset, and
sustaining the initiative throughout a campaign, operation, or engagement. However, the JFC
will almost always face a threat that is empowered by the ‘home court’ advantage. The enemy’s
intimate knowledge of the OE, and its effects (advantages and disadvantages), will give them the
upper hand in maintaining freedom of maneuver, at least initially. The home court mobility
advantage will be the centerpiece of the enemy’s adaptive strategies, to draw tactical formations
into dangerous close combat situations where they have the opportunity to mass, attack, and then
quickly disperse. The enemy’s offensive tactical actions will be opportunistic. Surprise,
combined with asymmetric capabilities, will frequently be a central theme in the design of the
threat’s tactical operations. To succeed, enemy forces at all levels must maintain freedom of
mounted, and dismounted maneuver, throughout the OE, particularly in urban and complex
terrain, where the standoff/long-range precision fires of the future Modular Force may be
degraded.
(2) At the strategic and operational level, denying enemy freedom of action is an integral
part of shaping operations, with a chief aim of creating and/or sustaining opportunities for
subordinate formations to achieve a position of advantage. At the tactical level, denying enemy
freedom of action is more directly tied to shaping tactical engagements. Denying enemy
freedom of action focuses on the employment of MS organizations and assets, to achieve any
combination of five specific effects: deny use of facilities/areas, fix enemy forces, disrupt enemy
83
TRADOC Pam 525-66
operations, shield friendly forces, and reinforce fires. At all levels the Future Force must deny
adversaries freedom of action by isolating them from popular support. From the strategic to the
tactical level nonlethal fires positively affect public opinion and support for indigenous
populations and institutions and future Modular Force actions.
(3) The ability to couple large area, nonlethal effects, with precision delivery from LOS,
BLOS, and NLOS systems, will provide the future Modular Force with an improved range of
options for precise and measured control of target effects, to avoid attrition warfare, and reduce
noncombatant casualties. The future Modular Force will employ nonlethal capabilities, to attack,
influence, isolate, co-opt, and/or neutralize the enemy’s networks and C4ISR capabilities,
prevent their ability to interfere with maneuver elements, provide for area and air space denial,
and degrade the enemy’s night fighting systems. Nonlethal capabilities are required to cause
enemy hiding in defilade, cover, and concealment; or hiding amid the nonbelligerent populace, to
have to move from hiding, and thereby be exposed to lethal effects.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 2.4.2 (Conduct Nonlethal Direct Fire Against a Surface
Target); ART 3.0 (The Fire Support Battlefield Operating System); ART 3.1 (Decide Surface
Targets to Attack); ART 3.2 (Detect and Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.3 (Employ Fires to
Influence the Will and Destroy, Neutralize, or Suppress Enemy Forces); ART 5.3.5 (Conduct
Security Operations); ART 5.3.5.7 (Employ Obscurants); ART 8.5 (Conduct Tactical Mission
Tasks); ART 8.5.2 (Block an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.3 (Breach Enemy Defensive Positions);
ART 8.5.5. (Canalize Enemy Movement); ART 8.5.8 (Contain an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.9
(Control an Area); ART 8.5.13 (Disrupt a Designated Enemy Force’s Formation/Tempo/
Timetable); ART 8.5.15 (Fix an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.18 (Interdict an Area/Route to
Prevent/Disrupt/Delay its Use by an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.19 (Isolate an Enemy Force);
ART 8.5.20 (Neutralize an Enemy Force); ART 8.5.21 (Occupy an Area); ART 8.5.28 (Turn an
Enemy Force).


Operations Joint Operating Concept; Force Application Joint Functional Concept; Global Strike
Joint Integrating Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations – The Army’s
Future Force Capstone Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam
525-3-5, Protect; TRADOC Pam 525-4-1.
4-43. FOC-06-03: Engage and Control Populations
(1) Population engagement is the ability to proactively provide the necessary control,
over demographically diverse populations, to ensure maneuver, MS, and maneuver sustainment
forces are unencumbered in the conduct of their respective operations. Populations are most
often classified as EPW, civilian internees, detainees, internal displaced persons, refugees,
stateless persons, war victims, evacuees, resident stay-put populations, or mass transiting civilian
84
TRADOC Pam 525-66
populations. They can also include indigenous populations and institutions and key leadership
(legitimate or otherwise).
(2) Capabilities must facilitate the JFC’s ability to conduct rapid and decisive combat
operations; deter, mitigate, and defeat threats to populations that may result in conflict; reverse
conditions of human suffering; and build the capacity of a foreign government to effectively care
for, and govern, its population. This includes capabilities to conduct full spectrum shaping
operations to mitigate and defeat the underlying conditions for conflict and counter the core
motivations that result in support to terrorist, insurgent, and other destabilizing groups.
• Population movement, collection, evacuation, and resettlement controls.

• Means to shelter, sustain, guard, protect, and account for EPW, CIs, retained
personnel, and other detainees.
• General engineering support to construct, maintain, and repair camps, facilities,
and/or (necessary or essential) infrastructure for varying populations.
• Means to assist civil authorities to restore basic services, and critical infrastructure
(such as security, safety, utilities, etc.).
• Means to detect, track, and group populations into four broad categories, for
identification and subsequent disposition: EPW, civilian internees, and detainees;
resident populations, refugees, displaced persons, stateless persons, war victims,
and evacuees; insurgent groups and organized crime syndicates; and governmental,
law enforcement, political, informational, military, economic, religious, and social
leaders (legitimate or otherwise).
• Means to mitigate and defeat threats to civil society that may result in conflict; and
establish civilian-military operations center operations.
• Means to generate and deliver PSYOP and counterpropaganda products at targeted
populations.
• Universal language translation capabilities.
• Biometrics for positive identification, detection, database recall, and intelligence
fusion.
• Analytical tools linked to C2 and ISR systems and processes for pattern analysis, to
support PSYOP and civil-military operations, and police/criminal intelligence
efforts.
b. Narrative.
(1) Population dynamics are among the most destabilizing forces in the world today. In
light of persistent armed conflict, and social turmoil throughout our multipolar world, the effects
on populations remain a compelling issue. Many cities are overwhelmed by a growing citizenry
and the presence of rural refugees. The potential for instability in the largest cities is undeniable.
The world population will increase, from 6 billion to 9 billion, in the next two decades, with 95
percent of the growth occurring in the developing world. By 2020, 60 percent of the world’s
population will live in urban areas. Coexisting demographically, and ethnically diverse societies
will aggressively compete for limited resources, such as individual freedoms, employment,
85
TRADOC Pam 525-66
economic benefits, clean water, productive soils, desirable living conditions, mature
infrastructure, political autonomy, and natural resources. Typically, overpopulated third world
societies suffer from a lack of legitimate and effective enforcement mechanisms, which is
generally accepted as one of the cornerstones of a stable society. Stability within population
eliminates the need for military intervention. The goal of the military conducting populace and
resources control is to provide stability within the population, its institutions, and its
infrastructure. Only in the most advanced societies, where supporting governments make a
genuine attempt to care for all of their diverse population groups, will the competition be less
than chaotic. In this rapidly changing and dynamic OE, U.S. Forces will compete with local
populations for the same space, routes, and resources. As displaced noncombatant populations
create an increased demand for humanitarian assistance resources, the control of their movement
and activity is expected to exceed the means of foreign nations, international organizations,
NGOs, and other governmental agencies. The likelihood for uncontrolled populations to impede
U.S. military operations is always present, and can overwhelm an advancing force. Ultimately,
the swelling number of competing groups creates an environment conducive to interference with
maneuver, manueuver support, and maneuver sustainment forces. The future Modular Force’s
ability to positively influence and shape the opinions, attitudes, and behaviors of select
populations is critical to tactical, operational, and strategic success.
(2) An adaptive enemy will manipulate populations, hostile to our intent, by instigating
mass civil disobedience, directing criminal activity, masking their operations in urban and
complex terrain, maintaining an indistinguishable presence through cultural anonymity, and
actively seeking the traditional sanctuary of protected areas, as defined by the rules of land
warfare. Such actions will facilitate dispersal of threat forces, negate technological overmatches,
and degrade our targeting opportunities. Therefore, employment concepts will include
leveraging technology to influence and control populations, maximizing use of ISR sensors and
combat identification of friend, foe, or neutral to differentiate between combatants and
noncombatants, and friendly forces from threat forces, evacuating and resettling EPW and
civilian internees, and conclusively transitioning humanitarian assistance operations to other
functional agencies. The BCT commander can mitigate, or defeat, threats to civil society, by
conducting cooperative operations with multinational organizations, international organizations,
NGO, other governmental agencies, and indigenous populations and institutions. These
represent the aggregate of the people, organizations, and structures that comprise an operational
area’s governmental, political, informational, military, economic, religious, and social systems.
The operational benefits are realized by employing MS enablers to set the conditions that
unburden the JFC, prevent uncontrolled population movement or action from influencing the
commander’s maneuver, and enabling an unconstrained attack, without fear of friendly or
noncombatant interference.
(3) Cultural awareness will enable the JFC to plan (and the Soldier to operate) in a
manner designed to minimize the friction that results from the interaction of differing societies
and cultures. The ability to understand and adapt to the cultural norms of the population in the
OE is a necessary component of OE. Appropriate consideration of culture can facilitate
maneuver throughout the OE, while the opposite will almost certainly have a negative impact of
the future Modular Force’s freedom of maneuver and FP.
86
TRADOC Pam 525-66
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 2.4.2 (Conduct Nonlethal Direct Fire Against a Surface
Target); ART 6.10.3 (Provide Engineer Construction Support); ART 6.13 (Conduct Internment
and Resettlement Activities); ART 6.13.1 (Perform Enemy Prisoners of War/Civilian
Internment); ART 6.13.2 (Conduct Populace and Resource Control); ART 6.14 (Conduct Civil-
Military Operations); ART 6.14.1 (Provide Interface/Liaison Between U.S. Military Forces and
Local Authorities/Nongovernmental Organizations); ART 6.14.2 (Locate and Identify Population
Centers); ART 6.14.3 (Identify Local Resources/Facilities/Support); ART 6.14.4 (Advise
Commanders of Obligations to Civilian Population); ART 6.14.5 (Resettle Refugees and
Displaced Civilians); ART 6.14.6 (Establish Temporary Civil Administration (Friendly, Allied,
and Occupied Enemy Territory)); ART 6.14.6.7 (Provide Public Safety Support).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 4.6.4 (Provide Law Enforcement and Prisoner Control); Strategic
National tasks (SN) 8.1.10 (Coordinate Actions to Combat Terrorism); ST 4.4.3 (Coordinate
Law Enforcement and Prisoner Control); ST 6.2.6.3 (Establish and Coordinate Protection of
Theater Air, Land, and Sea Lines of Communications); ST 6.2.6.4 (Establish and Coordinate
Theater-Wide Counterintelligence Requirements); ST 8.4.1 (Advise and Support Counterdrug
Operations in Theater); ST 8.4.2 (Assist in Combating Terrorism); TA 1.2.4 (Conduct
Counterdrug Operations); TA 6.3 (Conduct Rear Area Security).
e. Linkage to Concepts: Capstone Concept for Joint Operations; Military Support to

Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations Joint Operating Concept;
Deterrence Operations Joint Operating Concept; Protection Joint Functional Concept; TRADOC
TRADOC Pam 525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect.
4-44. FOC-06-04: Employ Nonlethal Weapons and Munitions
(1) Nonlethal weapons are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to

temporarily incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to
personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment. Unlike conventional lethal
weapons that destroy their targets through blast, penetration, and fragmentation, nonlethal
weapons employ means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from
functioning. Nonlethal weapons are intended to have one, or both, of the following
characteristics:
(a) Relatively reversible effects on personnel or material.
(b) Affect personnel and materiel differently within their area of influence.
(2) The Joint Mission Area Analysis for Nonlethal Weapons

(https://www.jnlwp.com/research.asp) outlines required nonlethal capabilities in three core
requirements: counterpersonnel, countermateriel, and countercapabilities. Nonlethal weapons
should enhance the capability of U.S. forces to accomplish the following objectives:
87
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(a) Discourage, delay, or prevent hostile actions.
(b) Limit escalation.
(c) Take military action in situations where the use of lethal force is either not the
preferred option, or is not permitted under the established ROE.
(d) Better protect our forces.
(e) Disable equipment, facilities, and enemy personnel.
(f) Engage and control people through civil affairs operations and PSYOP.
(g) Dislodge enemy from positions without causing extensive collateral damage.
(h) Separate combatants from noncombatants.
(i) Deny terrain to the enemy.
(3) The future Modular Force, specifically, must be provided with organic nonlethal
capabilities to disrupt, dislocate, disorganize, disintegrate, fix, isolate, suppress, and destroy
enemy functions. JFCs, furthermore, must be provided with multifunctional/multirole lethality
options in integrated multipurpose system configurations. This will require the development of
nonlethal weapons that are revolutionary in their capability to achieve scalable effects against
targets, from mere discomfort to severe pain.
(4) The future Modular Force Soldier must have the ability to employ a wide array of
lethal and nonlethal munitions based upon mission need and FP. Nonlethal munitions may
include antimaterial, malodorants, EM, directed energy, thermal, marking, acoustic,
incapacitating electric, kinetic, and optical. These nonlethal capabilities will be essential for
improved FP, limiting collateral damage and reducing noncombatant and friendly force
casualties, especially during operations in urban and complex terrain. Commanders must also be
able to execute real time BDA of the nonlethal weapons’ or systems’ affect on target, especially
when employing nonlethal weapons systems at standoff ranges.
b. Narrative. While the Army must remain optimized for major combat operation, smaller-
scale contingencies will occur much more often, presenting unique challenges. Historically,
smaller scale contingencies have occurred in regions with weak infrastructure, complex terrain,
and diverse weather patterns. Threats typically have included mid- to low-end industrial forces,
to include heavy forces equipped with early generation tanks and some mechanized, motorized,
or light infantry. The typically pervasive presence of guerilla, paramilitary, and other
unconventional forces further complicates operations and broadens concerns about FP. It is this
pervasive environment coupled with the presence of an actively supportive civilian populace that
has caused the employment of nonlethal weapons. The major combat operation focus, coupled
with the increasing likelihood of smaller-scale contingencies, clearly establishes the need for a
full spectrum force. This force must be able to: execute FSOs; minimize noncombatant
88
TRADOC Pam 525-66
fatalities, permanent injury, and undesired damage to property and environment; maintain FP,
reinforcing deterrence; and expand the range of options available to JFCs. All of these
imperatives demonstrate a clear need for nonlethal weapons, even in conjunction with lethal
weapons, to achieve a decisive outcome.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.4.1 (Provide Intel Support to Targeting); ART 2.4 (Conduct
Direct Fires); ART 2.4.2 (Conduct NL Direct Fire Against a Surface Target); ART 3.0 (The Fire
Support BOS); ART 3.3.2 (Conduct NL Fire Support/Offensive Info Operations); ART 5.3.1.9
(Conduct Suppression of Enemy Air Defense); ART 5.3.8.1 (Counter the Threat); ART 7.3.3.1
(Conduct Battle Damage Assessment); ART 7.4.2.3 (Degrade Enemy Decisions); ART
8.1.2.1 (Conduct an Ambush).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 3.2 (Manage National Strategic Firepower); SN 3.3.4 (Apply

National Nonlethal Capabilities); SN 3.2.6 (Develop National Strategic Attack Policy); SN 3.3
(Employ National Strategic Firepower); SN 3.3.2 (Synchronize Strategic Attack); SN 3.3.4
(Employ National Nonlethal Capabilities); SN 3.4.1 (Provide Strategic Air Defense); SN 3.4.4
(Safeguard National Strategic Capabilities); SN 9.1 (Deter the Use of CBRNE Weapons by
Threat of Force); ST 3.2.2; ST 1.6; ST 3; ST 3.1; ST 3.2; ST 3.2.2; ST 3.2.3; ST 9.2; OP 2.4.2.4
(Provide Target Intel for the Joint Operational Area); OP 3 (Employ Operational Firepower); OP
3.1 (Conduct Joint Force Targeting); OP 3.1.6.1 (Assess Battle Damage on Operational Targets);
OP 3.2.2 (Conduct Attack on Operational Targets Using NL Means); OP 3.2.2.4 (Conduct NL
Attack on Personnel, Equipment & Installations Using NL Means); OP 3.2.7 (Synchronize
Operational Firepower); OP 7.1 (Coordinate Counterforce Operations in the Joint Operations
Area); TA 3 (Employ Firepower); TA 3.2.6 (Conduct Attacks Using Nonlethal Means).
e. Linkage to Concepts: Capstone Concept for Joint Operations; Military Support to

Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations Joint Operating Concept;
Deterrence Operations Joint Operating Concept; Protection Joint Functional Concept; TRADOC
TRADOC Pam 525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect; TRADOC
Pam 525-4-1, Strike; TRADOC Pam 525-73, Concept for Nonlethal Capabilities in Army
Operations.
4-45. FOC-06-05: Neutralize Hazards and Restore the Environment
(1) Neutralize hazards and restore the environment includes those efforts to reduce, or
eliminate, the operational impact and effects of a full range of environment-based hazards,
through avoidance, mitigation, neutralization and, when necessary, restoration of the
environment to acceptable safety levels IAW Status of Forces Agreement
(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/sofa.htm) criteria . Capabilities and enablers
must exist to avoid, mitigate effects, and neutralize hazards of all types, including industrial
hazards, and WME.
89
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Means to perform environmental risk assessment, including establishment of the

environmental baseline.
• Means to conduct consequence management, when hazards cannot be avoided, or
when hazards result from interception (such as reachback for consequence
management experts).
• Be able to decontaminate vehicles on the move or at a minimum provide a
deployable thorough decontamination capability far forward on the battlefield
(automation).
• Be able to “see” contamination and only decontaminate those specific areas to reduce
time, manpower, and logistics.
• Reduction or elimination of manpower requirements during decontamination
operations. (Can be accomplished through automation/robotics and composite
applications to surfaces to act as a preventive or reactive coating.)
• Reduce logistics footprint of decontamination operations. (Need to continue
pursuing the “silver bullet” decontaminant and at a minimum use non-aqueous
decontaminants).
• Means to perform area damage control.
• Means to provide preventative medicine, and environmental surveillance.
• Disposal of unexploded ordnance.
• Means to conduct denial operations, to eliminate potential full spectrum CBRN
hazards, to include toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and TIMs.
b. Narrative.
(1) Enemy forces are likely to have access to, and be willing to employ WME, including
the use of full spectrum CBRN weapons, toxic industrial chemicals, TIMs, and conventional
mines and minefields. The enemy will use full spectrum CBRN to shape the battlefield, inflict
casualties, and disrupt access to ports and airfields against targets of opportunity, or even against
their own people, to create the perception that American forces employed them against civilians.
The U.S. Forces could become exposed to full spectrum CBRN hazards used as a weapon of
opportunity, anywhere on the battlefield, during any phase of conflict. Exposure could occur as
a result of an intentional enemy attack, through an attack on a production or storage facility, as
the result of collateral damage, or through catastrophic releases of toxic or contaminated
materials. Delivery means vary, and can range in technological sophistication from a bicycle to
a ballistic missile.
(2) The future Modular Force will be prepared to identify and deal with a wide variety of
incidental and accidental hazards, and will practice sound environmental stewardship, consistent
with the military situation. Neutralizing hazards, and restoring the environment, consists of
many military tasks, ranging from identifying and mitigating toxic substances, pollutants, and
full spectrum CBRN hazards; to military construction and repairs; clearing mines and other
obstacles; decontaminating vehicles, equipment, and infrastructure; and destroying unexploded
ordinance. It also includes preventive medicine, environmental surveillance, and identification
of chemical, biological, and nuclear agents, environmental safety precautions, and protection or
elimination of potential hazard sources. Neutralizing hazards, and restoring the environment,
occurs across the FSOs, from disaster relief, to major combat operations, in any phase of an
90
TRADOC Pam 525-66
operation, in the continental United States (CONUS) and abroad. It supports homeland security,
force projection, assured theater access, and preserves combat power, sustaining operational and
logistical distribution, and minimizing casualties, both military and civilian.
(3) The future Modular Force will minimize damage to soil, air, and water, in a manner
consistent with the military mission. The Army’s responsibility is to minimize health and
occupational risks to Soldiers, while minimizing environmental impacts. Military operations are
inherently harmful to the human and natural environment. The policy of the U.S. military is that
incidental and collateral damage to the environment will be minimized (Status of Forces
Agreement). The U.S. will not deliberately, and without compelling military necessity, damage
the soil, air, water, or cultural or socioeconomic entities of any nation, on any battlefield. The
Army recognizes that minimizing incidental and collateral environmental damage, to the natural
environment, is clearly the most responsible, cost-effective, and long-term solution for reducing
risks to human health, and the natural environment. By minimizing these damaging
environmental impacts, the Army reduces compliance violations, and the costs of restoration.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 4.2.1.(Search for Aerial Platforms); ART 4.2.2.(Detect Aerial
Platforms); ART 4.2.3.(Locate Aerial Platforms); ART 4.2.4.(Characterize Aerial Platforms)
ART 5.1.1 (Overcome Barriers/Obstacles/Mines); ART 5.1.1.2 (Clear Obstacles); ART 5.1.1.2.1
(Conduct Area Clearance); ART 5.1.1.2.2. (Conduct Route Clearance); ART 5.3 (Conduct
Survivability Operations); ART 5.3.1 (Protect Against Enemy Hazards within the Area of
Operations); ART 5.3.1.1 (Protect Individuals and Systems); ART 5.3.1.4 (Employ Protective
Equipment); ART 5.3.2 (Conduct Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Defense); ART
5.3.2.1 (Provide NBC Protection to Friendly Forces); ART 5.3.2.1.1 (Employ Contamination
Avoidance); ART 5.3.2.1.2 (Identify Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Hazards); ART 5.3.2.1.3
(Warn Personnel/Units of Contaminated Areas); ART 5.3.2.1.4 (Report NBC Hazards
Throughout the Area of Operations); ART 5.3.2.1.5 (Use Individual/Collective Nuclear,
Biological, and Chemical Protective Equipment); ART 5.3.2.1.6 (Prepare for a Nuclear Strike);
ART 5.3.2.2 (Decontaminate Personnel and Systems); ART 5.3.2.2.1 (Perform Immediate
Decontamination); ART 5.3.2.2.2 (Perform Operational Decontamination); ART 5.3.2.2.3
(Perform Thorough Decontamination); ART 5.3.2.2.4 (Perform Area Decontamination); ART
5.3.2.2.5 (Perform Patient Decontamination); ART 5.3.4 (Provide Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Support); ART 6.10 (Provide General Engineer Support); ART 6.10.1 (Restore Damaged Areas);
ART 6.10.2 (Construct and Maintain Sustainment Lines of Communications); ART 6.10.3
(Provide Engineer Construction Support); ART 6.10.4 (Supply Mobile Electric Power); ART
6.10.5 (Provide Facilities Engineering Support).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 1.3.1 (Overcome Operationally Significant Barriers, Obstacles,

and Mines); OP 1.4 (Provide Operational Countermobility); OP 6 (Provide Operational Force
Protection); OP 6.2 (Provide Protection for Operational Forces, Means, and Noncombatants);
OP 6.2.8 (Establish NBC Protection in the Joint Operations Area); OP 6.2.13 (Conduct
Countermine Activities).

Operations Joint Operating Concept; Protection Joint Functional Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-
91
TRADOC Pam 525-66
0, The Army in Joint Operations – The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept; TRADOC Pam
525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect.
4-46. FOC-06-06: Understand the Operational Environment
(1) The OE includes physical, informational, and human dimensions. These dimensions
are dynamic; they change over time, often in difficult to predict ways. Understanding the OE is
real time understanding of the environment (space, air, water, ground, subterranean), including
terrain, weather, infrastructure, hazards, populations, and their interaction, impact on operations,
and options to leverage or mitigate effects, tailored to the commander’s needs. The five basic
functions required to fully understand the physical dimension of the OE are: data acquisition,
data exploitation, data management, data representation, and data dissemination.
• Locate and Map Tunnels.

• Collection, generation and fusion of high-resolution geospatial data, and
comprehensive operational environment information, that includes real time
collection of new data, as well as supplementing existing data sets with more detail,
to Include civil and cultural data.
• Exploitation of the full range of sensors (including humans) to gather required
operational environment and timely fusion of this data into actionable information.
For example, Civil Affairs Team, Civil Liaison Teams, and Civil Affairs Functional
Experts collect civil data for project assessments.
• Accurate, timely, current, relevant and scalable operational environment data that is
compatible with the network-centric environment.
• Common or configurable databases, interoperable with current, future JIM systems.
These same databases are used in garrison, in training and in war.
• Tailorable operational environment representation products, displayed either visually,
or in some other form that is compatible with the user needs.
• Computer-aided analysis and reasoning tools that enable prediction and
understanding, and provide accurate, timely, current and actionable advice.
• Efficient data management (storage, retrieval and update) resulting in the exploitation
of vast amounts of operational environment information.
• Timely and assured, verified and validated IA dissemination of operational
environment information to all who require it.
• Reachback to cultural/sociological subject matter expertise specific to the culture of
the operational environment.
(3) Joint and coalition forces must have special purpose sensors capable of detecting and
classifying full spectrum CBRNE threats. These CBRNE sensors must be integrated to accept
data from disparate sensors existing for specific purposes not related to CBRNE (meteorological,
fire control, and others) that, when combined with CBRNE sensor data, produce a synergistic
data improvement.
92
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(4) At the National Army command levels, there is a need to connect military
decisionmakers to civilian organizations such as the U.S. Health and Human Services, World
Health Organization, hospitals, and retail sales sources. This connectivity can provide seemingly
disconnected indicators (rash of respiratory cases, ballooning off the shelf medication sales,
industrial chemical ailments, etc.) that may indicate a WME attack masked by cyclic, seasonal
illnesses (flu or allergy seasons, holiday travel crowds).
(5) Civil IM facilitates the JFC’s SA, SU and full spectrum dominance. Developing the
civil COP helps to achieve civil information dominance to support effects based operations.
Civil IM must also support:
• Interagency (Department of State, Department of Homeland Security, United State of

America for International Development, etc.).
• Coalition Partners (NATO, PFP, GWOT, etc.).
• Partner/Host Nation (PN/HN), International Organizations (UN, World Bank, IMF, OAS,
etc.).
• NGOs (Red Cross, World Vision, etc.).
b. Narrative.
(1) The threat will stress adaptation and flexibility. Our adversaries will understand their
OE, and seek to deny the same understanding to us. They will seek advantages of weather,
terrain, and light conditions; take sanctuary in urban and other complex terrain, and employ
terrain masking; and protect HPTs, by shielding these amongst noncombatants. They will
leverage terrain by using natural and man-made obstacles, terrain compartments, and population
centers (further complicated with mines and booby traps) to deny the JF freedom of movement.
They will protect themselves from targeting, using cover and concealment, deception,
obscuration, and terrain masking. They will employ special purpose forces, terror, long-range
strikes, WME, and information capabilities. The enemy will attempt attacks on our homeland,
friendly points of embarkation/points of debarkation, intermediate bases of operations, and key
deployment nodes and routes. Opponents will try to counter U.S. strengths by attacking, or
exploiting, our weaknesses, especially our critical dependence on C4ISR, so vital to our
synergistic, SOS approach. Simple and effective ISR means will allow them to leverage
advanced technologies, developed by others, with a focus on their force effectiveness, rather than
a competitive system overmatch with the U.S. JFCs at all levels must know how the
environment, across the full range of natural and man-made elements, will impact their
operations, as well as the operations of the enemy, and be able to use this knowledge to gain
military advantage. Future Modular Force units will dominate land operations, providing the
decisive complement to sea, air, and space operations. Soldiers and leaders, integrated through
an information network, while operationally dispersed across the OE, will provide the JFC SU.
It is critical to be able to predict and understand, in real time, the impact of the environment and
cultural aspects on friendly and enemy systems, including personnel, tactics, platforms, sensors
and weapons. Rapid access to expert knowledge will minimize the danger of cultural
misunderstanding that can rapidly deteriorate into confrontation.
93
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(2) Leaders will conduct rapid, tactical decisionmaking, commander action-centric

operations, from physical rehearsals, to virtual, and from static CPs, to battle command on the
move. Terrain and weather form the foundation of the COP, the summation of critical combat
information within the OE. The ability to achieve IS, conduct precision engagement, and
execute rapid, violent decisive engagements, will hinge on the quality, fidelity, and freshness of
the COP. Accurate terrain and weather products, with great spatial and temporal detail, will be a
necessity for supporting network sensing, mission analysis, and the military decisionmaking
process.
(3) In order to achieve unprecedented momentum, and freedom of maneuver, the future
Modular Force must see the complete picture of the operating environment, in all of its aspects.
Further, the future Modular Force must have an understanding of this picture that allows it to
take away the enemy’s ‘home court advantage,’ and give our leaders a better understanding of
the environment than our adversaries. Future Modular Force units will see first by detecting,
identifying, and tracking the individual components of enemy units. Advanced technologies,
that lead to unprecedented ISR capabilities, coupled with other ground, air, and space sensors,
are networked to provide a common, integrated operational picture that will enable seeing the
enemy, both in whole, and in part, as a complex, adaptive organization.
(Support to Situational Understanding); ART 1.1.1 (Perform Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefield); ART 1.1.1.1 (Define the Operational Environment); ART 1.1.1.2 (Describe the
Environmental Effects on Operations); ART 1.1.1.5 (Conduct Geospatial Engineering
Operations and Functions); ART 1.1.2 (Perform Situation Development); ART 1.5 (Conduct
Police Intelligence Operations); ART 1.3.1 (Perform Intelligence Synchronization); ART 1.3.1.1
(Develop Information Requirements); ART 1.3.1.2 (Develop the Intelligence Synchronization
Plan); ART 2.2.5 (Exploit Terrain to Expedite Tactical Movements); ART 7.0 (The Command
and Control Battlefield Operating System); ART 7.2 (Manage Tactical Information); ART 7.2.1
(Collect Relevant Information); ART 7.2.2 (Process Relevant Information to Create A Common
Operational Picture); ART 7.2.3 (Display a Common Operational Picture Tailored to User
Needs); ART 7.2.4 (Store Relevant Information); ART 7.2.5 (Disseminate Common Operational
Picture and Execution Information to High, Lower, Adjacent, Supported, and Supporting
Organizations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 2 (Provide Operational Intelligence, Surveillance, and

Reconnaissance); ST 2 (Conduct Theater Strategic Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance); TA 2 (Develop Intelligence).

Operations Joint Operating Concept; Operational Environment Awareness Joint Functional
Concept; Command and Control Joint Integrating Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-0, The Army
in Joint Operations – The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-1,
Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-3, Battle Command.
94
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Section VII - Protection
4-47. Protection Capabilities

Protection is a process, a set of activities and capabilities by which the future Modular Force
protects personnel (combatant/noncombatant), information, and physical assets against the full
spectrum of threats. The future Modular Force will achieve this through the scaled and tailored
selection and application of multilayered, active and passive, lethal and nonlethal measures,
across the ROMO, based on assessment of an acceptable level of risk. The future Modular Force
must protect itself from point of origin, continuing through transit, employment, sustainment,
and redeployment. The goal is to prevent adversaries from employing capabilities that would
restrict or prevent the future Modular Force from conducting decisive actions at a time and place
of our choosing.
a. The key protection activities are detect, assess, warn, defend, and recover.
b. Mission capability Areas that focus protections efforts are:
• Protect personnel.
• Protect assets.
• Protect information.
• Protect unit

To implement future JF protection, the Protection Joint Functional Concept identifies four
mission capability areas: protect personnel, protect physical assets, protect information, and
protect unit. These mission capability areas are groupings of task-related mission capability
elements that provide a synergistic effort to identify and develop protection capability enablers.
In order to optimize protection, these capabilities must have the following attributes: fully
integrated, networked, persistent, and effective. Their development and employment will focus
on ensuring the JF is provided with the maximum opportunity to conduct operations.
4-49. Desired Protection Capabilities

Protection capabilities fall into the following areas:
• Protect personnel.
• Protect physical assets.
• Protect information.
• Protect unit.
4-50. FOC-07-01: Protect Personnel
(1) The elements of personnel protection are: medical, antiterrorism, personal safety,
fratricide, counterdrug, noncombatant evacuation, defensive deception and PSYOP, personnel
recovery, consequence management, CBRNE detection, and enhanced high explosive (such as,
95
TRADOC Pam 525-66
CBRNE) protection, counterintelligence, human intelligence, explosive ordnance demolition,

and maritime interdiction operations.
(2) A description of the capabilities required to provide effective personnel protection

follows:
(a) Detect. Detecting, monitoring, tracking and engaging adversary threats directed
against military and civilian personnel. Surveillance, detecting and tracking must provide the
necessary real time 360° hemispherical data to JFCs to view the overall threat to military and
civilian personnel. A clear picture of the threat to personnel will allow the JFC to better
synchronize protection measures against specific threats in time, space, and purpose. It will also
allow the JFC to more rapidly identify and deploy resources in a manner where they will have
the most effect to protect personnel and mitigate and or neutralize enemy capabilities through the
engagement of hostile capabilities. Capabilities must include the ability to sense/detect
personnel-borne explosive devices, including a standoff detection capability.
(b) Assess. The JFC must continually assess an adversary’s capability for or understand
the dynamics of an actual attack against personnel through the collection of different types of
information from different sources. The commander must arrive at an understandable construct
of pending attack, or task defensive measures (both active and passive), to protect personnel to
reduce casualties, and to affect recovery operations. JFCs must develop appropriate
countermeasures to threats that will enhance personnel survivability and safety and repelling
attacks.
(c) Warn. Timely decision to warn personnel of impending attack and decide on what
individual and collective personnel protection measures to implement (active and passive
personnel protection measures) to achieve the desired degree of personnel survivability to
support continuity of operations. From a clear SA and SU of adversary actions, timely
protection measures may be implemented that will deny an adversary the ability to damage,
destroy, or adversely affect personnel operating in a specific area. In order to develop personnel
protection decisions and actions, JFCs must have a high degree of confidence that the personnel
protection measures they take against an anticipated or actual adversary’s attack will have a high
degree of success and will achieve the desired result.
(d) Defend. Based on the JFC’s assessment of the threat against personnel, specific
active and passive personnel protection measures are executed. Personnel may be directed to
don protective gear or go into hardened protective shelters. The timely and successful execution
of personnel protection measures will reduce the effects of an adversary’s attack, will allow the
future Modular Force to better cope with a deteriorating situation, and will allow continuity of
personnel operations and support recovery operations to return the future Modular Force to an
operational status as soon as possible. A coordinated effort is required to ensure the capability to
continue minimum essential functions and responsibilities during a catastrophic attack.
(e) Recover. Timely recovery is essential. Capabilities that support actions taken to
mitigate the attack must include the ability to employ active and passive measures aimed at
decreasing the impact of adversary attacks. If effectively applied, these capabilities will
96
TRADOC Pam 525-66
facilitate quicker recovery. Recovery operations must include actions to effectively treat injured
personnel, sanitize affected equipment, and return all too operational readiness.
(f) Understand. In the future OE the ability to understand what you observe is critical.
Effective detection and assessment of threats are dependent upon an underlying understanding of
the culture and the behaviors and conditions that are the norm for that society. Adapting
perceptions to accept these norms and recognizing a deviation from these norms and responding
correctly is critical to anticipating and neutralizing a threat. Improper interpretation and reaction
to behavior may create a threat where none existed before.
b. Narrative. Protection of personnel is protection against the effects of adversary

capabilities employed against the JF’s combatant and noncombatant personnel, its friends and its
allies. Protection activities must be fully integrated, networked, capable of mitigating the effects
of an attack, and facilitate persistence within the OE. The process must protect military and
selected/designated civilian personnel from the effects of kinetic, nonkinetic, chemical,
biological, nuclear, explosives, projectiles, and directed enemy weapons. However, vehicle
active protection systems must provide protection without adding an additional weight burden to
the vehicle itself. Add on armor and slat armor are effective but their weight creates undo stress
on suspensions and drive trains. Protection of personnel must also consider mitigating the
effects of disease (nonbattle injury), through immunizations. Force health protection represents a
critical part of the full spectrum of protecting against health threats to personnel. The desired
outcome of personnel protection is mission assurance and continuity of personnel operations.
Personnel protection measures may be both active and passive and will include
surveillance/detection, warning to don protective gear or going to collective shelters, monitoring
and assessing the degree of contamination, treatment and personnel rescue after an attack.
Personnel protection includes the medical capabilities of medical surveillance/intelligence to
detect, assess, warn against health threats, use of medical countermeasures to defend against
threats, and medical rehabilitative care to recover following injury and illness.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.1.3 (Provide Intelligence Support to Force Protection); ART
1.3 (Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)); ART 2.2.1.1 (Conduct a
Survivability Move); ART 4.0 (The Air Defense Battlefield Operating System); ART
4.1.(Prepare to Defend Against Air Attack and Aerial Surveillance); ART 4.2(Process Tactical
Aerial Platforms); ART 4.3.(Destroy Aerial Platforms);ART 5.3 (Conduct Survivability
Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST 6 (Coordinate Theater Force Protection); OP 6 (Provide

Operational Force Protection); TA 6 (Protect the Force).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect.
4-51. FOC-07-02: Protect Physical Assets
a. Capstone Capabilities. The continuous and cyclical nature of protecting critical assets
is described by the interaction of the force operations activities related to sensing, understanding,
deciding, and executing the tasks necessary to ensure attacks on critical assets are avoided,
97
TRADOC Pam 525-66
neutralized, or mitigated. The force operations activities and how they are mapped to physical
asset protection are as follows:
(1) Detect. The future Modular Force must be able to monitor, detect, track and engage
adversary actions against critical facilities and infrastructure in sufficient time and distance to
enable protection activities execution (adequately protecting these facilities and infrastructure
and allowing time to assess the effectiveness of protection measures, and provide for sufficient
mitigation and negation of these attacks through active and passive measures). Additionally, a
system of personnel security measures to ensure the integrity of employees, contractors, and
others who have access to critical assets in order to prevent sabotage and espionage must be
incorporated in the protection process. Sensing physical attacks, such as air and missile attacks,
cyber attacks, and sub-surface attacks against critical facilities will require pulling together
multiple sensing capabilities and information input sources.
(2) Assess. The JFC must continually assess, develop, and gain a clear picture of the OE
and gain a real time depiction of the threat against critical assets. Developing an initial
understanding of the threat against critical facilities and the vulnerability of these facilities, will
require the integration of sensors and information networks to provide the data necessary to
create SA (or orient on the threat), allowing the future Modular Force to take timely and accurate
protection measures to counter adversary actions against key facilities and to achieve the desired
protection affects.
(3) Warn. This involves making timely and appropriate active and passive protection
measure decisions based on the information collected from various sources. JFCs must decide to
issue appropriate warnings to units and facilities and must deduce appropriate COA to
implement appropriate critical asset protection measures in order to prevent or mitigate hostile
actions against facilities. Commanders can elect to take active defense measures to interdict and
neutralize an adversary’s actions, or to take passive defense measures in anticipation of an
adversary’s attack. Once JFCs reach a decision, issuing timely warnings and implementing
decisions will require a C2 system that provides effective means to issue warnings and to
coordinate decisions to ensure mission success and to achieve the desired protection affects.
(4) Defend. The execution of active and passive protection orders and measures is
critical to achieving effective personnel protection and to defending against an adversary’s
attack. JFCs must execute a desired plan based on collaborative intelligence, to include
providing direction to subordinates to accomplish the successful protection of physical assets and
posture the JF for timely recovery,. Execution must be of sufficient tempo and quality to give
commanders the advantage over an adversary within his force operations activity structure.
(5) Recover. Recovery spans reconstitution efforts for forces deployed, assisting in
managing the consequences of an attack at an installation, or conducting military support to
designated civilian agencies. To support recovery, capabilities must be developed to reduce
vulnerability and when required enable the commander to quickly restore physical assets to
operational readiness.
98
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(6) Understand. In the future OE the ability to understand what you observe is critical.
Effective detection and assessment are dependent upon an underlying understanding of the
culture and the behaviors and conditions that are the norm for that society. Adapting perceptions
to accept these norms and recognizing a deviation from these norms and responding correctly is
critical to anticipating and neutralizing a threat. Improper interpretation and reaction to behavior
may create a threat where none existed before.
b. Narrative.
(1) The key elements of protecting physical assets are: critical infrastructure (both
military and civilian), facilities, electronic protection, physical infrastructure (both natural and
built, military and civilian), major equipment (such as, space-related facilities, air, surface, and
sub-surface platforms, satellites, major bases, intermediate staging base(s) (ISB), etc.), rear area
security, logistic lines of communications, space control, space operations, insensitive
munitions/ordnance safety, mine clearing/countermeasures, anti-surface warfare and maritime
intercept/interdiction operations.
(2) The desired outcome of critical asset protection is mission assurance, continuity of
operations, and continuity of distribution and sustainment. Protection of physical assets may
include active (monitor, detect, defend, access control systems, random access measures) and
passive (use of fences, alarms, reaction forces, barriers, facility hardening) defense measures.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.3 (Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

(ISR)); ART 2.2.11 (Conduct a Survivability Move); ART 4.0 (The Air Defense Battlefield
Operating System); ART 5.3 (Conduct Survivability Operations); ART 5.3.5 (Conduct Security
Operations); ART 6.3.1.3 (Conduct Maneuver and Mobility Support Operations); ART 6.10.3
(Provide Engineer Construction Support); ART 6.13 (Conduct Internment and Resettlement
Activities); ART 6.13.2 (Conduct Populace and Resource Control); ART 7.7.2.2 (Provide Law
and Order).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 6 (Provide Operational Force Protection); ST 6 (Coordinate

Theater Force Protection); TA 6 (Protect the Force); OP 6.5.2 (Protect and Secure Flanks, Rear
Areas, and COMMZ in the Joint Operations Area); OP 6.5.3 (Protect/Secure Operationally
Critical Installations, Facilities, and Systems); OP 6.5.4 (Protect and Secure Air, Land, and Sea
Lines of Communications in the Joint Operations Area); SN 8.1.10 (Coordinate Actions to
Combat Terrorism); ST 6.2.6.3 (Establish and Coordinate Protection of Theater Air, Land, and
Sea Lines of Communications); ST 6.2.6.4 (Establish and Coordinate Theater-Wide
Counterintelligence Requirements); ST 8.4.2 (Assist in Combating Terrorism); TA 6.3 (Conduct
Rear Area Security).
4-52. FOC-07-03: Protect Information
a. Capstone Capabilities. The conduct of information protection is the interaction of the

force operations activities related to sensing, understanding, deciding, and executing the tasks
99
TRADOC Pam 525-66
necessary to ensure that cyber attacks are avoided, neutralized, or mitigated. The force
operations activities and how they relate to computer network defense are:
(1) Detect. The future Modular Force must employ an information protection sensor grid
to monitor networks and detect potential EAs against system vulnerabilities. The grid is a
coordinated constellation of intrusion and anomaly detection systems (implemented and
deployed throughout the future Modular Force INFOSYS and computer networks. The sensors
report back to Service, theater, and joint information protection service providers. Cyber attack
refers to the attack on the world’s networks, or cyberspace, by terriorist groups, narcotics
traffickers, and organized crime. Cyber attacks may cause netrwork downing, information
compromise, wrong instructions to trigger other events and much more. Cyber attacks can
supplement or replace traditional military attacks, greatly complicating and expanding the
vulnerabilities we must anticapte and counter.
(2) Assess. Assessing and understanding the nature of an adversary cyber attack requires
the ability to quickly and accurately determine the characteristics of the attack including
criticality and vulnerability of the systems against which an attack is directed, source of the
attack, and purpose of the attack. By comparing the current attack’s characteristics to previous
attacks and coordinating with other information protection providers to learn if they are similarly
affected, a JFC gains SU. A rapid assessment and employing state of the art event correlation
and data reduction tools is critical to providing the JFC with predictions about the attack’s effects
on future Modular Force networks and the operational impact on the JFC’s COA.
(3) Warn. The ability to take timely and appropriate defensive action is based on the
future Modular Force’s ability to warn users quickly and to make the right decisions that enable
supporting commanders to effectively counter adversary cyber attacks. Effective information
protection decisions must include efficient and effective implementation of the information
condition and the information assurance process for warning others of the cyber attack,
determining the appropriate actions to mitigate the effects of the current attack, and selecting
additional protection measures to preclude a future occurrence.
(4) Defend. Execution of active and passive defensive response measures must be swift,
focused, and effective. Successful execution is predicated upon well-understood, actionable
intelligence that identifies the attack’s characteristics and the attacker’s identity sufficient to
support a wide range of information protection response operations, as well as the restoration and
recovery of future Modular Force network capabilities. Effective information protection relies
heavily on automated remediation tools and can include recommendations or actions by network
operations (including IA) restoration priorities, law enforcement, military forces, and other U.S.
government agencies.
(5) Recover. The ability to effectively withstand attacks on friendly INFOSYS is

measured by system resilience and the ability to precisely detect, identify, and to disseminate
precise warnings and actions taken to isolate, repel or mitigate the effects of the attacks. The
recovery capabilities will include effective access denial, the ability to recover from EM attacks,
ability to prevent/mitigate system intrusions, and the ability to restore corrupted data.
100
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative.
(1) The protection of information is any action taken to protect, monitor, analyze, detect,
and respond to unauthorized activity within future Modular Force, DOD INFOSYS, and
computer networks. Protection activities must be fully integrated, networked, provide the ability
for the computer network to persist within the OE, and be effective mitigating the effects of an
attack. Protecting information consists of both active and passive defensive measures to protect
and defend systems, and when designated, non-DOD information, computers, and networks.
Information protection processes employ IA technical solutions to the greatest extent possible.
The desired outcome of protecting information is sustained computer capabilities to support the
wide range of required computer operations and IA.
(2) Unauthorized activity may include disruption, denial, degradation, destruction,

exploitation, or access to computer networks, INFOSYS or their contents, or theft of
information. Information protection measures intend to deter and defend networks from isolated
threats and to detect and restore capabilities from state sponsored threats.
(3) The key elements and strategy of protecting information is the defense in depth
approach. Defense in depth constructs defenses in successive layers and positions protective
technologies at the network backbone, enclave boundaries, computing environment, and
supporting infrastructures. Defense in depth involves monitoring, analysis, and detection
activities, including trend and pattern analysis. Protecting information is performed by multiple
disciplines within the DOD (such as network operations, information protection services,
intelligence, counterintelligence, and law enforcement).
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 5.3.8 (Conduct Tactical Counterintelligence in the Area of

Operations); ART 5.3.7 (Conduct Defensive Information Operations); ART 5.3.5 (Conduct
Security Operations); ART 5.3.7.3 (Conduct Tactical Information Assurance); ART 5.3.7.4
(Employ Signals Security).
d. Linkage to UJTL: OP 6 (Provide Operational Force Protection); OP 6.3.2 (Supervise

Communications Security); OP 6.3.3 (Employ Electronics Security in the Joint Operations Area
for Operational Forces); OP 6.3.4 (Protect Information Systems in the Joint Operations Area).
4-53. FOC-07-04: Protect Unit
(1) Unit protection is the integration of active and passive capabilities and processes,
provided to operational and/or tactical units, across the ROMO to protect unit personnel, assets,
and information against traditional and asymmetrical ground, air, CBRNE and electronic hostile
threats, in order to conserve unit fighting potential so it may be applied by JFCs at the decisive
time and place.
101
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Detect at standoff distances (for example, distances beyond an adversary’s

engagement envelope).
• Provide overlapping sensor detection capability.
• Support operations in EMP and CBRN environments.
• Support all weather, climate and terrain operations, from open desert, to dense
vegetation, mountainous and urban locales.
• Facilitate the air and missile defense mission to contribute to third dimensional
SA/SU and will include actions and capabilities that provide visualization and
understanding of aerial activities or events occurring in the third dimension
• Likely threat IED techniques.
• Provide real time SA allowing commanders, staff, and Soldiers to visualize the
battlefield three dimensionally.
• Support, as required, autonomous effective and fast sensor-to-shooter systems of
precision-guided and intelligent munitions that can quickly render targets and/or
hazards harmless.
• Disseminate warning (physically, audibly, virtually and visually) to all echelons,
formations and the individual Soldier
• Provide the capability to execute nonlethal, graduated warning to the adversary which
will deter, interrupt or cease intended or further hostile action.
b. Narrative.
(1) Protecting U.S. military forces has never been as complex a mission as it is in today’s
adversarial environment. This environment will likely worsen, and the adversaries will remain
adaptive. The U.S. Army has numerous protection capabilities that are not integrated. The
exposure of the widely distributed facilities of the joint support structure to attack by
unconventional forces, long range fires, aviation and the remnants of enemy forces will present
additional opportunities for ground defense. Corps, division, and BCT will be required to
dedicate subordinate forces to defend critical support facilities and vital support operations such
as logistical convoys. This security requirement will demand new solutions that integrate air,
electronic, and ground defenses of both stationary and moving islands of infrastructure within the
OE. Failure to integrate protection capabilities and provide modular and adaptive solutions to
protection will be detrimental to forces operating in a JIM environment.
(2) Analysis of current and future operations suggest that adverse terrain and weather,
coupled with adaptive enemies (representing social, physical, and economic failed states,
fractured societies with rampant crime and/or international linkages, and religious and ethnic
tensions) will likely characterize future operating conditions and opponents. Future opponents
will understand and leverage our existing infrastructure to their advantage, targeting fixed
facilities and areas where we are likely to operate.
(3) The emergence of unconventional and asymmetric threats, radical extremist and
terrorist efforts aimed at the U.S. and other developed members of the global economy, and the
102
TRADOC Pam 525-66
burdens of post-conflict pacification operations increase the mission requirements of the U.S.
military. There are now a nexus of dangerous new enemies, methods, and capabilities that
imperil the U.S., and its interests and alliances in strategically significant ways.
c. Linkage to AUTL: Conduct Police Intelligence Operations; ART 1.1.4.3 (Develop

Police Intelligence Products); (Collect Environmental Info); ART 1.2.4 (Support Sensitive Site
Exploitation); ART 1.3.3 (includes all sub-tasks) (Conduct a Tactical Recon); ART 1.3.4
(Conduct Surveillance); ART 1.4.2.1.1 (Provide Intelligence Support to Psychological
Operations); ART 1.4.2.3.1 (Provide Intelligence Support to Civil-Military Ops); ART 2.4.1
(Conduct Lethal Direct Fire Against a Surface Target); ART 2.4.2 (Conduct Nonlethal Direct
Fire Against a Surface Target); ART 3.2 (Detect and Locate Surface Targets); ART 3.3.1
(Conduct Lethal Fire Support); ART 4.1 (Prepare to Defend Against Air Attack and Aerial
Surveillance); ART 4.3.2 (Select Appropriate Air Defense Systems); ART 4.3.3 (Conduct
Engagements Using Air Defense Weapon Systems); ART 4.3.3.1 (Determine Air Defense
Weapon System Capability for Engagement of Aerial Platforms); ART 4.3.3.2 (Determine Air
Defense Weapon System Availability for Aerial Engagement); ART 4.3.3.3 (Designate Air
Defense Weapon System for Aerial Engagement); ART 4.3.4 (Employ Combined Arms for Air
Defense); ART 4.4 (Deny the Enemy Use of Airspace); ART 5.2.3 (Mark, Report, And Record
Obstacles); ART 5.3.1.1 (Protect Individuals and Systems); ART 5.3.1.2 (Prepare Fighting
Positions); ART 5.3.1.3.1 (Construct Protective Earth Walls, Berms, and Revetments); ART
5.3.1.4 (Employ Protective Equipment); ART 5.3.1.5 (Provide Positive Identification of Friendly
Forces); ART 5.3.2.1.2 (Identify Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Hazards); ART 5.3.2.1.3
(Warn Personnel/Units of Contaminated Areas); ART 5.3.2.1.4 (Report NBC Hazards
throughout the Area of Operations); ART 5.3.2.1.5 (Use Individual / Collective NBC Protective
Equipment); ART 5.3.2.2 (Decontaminate Personnel and Systems) (to include Area
Decontamination); ART 5.3.4 (Provide Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support); ART 5.3.5
(Conduct Security Operations); ART 5.3.5.4 (Conduct Area Security Operations); ART 5.3.5.5.3
(Establish Perimeter Security); ART 5.3.5.5.4 (Establish Observation Posts); ART 5.3.5.5.8
(Employ Intrusion Detection Devices); ART 5.3.6.2 (React to a Terrorist Incident); ART 5.3.6.3
(Reduce Vulnerabilities to Terrorist Acts/Attacks); ART 7.2.2 (Process Relevant Information to
Create a COP); ART 7.3.2.3 (Conduct Risk Management); ART 7 (Sig Collect Biometric
Samples); ART 8.4.3.2.2 (Protect Critical Assets);
d. Linkage to UJTL: TA 1.3 (Conduct Countermine Operations); TA 2.4 (Disseminate

Tactical Warning Information and Attack Assessment); TA 3 (Employ Firepower); TA 3.2.1
(Conduct Fire Support); TA 3.2.2 (Conduct Close Air Support); TA 3.2.3 (Conduct Interdiction
Operations); TA 3.2.4 (Conduct Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses); TA 3.2.6 (Conduct
Attacks Using Non Lethal Means); TA 3.2.7 (Conduct Air and Missile Defense Operations); TA
3.2.8 (Conduct Air to Air Operations); TA 3.5 (Conduct Precision Engagement Counter
Countermeasure Operations); TA 5.6 (Employ Tactical Information Operations); TA 6.2
(Execute Personnel Recovery Operations); TA 6.3 (Conduct Rear Area Security); TA 6.8
(Conduct Defensive Countermeasure Operations); TA 7.1 (Conduct Mission Operations in a
CBRNE Environment).

Operations Joint Operating Concept; Protection Joint Functional Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-
103
TRADOC Pam 525-66
0, The Army in Joint Operations – The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept; TRADOC Pam
525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam 525-3-5, Protect; TRADOC Pam 525-7-1, Unit
Protection for the Future Modular Force.
Section VIII - Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability
4-54. Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability Guidelines

The future Modular Force must, within a joint context, be capable of rapidly deploying
worldwide and arrive ready to fight or conduct other FSO immediately upon arrival. Current
strategic deployment guidelines are to be capable of deploying to a distant theater to seize the
initiative within 10 days, defeat the enemy within 30 days, and be prepared for deployment to
another conflict elsewhere in the world 30 days later. In order to meet strategic responsiveness
and deployability capability, the future Modular Force must deploy a BCT anywhere in the
world within 4 to 7 days, a three BCT division in 10 days, nine BCTs in 20 days, and up to
fifteen BCTs within 30 days. Capabilities that will enable the future Modular Force to be
strategically responsive are:
• Airlift and sealift assets and enablers.

• Enabler theater access.
• Distribution system.Installation as flagships for force projection.
a. The U.S. global posture of high peacetime readiness, forward deployed and forward
presence forces, sea and ground based prepositioned stocks, established access to regional bases,
and standing agreements with foreign states supportive of power projection, represent permanent
(or slow changing) elements that enhance strategic responsiveness. Strategic responsiveness is a
core requirement for the future Modular Force to provide greater options to the JFC for entry
operations and rapid transition to decisive operations.
b. Operational maneuver from strategic distances envisions rapid movement, over global
distances of highly lethal air, ground, sea, and space capabilities, to converge with overwhelming
power upon enemy centers of gravity, causing rapid disintegration of the enemy’s ground force.
The goal of future Modular Force strategic maneuver is to move sufficient combat power and
sustainment from garrisons, through ISBs, directly into combat, significantly faster than today’s
timelines, enabling rapid, decisive maneuver. Deployment of ground forces directly into future
areas denies the enemy their initial advantage, permits friendly forces to occupy or protect key
terrain and facilities, and provides areas from which friendly forces can repel enemy forces and
aggression.
c. Recognizing the superior power of U.S. military forces, creative and adaptive future
adversaries are expected to adopt anti-access strategies, involving several integrated lines of
operation (from diplomacy to IO to military actions), aimed at preventing or limiting U.S.
involvement in regional crises. Simultaneously, they are developing focused capabilities that
will permit them to physically thwart U.S. intervention through strikes against the U.S.
deployment process and infrastructure, including forward operating bases, entry points, C2
104
TRADOC Pam 525-66
nodes, and forces themselves. Anti-access capabilities readily available through global arms
proliferation and careful investment will include theater ballistic missiles, inexpensive cruise
missiles, long-range rockets and artillery, WMD, as well as an array of unconventional,
asymmetric means and IO. Deliberate efforts to create mass casualties are additional likely
components of an anti-access strategy aimed at eroding U.S. public will to remain engaged.
d. Army forces will usually deploy as part of a JF via strategic airlift and/or sealift,
integrated within a JF deployment process. The process may often include synchronization with
or integration of multinational forces participating in U.S.-led coalition operations. Theater
infrastructure may vary from developed to austere, with increased emphasis recently on the
necessity to be prepared for the latter. The U.S. must further expect and plan for compressed
warning time, with an adversary, which possesses strategic initiative and advantage of time.
4-56. Desired Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability Capabilities
a. Capabilities envisioned to fulfill joint and Army concepts may be found in the following
overarching capstones:
• Airlift and sealift enablers.

• Enabling theater access.
• Distribution system that leverages the deployment network to build and sustain combat
power.
• Installations as flagships for power projection platforms, reachback and force
sustainment.
• Automated tools that facilitate rapid planning and execution of the deployment of
combined arms force packages in an integrated, collaborative, and combined fashion.
(See TRADOC Pam 525-3-3 for battle command).
• Deployment SU of force and sustainment flow through robust C4ISR. (See TRADOC
Pam 525-3-3 for battle command).
b. The future Modular Force must be capable of entry operations, including forcible entry
operations. The future OE for deployment includes projection from our installations into
underdeveloped nations with limited ports, or nations with developed infrastructures, where
threat anti-access actions have degraded or denied seaports.
c. The future Modular Force will require fundamental changes to our Army installations, as
well as strategic and operational lift capabilities, to facilitate strategic responsiveness,
operational maneuver, and tactical maneuver. Additionally, the future Modular Force requires
advanced over-the-shore capabilities, broader ability to use unimproved ports and airfields, and
very rapid positioning of theater-opening enablers. These capabilities permit the JFC and
division commander to throughput substantial, ready to fight combat power ashore through
multiple, austere entry points.
d. Required capabilities to achieve strategic responsiveness, rapid deployability, and

establish and maintain assured access include:
105
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Increased multi-modal throughput by means of multiple, parallel, simultaneous and

sequential deployment to achieve deployment momentum.
• Synchronization of deployment with immediate employment of arriving forces in a
Deploy=Employ paradigm, within any operational environment.
• Reduction in predictability and vulnerability to enemy counters through use of multiple
improved and unimproved SPODs.
• Versatility and adaptability for both developed and austere theaters and to adjust
deployment throughput in support of evolving campaign requirements.
• Reduction in the size of the deployment infrastructure (air and sea bridge) and the time
required to emplace it.
• Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) and super short take-off and landing capability to
lift and move mounted and dismounted forces for tactical three-dimensional maneuver
and operational maneuver.
• Sustainment of forces via VTOL and super short take off and landing along
discontinous air lines of communication.
• Survivability against an array of air and ground-based threats.
• Sea-based platforms for operational agility within littoral regions.
• Jointly integrated deployment C2 and communications with en-route SA.
• Advanced automated deployment planning tools.
4-57. FOC-08-01: Airlift and Sealift Assets and Enablers
a. Capstone Capabilities. The following required force projection capabilities encompass

those capabilities most critical to achieving required improvements in lift platforms and
associated technologies:
• Joint high speed sealift. Intertheater that can deliver troops, equipment, and sustainment
together in sufficient size and at a considerable speed to provide combat power from
strategic distances to the JFC. With its shallow draft feature it can bypass established
seaports and discharge its combat power, wherever, there is at least a 20-foot draft and an
acceptable offload site. With a C4I suite on board, commanders can also conduct en
route planning, receive intelligence updates, and integrate with JFs en route.
• Intratheater sealift. This is the intratheater version of strategic sealift and is the Army’s
future watercraft. It is another option of operational flexibility and agility that allows the
JFC to insert combat power and sustainment with precision at countless locations along
coastlines. Intratheater sealift also expands the reach and employment options of both
land-based and afloat prepositioning, and enable operational maneuver within theater.
• Seabasing. Seabasing is the rapid deployment, assembly, command, projection,
reconstitution, and re-employment of joint combat power from the sea, while providing
continuous support, sustainment, and FP to select expeditionary JFs without reliance on
land bases within the JOA. These capabilities extend operational maneuver options, and
facilitate assured access and entry from the sea. Army Seabasing efforts place emphasis
on articulating requirements that improve force projection considering ways to overcome
anti-access environments, increase deployment momentum, attain deploy = employ
106
TRADOC Pam 525-66
capabilities, enable operational maneuver from strategic distances, close the gap between
early entry and campaign forces, and allow support to distributed operations.
• Joint logistics over-the-shore (JLOTS). The future Modular Force will require seaport
throughput enabling technologies to enhance the ability to conduct JLOTS across the
range of military operation (ROMO) including offloading in deep-water seaports,
degraded seaports, denied ports, small austere ports/harbors, and in-stream discharge
when other options are not available to counter an enemy's anti-access strategy.
• Super short takeoff and landing airlift. This is joint airlift with the ability to carry two
light/medium armored vehicles 3500 miles. It can land on 750 feet of road or field in the
joint AOs, which avoids fixed airfields and adds innumerable points of entry. Its features
provide the joint commander sharply improved options to employ mounted ground forces
to achieve operational surprise and conduct air-ground maneuver throughout the JOA.
• Heavy Lift Vertical Takeoff and Landing Airlift. This is joint or Army airlift with the
ability to deliver a single light/medium armored vehicle to a distance of 750-1000 miles.
Generally independent of ground conditions, it enables ground force commanders to
conduct initial deployments and/or forcible entry from ISBs, vertical maneuver and air
sustainment in support of campaign futures, as well as the ability to avoid predictable,
linear patterns of operation.
• Rapid expeditionary airfield construction. These capabilities are those that increase
maximum (aircraft) on ground capacity on austere airfields, thereby increasing inter or
intratheater air movements. The materiel solution would enable joint early entry
engineers to develop additional aircraft parking and cargo storage capability. This
solution should be highly deployable, easily and rapidly emplaced, and capable of
supporting a loaded C-5 or C-17.
• Precision aerial delivery. These are capabilities in support of the JFC’s planned scheme
of maneuver when it may be necessary or desirable to conduct airdrop operations to
deliver equipment into the future Modular Force area with payloads up to 20-ton vehicles
from an offset range of 30 km. An accurate high-altitude delivery capability will
significantly reduce aircraft vulnerability in nonpermissive airdrop environments.
• Transportation node throughput technologies. Reduce or eliminate transportation node
delays through reduced materials handling equipment requirements, advanced robotics,
flexible packaging, configured loads, and improved inter-modal techniques.
b. Narrative.
(1) Creating and maintaining assured access to the theater in conflict is a complex
endeavor involving all components of the JF with the aim of assured capability to project and
sustain power from early entry through conflict resolution. In chapter 3, this pamphlet
summarized how future adversaries of the U.S. are expected to adopt anti-access strategies to
deny, delay, and/or degrade U.S. intervention in regional crises. Those strategies will have both
political/diplomatic and physical components, synchronized wherever possible to strengthen
their effects.
(2) Preparations and measures needed to counter anti-access and achieve assured access
will often begin well before an actual contingency occurs and then intensify as crisis breaks into
conflict and U.S. intervention is undertaken.
107
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(3) Development of advanced air and sealift platforms will enable future Modular Force
formations to deploy in combat-ready unit configurations (intact battalion and brigades with
integrated sustainment) in a matter of days, with units prepared to begin operations shortly after
arrival consistent with the Deploy=Employ paradigm. Austere joint high speed sealift access,
high speed sealift; advanced JLOTS; Army watercraft for theater support; and super short takeoff
and landing or heavy lift vertical takeoff and landing airlift capabilities will permit the JF and
future Modular Force commander to push substantial, ready to fight land power ashore through
multiple, unimproved entry points. This approach will accelerate force flow, enhance strategic
and operational agility, help deceive the enemy, and reduce his ability to deny access. The speed
and versatility of these platforms will permit Army commanders to close the gap between entry
forces arriving by air and immediate follow-on forces, insuring deployment momentum to
expand initial entry operations and build combat power sufficiently to assume the offensive
throughout the JOA.
(4) Development of fort-to-fight, ISB/afloat forward staging base to-fight airlifters

capable of takeoff and landing on unprepared runways will help reduce the number of nodes that
must be transited during deployment, saving significant time, expand available entry points for
both prompt and sustained power projection, and deliver future Modular Force formations within
striking distance of future areas.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 2.1 (Perform Tactical Actions Associated with Force
Projection and Deployment); ART 2.1.2 (Conduct Tactical Deployment/Redeployment
Activities); ART 2.3 (Conduct Tactical Troop Movements); ART 6.3.1 (Provide Movement
Control); ART 6.3.2 (Conduct Terminal Operations); ART 6.3.2.3 (Conduct Rail Transfer
Operations); ART 6.3.2.4 (Conduct Marine Terminal Operations); ART 6.3.3 (Conduct Mode
Operations); ART 6.3.3.1 (Move by Surface); ART 6.3.3.2 (Move by Air); ART 6.3.3.3
(Conduct Water Transport Operations); ART 6.4.3 (Conduct Aerial Delivery Support).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 1 (Conduct Strategic Deployment and Redeployment); SN 3.5

(Provide Space Capabilities); SN 6 (Conduct Mobilization); ST 1 (Deploy, Concentrate, and
Maneuver Theater Forces).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525–6, Move.
4-58. FOC-08-02: Enable Theater Access
(1) Enabling theater access provides proactive means to ensure forces can deploy, and
freely enter the theater of operations, by enhancing entry capabilities and infrastructure,
mitigating adverse effects of the environment (terrain, weather, enemy action, infrastructure,
industrial hazards, and local population), and protecting/facilitating multiple ports of
debarkation, LOC, and theater entry points. Once the foothold is established, the focus of enable
theater access changes to continuing the flow into, and out of, the theater, as well as enabling
‘intratheater access’ in support of operational maneuver. The continued flow of forces and the
108
TRADOC Pam 525-66
sustainment footprint, required for continued operations development of base camps and
sustainment LOC, becomes vital.
• Construction and general engineering support, including a rapidly deployable

capability to expand operating capacities of aerial ports of embarkation/seaports of
embarkation, ISB forward operating bases, and aerial ports of debarkation (APOD)
and seaport of debarkation (SPOD).
• Means for identification of multiple, simultaneous, unimproved, or minimally
improved, departure points and entry points.
• Standoff infrastructure assessment.
• Means to protect, preserve, enhance, and maintain deployment and employment
infrastructure, to include power projection platforms.
• Means to detect and display full spectrum CBRN agents, weapons, caches,
transporters, and employment means prior to entering a theater of operation.
• Enhanced over-the-shore delivery of personnel, equipment, and materiel; and
controlling and managing property.
• Populace and resource control (PRC).
• Reachback to cultural/sociological subject matter expertise specific to the culture of
the operational environment.
b. Narrative.
(1) Army forces must be ready to rapidly deploy alone via organic Army aircraft, ground
vehicles, and vessels, or as part of a fully integrated JTF, in response to crisis situations, to any
part of the world. Such deployments will likely be into areas with poor infrastructure, limited
points of entry, widely disparate climates, terrain, and cultures, and little host-nation support.
The ability of U.S. Forces to gain and sustain access into the theater, to facilitate the appropriate
flow of forces, will be vital to the success of future operations and perhaps the center of gravity
in the opening phases. Likewise, denying or impeding theater access will be a chief aim of any
enemy force, whether it is a state-sponsored force, or transnational foes, such as cultural or
political factions. The threat’s overall strategy to preclude theater access will take many forms,
and likely comprise varied and simultaneous operations across the theater. The U.S. forces can
expect indirect attacks by asymmetric means, direct attacks using special purpose forces, and
major terrorist attacks, potentially employing weapons of mass destruction or effects. These
attacks will be designed to deny the use of, or disable, transportation infrastructure, manipulate
the population, or for attrition of U.S. combat power. The threat’s effort to deny theater access
will not be geographically limited to the theater of operation, but will likely extend to our
homeland operating bases, and homeland infrastructure. Denying the enemy the capability to
influence departure and entry points, and preventing or mitigating enemy anti-access strategies,
is vital to our future Modular Force strategy.
(2) MS organizations will aim to achieve ‘prompt’ and ‘sustained’ operations in enabling
theater access. MS focus is to enable ‘prompt’ theater access to ensure deployment of a BCT
anywhere in the world within 4 to 7 days and a three BCT division in 10 days. Enabling
109
TRADOC Pam 525-66
‘sustained’ theater access encompasses activities to enable sustainment of initially deployed U.S.
Forces in theater, as well as to maintain the flow of combat forces to achieve deployment nine
BCTs in 20 days, and up to fifteen BCTs within 30 days. In addition to support to the future
Modular Force, MS organizations must be capable of providing support to current Army
organizations, allied and coalition forces, OGAs, such as the State Department, and NGO, such
as the American Red Cross.
(3) Cultural awareness and the ability to rapidly consult social and cultural subject matter
expertise are critical to maintaining theater access. The future Modular Force must understand
and address cultural matters in a manner that minimizes potential for cultural conflict.
Continued access may at times be dependent upon acceptance by the resident society and culture.
It is critical to understand that culture and act in a manner that minimizes the potential for
conflict and increases the potential for cooperation and acceptance.
Activities); ART 6.10 (Provide General Engineer Support); ART 6.10.1 (Restore Damaged
Areas); ART 6.10.2 (Construct and Maintain Sustainment Lines of Communications); ART
6.10.3 (Provide Engineer Construction Support); ART 6.10.4 (Supply Mobile Electric Power);
ART 6.10.5 (Provide Facilities Engineering Support).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 1 (Conduct Strategic Deployment and Redeployment); SN 1.1.5

(Determine Impact of Environmental Conditions on Strategic Mobility); ST 4.2.6 (Determine
Theater Residual Capabilities); ST 4.4. (Develop and Maintain Sustainment Bases); TA 1
(Develop/Conduct Maneuver); TA 1.1.1 (Conduct Tactical Airlift); TA 1.1.4 (Conduct Sea and
Air Deployment Operations); TA 4.4 (Conduct Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore Operations).

Operations Joint Operating Concept; Focused Logistics Joint Functional Concept; Joint Logistics
Joint Integrating Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations – The Army’s
Future Force Capstone Concept; TRADOC Pam 525-3-1, Operational Maneuver; TRADOC Pam
525-4-1, Sustain.
4-59. FOC-08-03: Distribution System
a. Capstone Capabilities. The following required force projection capabilities encompass

those capabilities most critical to achieving required improvements in distribution:
• Inter-modal platform technologies. Inter-modal platform and interface

technologies/techniques and advanced commodity packaging and faster on/off
loading techniques for rapid deployment and distribution of forces and sustainment.
Reduced number of and simplify mode transfers to increase the velocity of
sustainment distribution.
• Unit configured load technologies. Technologies to enhance the ability to rapidly
balance unit configured loads with efficient stowage for tactical employment.
110
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Small payload/high value delivery technologies. Technologies that support the rapid
delivery of small, high value, discrete (low tonnage, high payoff) commodities to
bridge gap between traditional ground-based
b. Narrative.
(1) Distribution is a component of force projection, supporting the concept of operational

maneuver from strategic distances and includes the use of the ISBs, contractors, host nation
support, and the requirement for theater opening packages to minimize RSOI at multiple entry
points.
(2) Future Modular Force sustainment operations are based on the fundamental concept
of distribution based logistics with key underlying principles of: velocity over mass; centralized
management with decentralized, multi-nodal/multi-modal execution; maximum throughput;
minimum essential stockpiling; seamless two-way flow of resource; in-transit visibility of stocks;
configured loads; real time sustainment SU that enables anticipatory logistics; and time-definite
delivery.
(3) At the operational level, distribution based sustainment operations must be

continuous, but distributed through often shifting LOCs in order to adapt rapidly to changing
conditions within the OE. Future Modular Force sustainment commands must share the same
quality of SU as that provided to operational HQ, ensuring that the logistics COP is fully
harmonized and supportive of the JFC’s priorities to optimize the efficiency of sustainment
operations. Key capabilities needed are:
• Rapid BCTs entry into the Defense Transportation System.

• In-transit joint logistics COP which provides a secure, pervasive, logistics C2 support
infrastructure emphasizing speed, precision, accuracy, visibility, and centralized
management from Soldier platform to CONUS through a logistics COP to include:
Supply distribution and management, reachback to industry and knowledge centers,
passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, Soldier health status, petroleum
and fuel supply, ability to support a logistics COP, proactive and anticipatory
maintenance, munitions, and water.
• Intermodal, distribution-based operations for force projection and sustainment.
• Ability to provide/maintain seamless in-transit visibility of all sustainment assets and
supporting logistical activities, supplies, and services by leveraging space and high
altitude network support capabilities.
(4) The future Modular Force must have the means to protect critical deployment
infrastructure from attack by weapons of mass effects/destruction. This includes the means to
restore operations at a port or airfield, and along lines of communication.
(5) Improvements to the speed and effectiveness of the distribution system may be
achieved by a combination of the following:
111
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Standardized, pre-configured, modular deployment packages, and easy force flow

reconfigurability.
• Rapid force alert, assembly, and load-out.
• Forces in a ready-to-fight configuration; integrated, combined arms, unit packages.
• Faster on/off load of lift platforms.
• Simplified and common packaging and material handling, with reduced requirements
for inter-nodal or inter-modal re-packaging or handling.
• Minimum intermediate staging and transshipping; movement from fort to tactical
assembly area (TAA).
• Minimum reception, staging, onward movement, and integration (RSOI) on arrival.
• Integrated sustainment to enable initial self-sufficiency in short-term operations.
• Low vulnerability to flow interruption.
• Multiple departure and secure theater entry points; multiple, parallel deployment
routes; offset port and airfield facilities.
• High throughput, including directly to forward operating areas.
• Distribution-based logistics in lieu of large in theater stockpiles.
• Deployment SU through automated, joint interoperable BCSs.
(6) The central measures of effectiveness for distribution systems are: arrival at the right
place of a reasonably survivable, self–sufficient, immediately employable and effective
combined arms force package appropriate to the mission and threat and sufficiently timely to
arrest further deterioration of the conflict or crisis; and maintaining a rate of deployment that
achieves and retains force dominance sufficient to prevent a major tactical reverse or operational
pause and that directly enables campaign execution.
Activities); ART 6.3.1 (Provide Movement Control); ART 6.3.2 (Conduct Terminal Operations);
ART 6.3.2.3 (Conduct Rail Transfer Operations); ART 6.3.2.4 (Conduct Marine Terminal
Operations); ART 6.3.3 (Conduct Mode Operations); ART 6.3.3.1 (Move by Surface); ART
6.3.3.2 (Move by Air); ART 6.3.3.3 (Conduct Water Transport Operations); ART 6.4.3 (Conduct
Aerial Delivery Support).
d. Linkage to UJTL: ST 1 (Deploy, Concentrate, and Maneuver Theater Forces).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-3-6, Move.
4-60. FOC-08-04: Installations as Flagships for Force Projection
a. Capstone Capabilities. The revolutionary changes reflected by initiatives such as the

Army Transformation, Modular Force fielding located at
http://www.army.mil/institution/leaders/modplan/2007/high-res/Army%20Mod%20P
lan%202007.pdf will require fundamental changes in our installations. The role of installation is
shifting to continuous support from home station to foxhole. Significant demands are placed on
the warfighter because of the following:
112
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Increased OPTEMPO.
• Modular and agile units.
• Diversity of the army family.
• Required flexibility to support rapidly changing functional/operational needs.
(1) These capabilities apply to our permanent installations at home and abroad, as well as
to those that support expeditionary and contingency activities. In addition or adjunct to
installation natural and built infrastructure needs inculcated into the other FOCs contained herein
as DOTMLPF synchronization considerations, the following encompasses those focused
capabilities most critical to achieving required installation support for the Army:
(2) The JFCs must have the ability to rapidly respond to and sustain military actions
worldwide from installations and base camps which includes the following capabilities:
• Provide processes, decision aids and analysis tools to assist in installation planning
for effective and efficient operational support at national, regional and installation
levels.
• Enable structure installations to rapidly resize facility or infrastructure operations as
required and the flexibility to adapt to evolving functional support requirements
rapidly.
• Provide analysis and planning tools to augment installation capabilities with
commercial provision of goods and services.
• Provide models and simulations to address joint mobilization, deployment and
sustainment; provide systems for distributed operational support, maintenance,
intelligence operations, and logistical support from multiple sites.
• Digitize and automate installation communication systems; ensure reliable and
integrated road, rail, sea and air facilities.
• Provide for the protection critical deployment infrastructure.
• Ensure connectivity between deployed units and home station that maintains real time
SA and rapid response/reinforcement capabilities, as well as providing logistical and
sustainment support; and provide decision aids and current, accurate information for
garrison commanders.
(3) In order to maintain readiness, the future Modular Force must provide Soldiers with
the natural and man-made infrastructure to train, maintain, and reconstitute to include the
following:
• Provide the ground, air, and water resources in the quantity, quality, and
configuration to meet current and future training and testing requirements (see
FOC-10-07).
• Providing universal training support.
• Provide new materials, processes and technologies for facility planning, design and
construction that lower life cycle costs.
• Provide processes, analysis tools and decision aids to detect, assess, warn, defend and
recover from attack, sabotage, emergencies and natural disasters.
113
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Be able to effectively set the conditions to sustain mission planning/rehearsal or

deployment exercise connectivity.
• Provide infrastructure capacities that enable embedded/distributed training across all
training domains integrated through a network of interconnected installations.
• Provide models and simulations to address joint stationing.
• Provide technologies, analysis and risk assessment tools, and decision aids for
reducing power and energy costs.
(4) There are three critical areas involved in maintaining a quality of life:
• HowSoldiers and their families live.

• Where Soldiers and their families live.
• Where Soldiers and civilians work.
(5) In addition, maintaining a quality of life requires providing facilities and work places
for soldiers and their families. Equally important are tools, systems, and processes that address
demands the mission places on the Soldier, their families, and our civilian workforce. The future
Modular Force must maintain a realistic training environment that contributes to the quality of
life for Soldiers, their families and the general public.
(6) All BCTs of the future Modular Force will have mobility support elements such as a
mobility officer and mobility NCO
(http://www.eustis.army.mil/ocot/Documents/Warrant_Proponency/MO_Brochure_May05.pdf)
on their table of distribution and allowances. This element will advise the commander on the
joint deployment process. The mobility officer must have a single automated deployment that
aggregates information from the Army's legacy and future automated logistics systems (to
include, but not be limited to transportation systems, supply systems, and HAZMAT systems.
The tool must have the capability to plan deployments, create shipping documents, and track
shipments. The tool must be integrated with combat systems in theater to improve the efficiency
of RSOI. It must also be compatible with other service DOD logistics systems to allow easy
integration of Army forces into joint campaigns and. have an embedded communications
capability that permits connectivity throughout the OE.
b. Narrative.
(1) Our installations support a joint and expeditionary force where Soldiers train,
mobilize, and deploy to fight and win. These forces are sustained through reach operations
reducing the theater footprint, as well as providing unprecedented battle command and SA at
home station. Soldiers and their families who live on and off installations deserve the same
quality of life as is afforded the society they are pledged to defend.
(2) The role of installations has changed significantly. They function now more than just
training, testing, and deployment platforms that supports the well-being of Soldiers and their
families. Installations now provide continuous deployment support from the home station
throughout the deployment. Installations will undergo a corresponding change in business
processes, roles, and responsibilities as the Army transcends to an unprecedented level of force
114
TRADOC Pam 525-66
structure change and technology integration. The integrated, collective capabilities and
capacities of all installations will far exceed that of any one installation. The Army is
simultaneously enhancing its joint support role to interagency (domestic) and multinational
(international) cooperation.
(3) Army installations are essential to maintaining the premier, expeditionary Army. The
installations mission continues to be the provision of effective natural and built infrastructure to
enable training, mobilization, and deployment, while sustaining and reconstituting the force, and
taking care of our families. The future Modular Force requires installations to provide crutial
support to deployed forces over a longer period of time with integrated technology. This
requirement has led to a greater desire for standardized, multipurpose, adaptive facilities to
maximize economical and functional benefits. Progress has been made, yet the need to upgrade
our installation facilities to support the mission, Soldiers, and their families continues.
Adjustments to existing programs have been made and strategies continue to be refined.
Installations exist to support the warfighters’ well-being. The Army remains dedicated to
meeting the challenge of providing quality, mission-ready installations.
(4) A key to the success of the strategic responsiveness and deployability capability goals
is the ability of installations to assist the mobility officer and the unit set to deploy. The mobility
officer program
(http://www.eustis.army.mil/ocot/Documents/Warrant_Proponency/MO_Brochure_May05.pdf)
is the introduction of a deployment technician dedicated to the business of deployment. Prior to
the assignment of the mobility officer, unit movement responsibility was assigned on an ad hoc
basis. The mobility officer program provides the commander with a proficient technician to
advise them on the following:
• Joint deployment process.

• Planning, coordinating, and executing deployments and redeployments.
• Develops and conducts training associated with unit movement operations.
• Identifies and remedies deployment issues.
• Provides expert distribution advice to facilitate theater sustainment operations.
• Assists the commanders in planning and conducting operational maneuver that starts
at the installation and continues to employment and redeployment.
Activities); ART 6.3.1 (Provide Movement Control); ART 6.3.2 (Conduct Terminal Operations);
ART 6.4.1 (Provide Basecamp Sustainment); ART 6.10.3 (Provide Engineering Construction
Support); ART 6.10.5 (Provide Facilities Engineering Support); ART 7.7.3 (Train Subordinates
and Units); ART 8.3 (Conduct Stability Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 1 (Conduct Strategic Deployment and Redeployment); SN 4.1.2

(Procure, Train, Supply, Transport, and Maintain Personnel); SN 4.2 (Provide for Base Support
and Services); SN 6 (Conduct Mobilization); Strategic Theater tasks (ST) 1 (Deploy,
Concentrate, and Maneuver Theater Forces); ST 4 (Sustain Theater Forces); Operational (OP)
115
TRADOC Pam 525-66
OP 4.6 (Build and Maintain Sustainment Bases in the Joint Operations Area); OP 5 (Provide
Operational Command and Control); TA 5 (Exercise Command and Control).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-3-6, Move.
Section IX - Maneuver Sustainment
4-61. Maneuver Sustainment Operations

Army concepts characterize maneuver sustainment as a full spectrum capability that is
strategically responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, and survivable throughout the ROMO and
across the spectrum of conflict. Maneuver sustainment units will conduct operational maneuver
from strategic distances, deploy through multiple austere points of entry, and rapidly establish
maneuver sustainment operations. They will arrive in the theater of operations immediately
capable of supporting simultaneous, distributed, and continuous joint operations throughout the
OE, day and night in any terrain. Future Modular Force maneuver sustainment operations are
characterized by simultaneous operations distributed across the OE IAW the maneuver JFC’s
intent and operations plan. Superior SU, based on advanced C4ISR capabilities and visibility of
the distribution network, enables maneuver sustainment organizations to operate within the battle
rhythm of maneuver commanders. Capabilities identified as necessary to fulfill future Modular
Force concepts include:
• Sustainability.
• Global precision delivery.
• Power and energy.
• Enhancements, reliability, maintainability and commonality for sustained operational
tempo.
• Army Health System.
• Health service support.
• Army Health System casualty prevention.
• Soldier support.
• Global military religious support.
4-62. Joint/Army Concepts Linkage
a. The operational capabilities outlined in the maneuver sustainment FOC area, when
achieved in aggregate, fulfill the vision articulated in the future Modular Force concepts and
along with the strategic responsiveness and deployability FOC area, fulfill the Army contribution
to the joint functional concept for focused logistics.
b. The capabilities required to fulfill focused logistics includes timely and precise delivery
of mission-ready forces (strategic responsiveness and deployability FOC), and their essential
support to destinations specified by the supported JFC. The right-sized (and potentially reduced)
combat support, and combat service support footprint in the joint or combined operations area,
and more cost-effective logistics support for the warfighter is vital. Achieving the full potential
of focused logistic will mean much greater certainty that JFs will receive the right support, at the
right place, at the right time, and in the right quantities, across the full ROMO.
116
TRADOC Pam 525-66
c. Army concepts characterize maneuver sustainment as a full spectrum capability that is

strategically responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, and survivable throughout the ROMO and
across the spectrum of conflict. Maneuver sustainment units will conduct operational maneuver
from strategic distances, deploy through multiple austere points of entry, and rapidly establish
maneuver sustainment operations. They will arrive in the theater of operations immediately
capable of supporting simultaneous, distributed, and continuous joint operations throughout the
OE, day and night in any terrain.
d. Future Modular Force maneuver sustainment operations are characterized by

simultaneous operations distributed across the OE IAW the JFC’s intent and operations plan.
Superior SU, based on advanced C4ISR capabilities and visibility of the distribution network,
enables maneuver sustainment organizations to operate within the battle rhythm of maneuver
commanders. Maneuver sustainment operations at the tactical level are predicated upon
sustainment pulses and the cycling of units in and out of combat operations. It is from within
this operational framework that mission staging, sustainment replenishment, and combat
replenishment operations are conducted.
4-63. Desired Maneuver Sustainment Capabilities

Capabilities identified as necessary to fulfill the vision articulated for maneuver sustainment in
the joint and Army concepts fall into the following areas:
• Sustainability.
• Global precision delivery.
• Power and energy.
• Readiness, reliability, maintainability, and commonality for sustained operational tempo.
• Army Health System.
• Health service support.
• Army Health System casualty prevention.
• Soldier support.
• Global military religious support.
4-64. FOC-09-01: Sustainability
(1) Improve both strategic responsiveness and core warfighting abilities to effectively
fight as an integral component of a joint, interdependent, full spectrum, mission-tailored force,
by substantially reducing overall sustainment demand by ultimately up to 90 percent, compared
to previously envisioned Force XXI/AXXI (http://www.army.mil/aps/98/foreword.htm)
levels while retaining an overmatching and robust operational posture. The goals and objectives
of sustainment will remain to provide the necessary support at the right time, in the right
quantities, and in the right location.
(2) Future Modular Force must build upon new sustainment concepts that are emerging in
support of the current force, including:
117
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Split-based, modular units.

• Distribution-based sustainment—delivering the right support, to the right place,
at the right time, over extended distances.
• Precision and conventional aerial delivery (to include air-land, air-drop, and sling
load) for both routine and emergency resupply.
• Sustainment integrated with combat operations by the combat commander.
• Medical treatment on the move.
• Lighter weight, shelf-stable, appealing and nutritious individual and group
operational rations which require little or no preparation.
• Simultaneous Deployment-Employment-Sustainment in a JIM environment.
• Reduced water consumption for CBRN decontamination, field service equipment
(showers, laundries, personal hygiene, etc.), and feeding equipment.
• The ability to provide a secure, pervasive, logistics C2 support infrastructure
emphasizing speed, precision, accuracy, visibility, and centralized management
from Soldier platform to CONUS through a logistics COP to include: supply
distribution and management, Reachback to industry and knowledge centers,
passive RFID tags, Soldier health status, petroleum and fuel supply, ability to
support a logistics COP, proactive and anticipatory maintenance, munitions, and
water.
• Ability to conduct space-based route reconnaissance and convoy monitoring.
(3) Mission staging operations and extended sustainment replenishment operations

require that the future Modular Force possess enhanced abilities to provide field services
(shower, field feeding, laundry, latrines, temporary shelter and mortuary affairs) along with on-
site Soldier services (human resources, postal, military pay input, legal assistance and religious
worship and counseling).
(4) Future Modular Force units must be capable of executing the support missions within
a JIM environment.
(5) Future Modular Force must be capable of executing DOD executive agent
responsibilities as well as those missions outlined in Army support to other Services directives at
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf.
• Mortuary affairs.
• Inland petroleum distribution operations.
• Blood supply.
• Theater common ttem and common service support.
• Manager for military traffic management.
• Manager for military postal operations.
• Manager for conventional ammunitions.
(6) Future Modular Force sustainment forces must retain the ability to support current
forces.
118
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative. Revolutionary changes, required to support the future Modular Force, are
among the most challenging goals of transformation, but are indeed critical to achieving the
envisioned operational posture. Aggressive goals of reducing overall operational sustainment
demand will not be easily achieved, but are vital to future warfighting success in the distributed
OE. Demand for power, fuel, ammunition, repair parts, and other consumables, must be reduced
or optimized across the OE to validate strategic responsiveness and achieve effective worldwide
force projection. The Army can no longer routinely incur the expense of sustaining a largely
heavy force, either at home station or deployed. Concentrated efforts must be made to develop
technologies that reduce or eliminate demand. More efficient, alternative fuel propulsion
systems, improved reliability, multifunctional system of systems components, and lightweight,
mobile, hybrid power generation must become the norm. In addition, the warfighting support
apparatus must be capable of maintaining the same OPTEMPO as maneuver forces, in all
weather and OE conditions. Sustainment must become an integral part of the maneuver
commander’s battle rhythm, vice an adjunct appendage. Efficiencies are also required in
providing designated support to other Services within the joint warfighting team, and to other
lead federal agencies, when conducting interagency operations. To achieve reductions in
logistics demand and footprint, mechanisms developed for the future Modular Force by the
Army must be migrated to other supported Services and federal agencies to achieve similar
reductions.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 6.0 (The Combat Service Support Battlefield Operating
System); ART 6.1 (Provide Supplies); ART 6.2 (Provide Maintenance); ART 6.4 (Provide
Sustainment Support); ART 6.5 (Provide Force Health Protection in a Global Environment);
ART 6.6 (Provide Human Resources Support); ART 6.11 (Provide Contracting Support); ART
6.12 (Provide Distribution Management).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 4 (Provide Sustainment); ST 4 (Sustain Theater Forces); OP 4

(Provide Operational Logistics and Personnel Support); TA 4 (Perform Logistics and Combat
Service Support); SN 6.6.3 (Expand Logistical Support).
e. Linkage to Concept: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain, chapter 5.
4-65. FOC-09-02: Global Precision Delivery
a. Capstone Capabilities. Improve both strategic responsiveness, and core warfighting

abilities, to effectively fight as an integral component of a joint, interdependent, full spectrum,
mission-tailored force.
(1) Provide real time IM, graphically and/or digitally, of asset availability, throughout the
maneuver sustainment pipeline, from point of origin to delivery at final destination, allowing the
logistician to effectively and efficiently support the warfighter within and beyond the defined
OE.
(2) Deploy an operationally effective force, anywhere in the world, with reduced RSOI
requirements. The ability to ‘fight upon arrival’ requires that equipment will not require
reassembly of major components in order to prepare it for operations. The crew can accomplish
119
TRADOC Pam 525-66
any reconfiguration required in minutes, after unloading from the aircraft, without the assistance
of external materiel handling equipment.
(3) Equip the future Modular Force with distribution enablers that allow the following:
• Rapid transit of multiple classes of supply over vast distances (both surface and air).
• Distribution assets with sufficient SA capability as to allow “right time, right
place”sustainment flow anywhere on the OE.
• Standardize sustainment packaging to maximize configuration and reconfiguration of
loads, limit off-system material handling equipment, and speed the movement of
sustainment through the distribution system.
b. Narrative.
(1) The warfighter’s ultimate effectiveness depends on the sustainment capability to

deliver (project, receive, and stage, onward move, sustain, and redeploy) the necessary forces
and materiel to a joint/multinational force, at successful corresponding mission velocity. A COP
of the defined OE, sustainment data, and an optimized seamless sustainment system will allow
the JFCs to anticipate requirements, and provide focused support, when and where needed,
including austere OE locations.
(2) Managed distribution and responsive transportation enabled by reachback

communications, is replacing stockpiles of supplies and lessening needed services. Reducing the
‘logistics footprint’ will give way to rightsizing the ‘sustainment footprint’ in the future Modular
Force. The transactions based environment of today may be replaced by instantaneous, query
based, ‘web based’ systems, enabling the force to carry fewer supplies, and streamlining overly
complex and duplicative organizational structures. The future Modular Force must have
pervasive space communications and position navigation system links to facilitate transmission
of equipment data, such as position, operational status, equipment and aircraft conditions, and
maintenance diagnostics and prognostics anywhere in the JOA. Supply inventory will be
moving in the pipeline with definite time delivery goals. Customer wait time will be
significantly reduced. Stock levels will be measured in relevant operational parameters, not
hours or days of supply. Likewise, human resource support will be directed by task organizing
and tailoring from the National provider level.
(3) Along with optimizing sustainment information and reporting, there must be
significant improvements in deployment execution systems, planning and decision support tools,
asset visibility, packaging, reliability, efficiency, intermodal transfers, and intertheater and
intratheater lift assets. In addition, forces must have the ability to maintain in-transit visibility of
all supporting logistical activities, supplies, and services using space-based reachback
capabilities. Reductions in the weight and volume of equipment and supplies, specifically fuel
and ammunition (the largest commodities by volume and weight), are required for contingency
and initial forces flow. Changes in force design through modularity, and split-based operations,
are required to achieve this goal. Upgrading mechanisms, such as engineering change proposals,
preplanned product improvement proposals, as well as block improvements and multistage
improvement programs support the transition.
120
TRADOC Pam 525-66
System); ART 6.1 (Provide Supplies); ART 6.3 (Provide Transportation Support); ART 6.4.3
(Conduct Aerial Delivery); ART 6.12 (Provide Distribution Management).

Service Support).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain, chapter 5, Distribution and

Transportation.
4-66. FOC-09-03: Power and Energy
a. Capstone Capabilities. Improve both strategic responsiveness and core warfighting

capabilities to effectively fight as a joint, interdependent, full spectrum, mission-tailored force.
The future Modular Forces will optimize their combat effectiveness by employing advanced
tactical electric power sources, fuels, and energy storage. These tactical electric power and
energy storage systems will enable key operational capabilities throughout the OE by providing
electricity to supported systems and managing power distribution across the force. Tactical
electric power and energy sources are encompassed in all systems, for example weapons
platforms (onboard and exportable power), tactical vehicles (air and ground), Soldier systems,
and all electrical/electronic systems. Reducing the amount of power needed to support these
individual systems provides operationally significant benefits to the overall sustainment support
system. For the purpose of this FOC, "operationally significant” is defined as any readily
measurable savings that results in positive second order affects that favorably impact JFCs. For
example, fewer fuel tankers would be needed to support the warfighter; which would reduce
system weight and volume, and increase mobility and available space on vehicles and aircraft.
b. Narrative.
(1) The means of generating, distributing, and storing electrical power must exceed near-
term performance and capabilities. These systems must increase performance while reducing
fuel consumption, improving mobility and deployability, and increasing reliability. The
capability must be readily maintainable, sufficiently durable, quiet, and survivable against all
types of threats. These requirements also equally apply to energy sources and the means to store
these sources, to include fuels. Tactical electric power systems and various energy sources will
directly support all field electrical systems, such as C4ISR, fire direction and controls, target
acquisition, life support, sustainment, illumination, etc. All these functions are critical to
efficient unit operation and mission accomplishment. Tactical electric power and energy sources
provide power to enable all information dominance technologies and infrastructure.
(2) System-integrated power management technologies can potentially reduce the overall
power needs of consumers. Current P&E consumption rates across the force significantly burden
the warfighter and sustainment force. Many proposed FOC depend on significant reductions in
P&E consumption. Concurrent improvements are required in tactical electric power distribution,
generation, and embedded power management for all systems. This requires optimizing power
121
TRADOC Pam 525-66
source characteristics and performance, such as increased output with operationally significant
reductions in fuel needs, weight, size, and maintenance.
(3) Providing bulk fuels and packaged oils/lubricants to the future Modular Force remains
a significant mission for the sustainment force. A single fuel forward for ground and aviation
systems simplifies sustainment operations. The continued advancements in engineering,
materials science, and manufacturing processes results in ground systems with reduced fuel and
lubrication requirements. Advanced P&E technologies could significantly reduce requirements
for storing large quantities of bulk fuels for ground systems. Continued pursuit is needed for a
single, common fluid to replace all system fluids, for example, engine oil, transmission and
power steering fluids, and coolants. A common fluid would significantly reduce the logistics
management burden of packaged petroleum, oil, and lubricants products.
(4) Fossil fuels will remain the Army’s major fuel source well into this century, even
though these fuels may be reformed (or otherwise converted) into usable products other than jet
or diesel fuels. Continued improvement in system fuel efficiency is critical to achieve a
reduction in fuel support equipment and personnel. Reducing fuel consumption for highly
mobile systems allows travel over greater distances in the OE. Reducing fuel consumption by 50
percent or greater will yield vast savings in fuel costs and the resources needed to supply fuel,
and will also provide the opportunity to use resupply methods not currently operationally
efficient due to the volume required. Consequently, continued and accelerated investigation is
needed of P&E technologies that show the greatest potential for providing operationally
significant advantages to the future Modular Force. These technologies must meet user needs for
performance (power quality and output); system efficiency in using or converting energy
sources; and reliability and reductions in weight/size. The obvious operational benefits are
joined by operations and support cost savings throughout the systems life cycle. The Army must
also investigate technologies that show promise in replacing fossil fuels. The selection of an
alternative fuel source must consider all fuel requirements in order to avoid situations where
multiple types of fuel are required. The single fuel concept is critical to maintaining an agile,
adaptive, efficient distribution system in the future. Again, Army efforts must pursue P&E
technologies that show the greatest potential for military utility. The application of these
technologies must have the likelihood of significantly improving system efficiency and
operational effectiveness.
(5) As Land Warrior Systems continue to evolve, the Army will have a greater need for
Soldier carried lightweight power sources with higher specific power and/or energy values than
today's power sources. The Army must continue to leverage multidiscipline technological
advances that improve individual Soldier sustainment. Processes and methodologies normally
used for developing weapons platforms apply to the complexities of the Land Warrior System.
The Army must continually seek technologies that can produce reliable and rugged miniature
power sources for the future Modular Force's Soldier Systems, such as, cooling/heating,
communications, target acquisition and individual weapon functions; sensors for surveillance
and reconnaissance; assisted breathing, and strength amplification. Soldiers must have the
capability to plug into a variety of sources for their P&E needs. Future Modular Force platforms
must provide an interface for Soldiers to replenish Soldier System energy storage subsystems.
122
TRADOC Pam 525-66
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 6.1.3. (Provide Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (Class III B/P);
ART 6.10.4. (Supply Mobile Electric Power).

Service Support).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain, chapter 5.
4-67. FOC-09-04: Readiness, Reliability, Maintainability, and Commonality for Sustained

Operational Tempo

abilities, for example, to effectively fight as an integral component of a joint, interdependent, full
spectrum, mission-tailored force, through optimized application of individual component, and
SOS reliability, for combat and support equipment mission profiles and weapons systems.
Achieving leap ahead reliability will greatly support the future Modular Force’s charter to
decisively conduct the varied missions involved in FSO, anywhere in the world, in any
battlefield condition.
b. Narrative.
(1) Current battlefield ‘down time’ for maintenance renders the most lethal combat
systems unacceptably exposed and vulnerable to inferior threat platforms. JFCs must have
confidence that all fielded systems will perform the combat mission, without routinely
experiencing maintenance problems during the execution phase. Existing vulnerabilities can be
mitigated and battlefield effectiveness (such as mission performance) optimized, by embedding
improved system of systems reliability into the new generation of combat vehicles and weapon
systems. This desired improved reliability effect consists of systems, subsystems, and
components that do not fail catastrophically during the applicable mission profile. This
empowering capability can be achieved through optimized application of selective mechanical,
electrical and electronic redundancy, self-healing technology, and onboard diagnostic/prognostic
components, leveraged from commercial technology and manufacturing processes. It can also be
achieved by utilizing materials that provide quantum increases in strength, and are non-corrosive
and non-erosive. The improved reliability effect is bolstered by leveraging the application of
human factors technologies and practices into the analyses and execution of logistics processes,
to significantly reduce manpower, operations, and training costs, while increasing
responsiveness, flexibility, and agility. Down time can be minimized as well with a secure,
pervasive, logistics C2 support infrastructure emphasizing speed, precision, accuracy, visibility,
and centralized management from Soldier platform to CONUS through a logistics COP to
include:
• Supply distribution and management

• Reachback to industry and knowledge centers
• Passive radio frequency identification tags
• Soldier health status
123
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Petroleum and fuel supply

• Ability to support a logistics COP, proactive and anticipatory maintenance,
munitions, and water.
(2) System Reliability. FCS platforms must maximize the following system (total
mission package, including directed government furnished equipment) reliability benchmarks:
• Mean Time Between System Abort. Failures that deadline a platform, result in
unsafe operation, or make it non-mission capable.
• Mean Time Between Essential Function Failures. Failure that results in system
degradation.
• Mean Time Between System Abort–Mobility. Failures that affect a platform’s
mobility system, resulting in unsafe operation, or making it noncombat capable.
(a) The established mean time between system abort and mean time between essential
function failure values provide sufficient reliability to minimize critical failures during 72-hour
high intensity operational periods, providing JFCs acceptable levels of weapon systems
availability during mission pulses. The platform crew chief and organic maintenance assets that
are able to return ground platforms to operational condition will support inherent platform
reliability. The mean time between essential function failure reliability values enables the crew
chief and maintainers to return platforms to fully mission capable status during
maintenance/logistics pulses. Mean time between system abort mobility enhances FP by
maintaining integrity of combat formations, and minimizing exposure and dispersion
requirements for crews and maintenance personnel. Reliability requirements ensure that a 95
percent operational availability is maintained over an operational period/pulse. SA (critical
failure) events, by definition, deadline a system and require immediate (maintenance) action to
return the system to an operational condition. Either the FCS crew chief or combat repair teams
organic to the future Modular Force will immediately address these failures. The stated
reliability provides compliance with equipment readiness objective(s) while maximizing
available combat power and minimizing sustainability demands (repair parts and maintenance
resources), and at the same time accommodating future Modular Force structure allocations.
(b) To meet required OPTEMPO, it is expected that future Modular Force combat
systems will be developed using ultra-reliable and/or redundant components, and perhaps have
onboard spares, in order to enable it to remain operationally effective for the full 3 to 7-day
mission period. This will reduce demand, and minimize the maneuver sustainment burden on
unit effectiveness, through balanced system reliability, redundancy, and repair, to include
embedded diagnostics and prognostics on Soldiers and platforms, as well as modular component
design. The inability to meet the stated reliability requirements will result in manpower demands
exceeding those currently proposed for the future Modular Force design. Additionally, the
inability to meet the stated mean time between system abort requirements may result in
excessive, nondeferrable maintenance and increases in manpower demands, while adversely
impacting FCS ability to meet mission pulse requirements.
(3) System Maintainability. FCS platforms must be designed to be easily maintained.

They should be designed for maximum modular component plug and play capability and with
124
TRADOC Pam 525-66
integrated pit stop-like efficiencies for repairing failed systems, with an ultimate goal of rapid
return to combat capability. FCS platforms must achieve the following minimum maintainability
benchmarks:
• Maintenance ratio will not exceed 0.05 maintenance man-hours/operating hour.

• At least 80 percent of system unscheduled field maintenance level failures must be
repairable at the platform crew chief level.
• Mean time to repair must not exceed 0.5 hours.
• Maximum time to repair must not exceed 0.5 hours for any crew chief task.
• No special tools and minimal external test equipment required for unscheduled field
maintenance tasks.
• Each FCS must provide the capability for automated preventive maintenance
checks.
• A single scheduled service requirement no more frequently than annually.
(4) All future Modular Force combat systems must be supportable by the emerging Army
Two-Level Maintenance System that will be in place at the time of fielding. Two-level
maintenance is based on a ‘replace forward, repair rear’ process
(http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct02/MS838.htm). Only unscheduled field level
maintenance will be conducted within the OE by crew chiefs and/or organic combat repair
teams. The crew chief/crew or personnel supporting the combat repair team replaces
components and line replacement unit or line replacement module in the OE, with on hand spares
or replacements ordered through the normal supply system. Unserviceable components are
evacuated to and repaired by brigade units or higher echelons (military, government, or
contractors) potentially as far back as CONUS. Low-cost, discard upon failure components are
preferred. As the maintenance requirements for the digitized force become clearer, and time
estimates of workload requirements are available, the sparing percentage should be reviewed in
context with the overall maintenance plan.
(5) The future Modular Force maintenance concept will allow for significant forward
deployed sustainment footprint reduction from those of current unit; but includes a high reliance
on:
• Very high reliability levels.

• Modular, ‘plug and play’ designs that facilitate ease of maintenance at the lowest
levels.
• Embedded diagnostics and prognostics, to include remote interrogation and triage
capability.
• A crew chief maintenance concept for both manned and unmanned platforms, that
allows field maintenance replaceable components that are part of the crew tasks to
be removed and replaced/installed by those tools on board each future combat
platform.
• On-board Interactive IETMs.
• A high degree of commonality in components.
125
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(6) Commonality. FCS platforms will enable significant sustainment effectiveness and
efficiencies, through commonality in platforms and components, to simplify and reduce
sustainment, support multifunctionality, reduce personnel and skills required, and contribute to
simplification of deployment. Commonality across formations, in platforms, and components
will also contribute to simplification of maintenance and training, and reduce equipment and
other resource requirements.
(7) System Readiness. The net result of reliability, maintainability, and commonality
must achieve high levels of system readiness. FCS platforms must achieve an operational
readiness rate of 95 percent (threshold) and 99 percent (objective). System readiness is
determined as the percentage of systems and government furnished equipment available during
the rating period. The operational readiness rate is a function of system reliability, and reduction
of time to repair through ease of maintenance, redundancy, commonality, and modularity. The
ease of maintainability of the system will allow the future Modular Force to achieve high
readiness levels, with an austere logistic footprint, while increasing combat power by ensuring
systems are operationally ready. Additionally, high operational readiness rates decrease the
maintenance burden on the crew chief and mechanics.
System).

Service Support).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain, chapter 5.
4-68. FOC-09-05: Army Health System
a. Capstone Capabilities. Improve both strategic responsiveness, and core warfighting

mission-tailored force, by maintaining the health and medical readiness of individual Soldiers
and units, in all geographic operational conditions.
(1) The Army Health System. The US Army Center for Health Promotion and
Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) is a component of the U.S. DOD Military Health Systems
that is responsible for operational management of the health service support (HSS) and force
health protection missions for training, predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment
operations. Army health system includes all mission support services performed, provided, or
arranged by the U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD) to support HSS and force health
protection mission requirements for the Army, and as directed for joint, intergovernmental
agencies, coalition, and multinational forces.
(2) The Army Health Service is constantly improving in order to provide better and more
comprehensive medical care to the Soldier in garrison and in theater. To meet the challenges of
medical support, Joint Publication 4-02, Health Service Support, identifies both HSS and force
126
TRADOC Pam 525-66
health protection support requirements. In the latest revision of Field Manual (FM) 3-0, the HSS
mission and the force health protection mission were identified as two distinct missions and were
placed under two separate warfighting functions. The HSS mission was placed under the
warfighting function of sustainment and the FHP mission was placed under the warfighting
function of protection..
(3) HSS is defined as all support and services performed, provided, or arranged by the
AMEDD to improve, conserve, or restore the mental or physical well-being of personnel in the
Army, and as directed in other Services, agencies, and organizations. This includes casualty
care, encompassing a number of AMEDD functions; organic and area medical support;
hospitalization; the treatment aspects of dental care and behavioral health/neuropsychiatric
treatment; clinical laboratory services; and the treatment of CBRN patients; medical evacuation;
and medical logistics. FHP is defined as those measures to promote, improve, or conserve the
mental and physical well-being of Soldiers. These measures enable a healthy and fit force,
prevent injury and illness, and protect the force from health hazards. FHP includes the
prevention aspects of a number of AMEDD functions; preventive medicine, including medical
surveillance and occupational and environmental health surveillance; veterinary services,
including the food inspection and animal care missions, and the prevention of zoonotic diseases
transmissible to man; combat/operational stress control prevention; and dental services
(preventive dentistry).
b. Narrative.
(1) The Army Health Service emphasizes physical and mental wellness, preparedness,
and preventive medicine measures; and is based upon the premise that a healthy and fit force is
the necessary precondition for maintaining Soldier readiness. The most important element of
any weapon system in the future Modular Force is the Soldier. A Soldier’s health and fitness is a
basic requirement for military success across FSOs. The health support goal is to provide
optimally fit Soldiers that are able to better withstand the physical, mental, and environmental
stressors of any contingency deployment, across FSOs in support of the JFCs. Over the course
of a deployment, the opportunities and resources to enhance and maintain Soldier health and
effectiveness decrease. This emphasizes the importance of the FHP measures employed before
and during deployment in , support of contingency operations.
(2) The geostrategic environment will mandate a viable force projection Army. Frequent
and lengthy major deployments have and will become the rule. Physically fit Soldiers must be
physiologically adaptable, and capable of serving for relatively long periods of time in austere
and harsh environments, with little or no acclimation preparation. To fulfill full spectrum
mission requirements, Soldiers must be able to operate under a variety of different OEs, exposing
them to numerous health hazards.
(3) Deployed Soldiers must be protected against major endemic diseases, the increasing
threat of occupational and environmental health threats, and full spectrum CBRN agents. Given
the intensity of future FSO, the Soldier must be able to adapt to highly stressful OEs, with
increased mental and physical demands. This capability necessitates greater institutional
emphasis on preventive medical strategies that promote overall Soldier health and wellness as
127
TRADOC Pam 525-66
the foundation of operational readiness, and precursor to contingency deployment. All future
Modular Force Soldiers will benefit from this specific capability directed at early interventions
(before deployment) to ensure immediate and long-term health and the ability to withstand both
physical and mental health hazards.
(4) New products and technologies will be developed or co-developed by the

biotechnology and biomedical engineering communities that will include:
• Multivariate databases containing animal and human physiological,

immunological, biochemical, and performance information.
• Medium to large scale realtime analysis and modeling.
• Miniaturization and microminiaturization of diverse sensors and
effectors/actuators, mechanical and chemical.
• Bioengineered materials.
• High efficiency medical and personal wellness training, supported by diverse
hardware and software teaching systems that provide immediate, detailed
feedback [plus high speed communications and Internet connections.
(5) Changes to the Soldiers rations include the following:
• Provide additional nutritional value.

• Reduce the weight.
• Provide essential nourishment.
• Nutritional value/nourishment will contribute to an increase in mental awareness
and physical stamina.
System); ART 6.1.8 (Provide Medical Material and Repair Parts (Class VIII)); ART 6.4 (Provide
Sustainment Support); ART 6.5 (Provide Force Health Protection in a Global Environment).

Service Support).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain, chapter 5, Force Health

Protection Support.
4-69. FOC-09-06: Health Services Support

mission-tailored force, by improvements in combat lifesaving diagnosis, treatment, and
stabilization of casualties for further evacuation to the next level of care.
b. Narrative.
128
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(1) HSS casualty care management and evacuation provides continuous essential care, to
treat casualties and return them to duty, or stabilize them in theater and evacuate them for the
appropriate level of care. Treatment begins with the self-aid/buddy aid which will be critical in
the initial early treatment of casualties. Self-aid/buddy aid is followed by the integral adjunct of
enhanced first aid by a combat lifesaver. The trauma specialist (91W) will provide additional
medical treatment, stabilize casualties, and coordinate evacuation, supporting basic prevention
and caring, for both disease and nonbattle injury (DNBI) and combat casualties, as quickly and
as close to the point of injury as possible. First aid begins with the self-aid/buddy aid which will
be critical in the initial early care of casualties, and forward resuscitative care designed to triage,
resuscitate, and prepare casualties for evacuation to theater hospitals. Normally the first medical
person to see a casualty is the combat medic (68W), who provides emergency medical treatment
and stabilization of patients as close to the point of injury as possible and coordinates evacuation.
The combat medic also supports basic prevention and caring for both DNBI and combat
casualties. Physicians, physician assistants, combat medics, and health care specialists with
medical treatment facilities located with movement and maneuver, fires, and sustainment units
also provides emergency medical treatment and advances trauma management designed to
initiate life and limb saving essential care, and forward resuscitative care designed to triage,
resuscitate, and prepare casualties for evacuation to next level of care.
(2) The preponderance of Soldiers will die in combat within minutes of experiencing
penetrating trauma and hemorrhage. Prompt localization, resuscitation, and stabilization,
followed by expedient medical evacuation of patients, are essential in order to save lives. While
the importance of these tenets of combat casualty care management has been demonstrated
throughout the history of warfare, the nature and character of future FSO will place even greater
demands upon this aspect of warfighter support. Casualties will be more dispersed; thus the
length of time required for evacuation will potentially increase. As the premier force projection
Army, U.S. Forces must deploy worldwide, and conduct dominant FSO, day and night, in all
environments, without degradation of this critical element of battlefield support. Inversely, these
services must be provided without disrupting operational and tactical momentum.
(3) Distributed operations, as envisioned in the next major theater war, will require
warfighting support of all types, to be conducted increasingly forward of present day norms.
Chief among these is the requirement for the AMEDD to effectively provide individual relief,
while clearing the battlefield of all casualties, thus permitting the warfighter to continue the
battle unencumbered. Responsive far-forward resuscitation, stabilization, and timely/rapid
evacuation of casualties with major trauma, not only affect the availability of the fighting force,
but also impact the morale and readiness of the unit at large. Capabilities are required that
improve diagnosis, treatment, and stabilization of casualties, for further evacuation to the next
level of care, utilizing technology to enhance forward treatment to greatly improve casualty
survivability. These capabilities must also significantly improve the ability of the Soldier to
perform self-aid/buddy aid and combat lifesaver enhanced first aid, in the more dispersed and
non-linear OE.
(4) Future Modular Force Soldiers must be trained and equipped to address the
operational and tactically medical challenges associated with noncontiguous operations. While
specially trained medical personnel will be present on the battlefield, the Soldier will serve as the
129
TRADOC Pam 525-66
‘first responder’, as opposed to the unit combat medic. As a ‘first responder’, all Soldiers must
be trained as combat lifesavers, and be capable of clearing airways, stopping bleeding, and
performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Additionally, the Soldier must be capable of
preventing shock, protecting the wound or injured area, and evacuation (under a variety of
conditions and environments) for further treatment.
(5) Future Soldiers will utilize unmanned vehicles, robotics, and advanced standoff
equipment to recover wounded and injured Soldiers from high-risk areas, with minimal
exposure. These systems will facilitate immediate evacuation and transport, under even the
harshest combat or environmental hazard conditions.
(6) Casualty collection points will be equipped with state-of-the-art treatment equipment.
The ability to provide advanced battlefield diagnosis, initial treatment, and rapidly evacuate
Soldiers to/from the collection point, will greatly improve survivability. Computer based
monitoring systems will allow combat medical personnel to evaluate the patient, before reaching
the rearward care facility. It will also be possible for a Soldier to be evacuated directly from the
battlefield, to advanced treatment facilities outside the theater of operations.
(7) The future Modular Force can improve casualty survivability through responsive
medical resuscitation, stabilization, and timely evacuation. Critical challenges are self-aid and
buddy aid, casualty acquisition, casualty assessment, casualty stabilization, status reporting, and
evacuation. Key technologies to facilitate these capabilities include:
(a) Physiological sensors and databases. Develop physiological sensors, to gather/collect

data on the Soldier's health status, organized and reduced through algorithms and knowledge
management, and used to generate operationally relevant performance and health status
indicators, and to refine predictive models for use by JFCs and medical personnel. These sensors
will ultimately be integrated into a noninvasive, wear-and-forget warfighter physiological status
monitor. These include multivariate databases containing:
• Animal and human physiological, immunological, biochemical, and performance

information.
• Medium- to large-scale real time analysis and modeling.
• Miniaturization and microminiaturization of diverse sensors and effectors/actuators
mechanical and chemical.
• Real time medical, occupational, and environmental surveillance and monitoring.
• High efficiency medical and personal wellness training.
• Diverse hardware and software teaching systems that provide immediate, detailed
feedback.
• High-speed communications and Internet connections support these databases.
(b) Recognize casualty. This primary requirement involves both locating the Soldiers in
three-dimensional space, and determining whether they are well, injured, or dead. In addition to
non-medical communication and locator technologies, this requirement involves capturing,
130
TRADOC Pam 525-66
analyzing, and interpreting signals from biological sensors on, in, or near the Soldier. This
complex detection task requires most of the technologies noted in the preceding paragraph.
(c) Assess casualty. Although partly overlapping the casualty identification requirement,
this element more specifically concerns assistance to the on-site medic, by providing
significantly more detailed information on casualty status. The ability to diagnose the injury or
illness as a result of a CBRN exposure is paramount to effective treatment. This requires real
time detection and monitoring capabilities throughout the OE. Relevant technologies will
include high fidelity, noninvasive imaging; employing diverse energy spectra to identify internal
trauma; micro analytic techniques to assess metabolic parameters in blood and tissue; plus
noninvasive instrumentation, to assess internal pressure in the brain, chest, and abdomen.
Medical personnel must be able to provide triage, and utilize training and decision support tools
to identify full spectrum CBRN agent effects and recommend appropriate treatment.
(d) Stabilize casualty. Although potentially addressing multiple issues when stabilizing
severely injured casualties, the crucial concerns are the management of hemorrhage, replacement
of fluids, replacement of blood components, and stabilization of vital functions. The critical
technologies listed below include drug and protein analysis and synthesis, materials science, and
the biomedical engineering. To provide optimum HSS required products are:
• Naturally enhanced and synthetic materials to promote blood clotting, whether

externally applied or injected into the body.
• Intelligent tourniquets to limit blood loss, without irreparable tissue damage.
• Noninvasive cauterization of small blood vessels with focally applied energy.
• Liquid compounds to restore fluid and electrolyte balance, including some that may
eliminate the need to transfuse with human blood.
• Automated and semi-automated servo-controlled sensor/actuator systems for life
support.
• Injectable drugs, to limit and stop secondary metabolic damage to tissue.
• Improved drugs to manage pain.
• Lyophilized and viral inactivated blood products that carry oxygen and promote
clotting to injured area.
• Advanced storage systems and transportation devices to ensure temperature integrity
and in-transit visibility.
(e) Evacuate casualty. The time sensitive nature of treating critically injured Soldiers
requires an immediately responsive medical system that includes medical evacuation and
emergency Class VIII (medical material) resupply on demand. FHP must be immediate and
continuous in nature. Patients will be evacuated immediately from the battlefield to more
definitive care. Medical evacuation platforms must have the ability to provide “en route care,”
through such enablers as oxygen generation systems, physiologic monitoring, networked medical
information interfaces, and other life support technologies. Other key capabilities for medical
evacuation include:
• Platforms capable of carrying dismounted Soldiers must have the ability to conduct
casualty evacuation activities which include the ability to carry litter patients for
131
TRADOC Pam 525-66
extraction, transportation of severely injured casualties, and execution of in-stride

casualty transfer to future combat medical vehicles.
• All manned future combat platforms, capable of transporting and extracting
casualties, will have the ability of performing networked medical information
interface support between system personnel, combat lifesavers, combat medics, unit
medical elements, and higher-level medical treatment facilities.
• Future combat medical vehicle capabilities must enable the ability to treat on the
move, hold, and transport casualties until evacuation or extraction.
(8) Force monitoring will aid medical personnel in providing the JFC with relevant,
decision point medical information, thereby permitting timely assessments and decisions
regarding force preparedness, and employment of reserve forces.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 6.1.8 (Provide Medical Material and Repair Parts (Class
VIII)); ART 6.5 (Provide Force Health Protection in a Global Environment); ART 6.5.4 (Provide
Casualty Prevention); ART 6.5.2 (Provide Medical Evacuation); ART 6.5.3 (Provide Medical
Logistics).

Service Support).

Protection Support.
4-70. FOC-09-07: Army Health System Casualty Prevention

mission-tailored force, through the prevention of casualties. Advanced medical, occupational,
and environmental surveillance will allow real time detection of CBRN health hazards. This will
minimize health impacts by exploiting preventive measure and controls, and by providing
forward interim essential diagnosis and treatment of patients prior to strategic evacuation, as well
as other critical health care support services in theater.
b. Narrative.
(1) Casualty prevention concentrates on those measures that prevent or reduce the
incidence of DNBI. Casualty prevention is the most significant medical contributions to the
warfighter. Soldiers who do not become casualties remain part of the fighting force; they do not
require treatment, evacuation, or hospitalization; thereby reducing the medical footprint and
logistic requirements in theater. Prevention of DNBI allows medical assets to support Soldiers
wounded by battle injury. DNBI remain the largest contributor to casualty production on the
battlefield and include the following factors: endemic and epidemic diseases, occupational and
environmental health threats to include chemical hazards (such as TIM), physical hazards,
industrial pollutants, as well as low-level chemical or other CBRN agents, toxic or poisonous
132
TRADOC Pam 525-66
flora and fauna, and physiological and physical stressors. The main thrust is directed at
preventing casualties, reducing morbidity and mortality, and ensuring Soldier health across the
FSOs.
(2) Combat/operational stress reactions also can comprise large number of casualties in
intense combat, most of who return to duty quickly, if treated properly and expediently in the
unit area. The key to reducing combat stress is to utilize proactive and preventive techniques
employed by forward positioned combat/operational stress control personnel. The threat of
CBRN health hazards adds an extra dimension of stress. Uncontrolled stress also endangers the
mission, through impaired duty performance, and by stimulating misconduct that requires
disciplinary action.
(3) Opportunities and resources to maintain Soldier health and effectiveness nearly
always decrease as deployments progress, therefore it is critical to provide efficient, effective
prevention control measures to reduce the health risk posed by health threat hazards in theater.
Proper health risk assessment is important to implementing any control measure, since control
measures often have a direct impact on the mission. The main thrust is directed at preventing
casualties, reducing morbidity and mortality, and ensuring Soldier health, while successfully
completing the mission objectives. The following are key elements to preventing casualties:
(a) Predeployment:
• Rapid health diagnostic tests, to screen Soldiers for exiting and potential medical
conditions.
• Rapidly assess and document Soldiers health status, to establish baseline prior to
deployment.
• Administer vaccines and chemoprophylaxis protecting Soldiers from full spectrum of
medical threat.
• Provide Personnel Protective Equipment that will significantly reduce exposure to
health threat.
• Comprehensive training in protective measures to minimize health threat.
(b) During Deployment:
• Remote sensors will rapidly detect presence of CBRN hazard at all roles.
• Role 1 medical treatment facility (MTF) provides primary health care, specialized
first aid, triage, resuscitation and stabilization. Normally included within the basic
Role 1 capabilities are routine sick call and the management of minor sick and
injured personnel for immediate return to duty, as well as casualty collection from the
point of wounding and preparation of casualties for evacuation to the rear. Role 1 is
the lowest level where at least one medically qualified doctor is available.
• A Role 2 MTF is a structure that is capable of the reception and triage of casualties,
as well as the capacity to perform resuscitation and treatment of shock to a higher
level than Role 1. It usually includes damage control surgery and a limited holding
facility for the short-term holding of casualties until they can be returned to duty or
evacuated. The deployment of Role 2 MTFs is mission-dependent and some Role 2
133
TRADOC Pam 525-66
MTFs are structured with improved clinical capability. These Role 2 MTFs are
classified into Role 2 light maneuver and Role 2 enhanced.
o Two light maneuver MTFs are light, highly mobile MTFs designed to support land
maneuver formations (normally brigade level). A Role 2 light maneuver MTF is able
to conduct advanced resuscitation procedures up to damage control surgery. It will
always evacuate its post surgical cases to Role 3 (or Role 2 enhanced for stabilization
and possible primary surgery before evacuation to Role 4.
o Two enhanced MTFs are effectively small field hospitals. They provide basic
secondary health care, built around primary surgery, intensive care unit, and nursed
beds. A Role 2 enhanced MTF is able to stabilize postsurgical cases for evacuation
to Role 4 without the requirement to first route them through a higher MTF.
• Role 3 MTFs are designed to provide theater secondary health care within the
restrictions of the theater holding policy. Role 3 medical support is deployed
hospitalization and the elements required to support it. It includes a variety of
mission-tailored clinical specialties including primary surgery and appropriate
diagnostic support.
• A Role 4 MTF provides the full spectrum of definitive medical care that cannot be
deployed to theater or is too time consuming to be conducted in theater. It typically
includes definitive care specialists, surgical and medical procedures, reconstructive
surgery, and rehabilitation.
(c) Redeployment:
• Rapid diagnostic tests to screen Soldiers for potential hazard exposure or medical
conditions.
• Automated medical records system to all potential health care providers documenting
hazard exposure or illness.
• Chemoprophylaxis or treatment to mitigate health effects after hazard exposure.
• Automated OEHs tracking system to minimize Soldier’s risk of additional exposures
increasing health risk.
(d) Postdeployment:
• Treatment for Soldiers who develop problems (sometimes several months/years after
deployment).
• Post-deployment mental health screenings.
• Significant support is required by S&T organizations with objectives under
development to attain this capability such as, the ability to provide pervasive,
extended range, intertheater and intratheater global BLOS communications relay
capability and broadcast services between noncontiguous forces at the halt, at the
quick halt and on the move in all operational environments and conditions.
(4) Cutting broadly across the many challenges will be a set of products and technologies
developed or codeveloped by the engineering community. These include:
134
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Multivariate databases containing animal and human physiological, immunological,

biochemical, and performance information.
• Medium- to large-scale real time analysis and modeling.
• Miniaturization and microminiaturization of diverse sensors and effectors/actuators,
mechanical and chemical.
• High-efficiency medical and personal wellness training, supported by diverse
hardware and software teaching systems that provide immediate, detailed feedback;
plus high-speed communications and Internet connections.
(5) Key technologies to facilitate these capabilities include:
(a) Integration of all various individual Soldier medically oriented, advanced

technologies, and routing the data gathering, calculation, decisionmaking, and communication
through the Soldier’s individual computer, common to all twenty-first century ground mounted
and air Soldiers. Development of communications-enabled advanced technologies (both sensor
and microprocessing) to support triage, diagnosis, treatment, casualty monitoring, and patient
status awareness during en route care/evacuation.
(b) Biomolecular threats include the small or large molecules or complexes that enter the
body and interact with cells and tissues, to cause injury or death. Primary examples are chemical
and biological warfare agents, infectious diseases, and toxic environmental contaminants. The
ability to rapidly detect these hazards, and implement protective measures, will significantly
reduce DNBI. Critical medical products for successfully addressing these threats include
vaccines and biomolecular scavengers, pre-engagement to enhance the body’s internal defense
mechanisms, and drugs to treat casualties. Barrier chemicals and repellants will be used on or
near the body to deflect some kinds of agents and infections. A wide variety of individual and
local area medical diagnostics will be used to rapidly recognize and identify biomolecular
threats. Requisite technologies include molecular and receptor structural analysis; genetic,
binding, immunological, and other assays; chemical synthesis and high throughput drug
screening; pharmacokinetic modeling; genetic and protein engineering; protein synthesis; small-
and large-scale drug and vaccine production; animal and human safety and efficacy testing;
molecular reference libraries; plus the analytic and communications technologies noted above.
Develop diagnostic assays and reagents that will provide rapid laboratory diagnosis for broad
array of biological threats and infectious diseases, using common diagnostic technologies.
Identify technologies that allow for forward and confirmatory laboratory diagnosis, regardless of
the agent or hazard.
(c) Traumatic energy threats include the numerous, diverse ways that large amounts of
energy are deposited in the body, usually during a short time span, causing small-and large-scale
tissue damage leading to injury or death. Primary examples include blunt or penetrating trauma,
blast, burn, heat, cold, pressure, noise, vibration, plus laser and microwave radiation. The ability
to rapidly detect these hazards, and implement protective measures, will significantly reduce
DNBI. Critical products for addressing these threats include extensive animal and human
exposure data upon which safe equipment, training, and doctrine can be developed. Individual
and local area sensors will provide both early threat alerts, and remote casualty identification. A
135
TRADOC Pam 525-66
variety of chemical and other biological products will include some that can be administered
before injury, to potentially limit later damage. Required technologies include remote
physiological instrumentation, generation and characterization of complex energy fields/waves,
light and electron microscopic tissue pathology, biomedical risk assessment, plus most of the
protein and drug analytic and development techniques mentioned above. Stress threats include
those performance-degrading challenges to the ‘human dimension’ that affect the body diffusely,
working through poorly understood mechanisms that often involve the nervous system.
Operational stress reflects degraded physical and mental performance from sleep deprivation and
schedule irregularity, metabolic depletion from extended and strenuous operations, boredom,
fear, etc. Training and behavior stress may result in less than optimal performance, possibly
reflecting the inadequacy of formal instruction, or the maladaptive elements in individual
behavior. Unit, leader, and family stress concerns performance decrements related to the
demands of group participation. Critical medical products for addressing these threats include
recommendations for health promoting personal behavior; performance-sustaining ration
supplements; injury-reducing training regimens; optimal sleep-wake schedules; performance-
sustaining drugs; evolving recommendations for in theater stress management teams; plus
individual, unit, and family stress diagnostics, based partly on medical data.
(d) Beyond those noted previously, requisite technologies include behavioral

epidemiology, brain and muscle metabolic imaging, individual Soldier status monitoring, plus
cognitive and psychomotor performance assessment technologies. Ability to take advantage of
space and near space platforms, links, and processors to enable the fusion, sharing, push, and pull
to update information from a wide variety of sensors and sources in all domains, access that
information simultaneously from multiple noncontiguous locations in order to provide timely,
actionable, and relevant information in support of the planning, execution, and assessment
operations of the JF and JFCs. Rapidly developing biomedical technologies, teamed with
parallel developments in computer, engineering, and materials sciences, will significantly
transform the Army’s capacity to establish and maintain Soldiers’ health, as they operate in
increasingly diverse and dangerous environments.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 6.5 (Provide Force Health Protection in a Global

Environment).

Service Support).

Protection Support.
4-71. FOC-09-08: Soldier Support

abilities to effectively fight as an integral component of a joint, interdependent, full spectrum,
mission-tailored force, by enhancing the individual and collective Soldiers’ operational quality of
life, directly impacting their confidence, motivation, and fundamental ability to accomplish the
136
TRADOC Pam 525-66
mission. Provide responsive, quality support, in both the combat and noncombat areas of general
administration (military pay, mail, legal), and other services. Examples include: personnel
support and services, religious support, individual protection and survivability, Soldier
sustainment, equipment endurance and functionality, and morale and welfare operations
adaptable to all echelons and environments within the OE.
b. Narrative. Sustaining the warfighter is the paramount maneuver sustainment mission.

The pursuit of mature leap-ahead technologies, advanced warfighting concepts, and increased
vulnerability in the OE has increased overall Soldier support demands. Soldier capabilities are
evolving over time, and keeping pace with the rapid advance of Soldier systems technology.
Increased power density demand is the result of increased Soldier systems capabilities; from
proficiency with global positioning location and tracking equipment, to an array of thermal
imaging devices, laser range finders and pointers, image intensifiers, target designators, and
sophisticated communications equipment. Emerging subordinate concepts responding to self-
sustainment challenges in rapid deployment, early entry, minimized footprint, asymmetric
warfare, non-linear three-dimensional OE, and urban and complex terrain will dictate new, more
efficient strategies in power and endurance management, and production, storage, and
distribution of even basic human sustainment items such as water, food, and shelter. The
advancement and proliferation of threat sensors and weapons have resulted in increased
vulnerability of all Soldiers, even when sheltered, resulting from thermal, radar, visual,
electronic, and acoustic emissions signatures. Efficient maneuver sustainment and overall
support of the warfighter are paramount maneuver sustainment missions. The application of
advanced technology in power, distribution, Soldier sustainment, ammunition, and C4I (all
integral subsets of Soldier support) will allow the warfighting Soldier to keep pace with
emerging state-of-the-art combat systems.
c. Linkage AUTL: ART 6.4 (Provide Sustainment Support); ART 6.5.4 (Provide Casualty
Prevention); ART 6.6 (Provide Human Resource Support); ART 6.7 (Provide Finance and
Resource Management Services); ART 6.8 (Provide Religious Support); ART 7.7 (Support the
Commander's Leadership Responsibilities for Morale, Welfare, and Discipline).
d. Linkage UJTL: SN 4 (Provide Sustainment), ST 4.2 (Coordinate Support for Forces in

Theater), OP 4 (Provide Operational Logistics and Personnel Support).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain.
4-72. FOC-09-09: Global Military Religious Support
a. Capstone Capabilities. U.S. Army Chaplains ensure the free exercise of religion for
America’s Army through a spiritually based professional military chaplaincy. The two core
religious support capabilities are professional military religious support and principal religious
advisor to the command. The Unit Ministry Team (UMT) integrates these capabilities within the
military religious support environment at all levels beginning with the Soldier. The UMT
maintains a religious support command, coordination, and communication center at all times
within the AOs. The functioning of these core capabilities inextricably weaves together the
unique military religious support skills of the UMT.
137
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative.
(1) In the future Modular Force, religious support will reflect an asymmetric capability
that is modular, scalable, and flexible for prompt, sustained spiritual care of Soldiers. UMTs
deliver timely religious support to each future Modular Force warrior, when and where each
individual needs it, and in the form that supports his or her free exercise of religion requirements.
The very core of the religious support environment is the Soldier. Chaplaincy in the future
Modular Force creatively integrates sophisticated technologies to enhance and extend religious
support to the Soldier.
(2) The chaplaincy will require equipment and systems that enable the UMT to perform
and provide personal military religious support to the future Modular Force. It is critical that the
UMT be resourced at all levels with the current and future Modular Force. The chaplaincy will
manage the Soldiers’ religious support environment through professional, spiritually based, and
net-centric technological systems. The UMT will require the ability to deliver requested
religious support to the Soldier.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 6.8 (Provide Religious Support); ART 6.8.1 (Conduct
Religious Services); ART 6.8.2 (Provide Religious Care and Counseling); ART 6.8.3 (Advise on
Religious, Moral, and Ethical Issues); ART 6.8.4 (Conduct Religious Support Activity Training)
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 4.3.2 (Coordinate Defense-Wide Religious Support); ST 4.2.5

(Provide Religious Ministry Support within Theater); OP 4.4.6 (Provide Religious Ministry
Support in the Joint Operations Area).
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-4-1, Sustain.
Section X - Training, Leader Development and Education
4-73. Training, Leader Development and Education Demands

Future Modular Force Soldiers and leaders must be multifunctional, and capable of fighting and
winning decisively, as part of a JF, on the full spectrum battlefields of the future. The demands
of future conflict will continue to place great responsibility on future Army leaders at all levels,
requiring mature judgment even while they are still gaining experience. Future battle will also
require leaders who can operate with mission command in an environment of rapidly changing
operational conditions, confronting a wide variety of threats. Future leaders must possess a
"joint and expeditionary mindset," accept change as a routine condition, and acquire proficiency
in the use of a wide range of new technologies, particularly within the information arena. Army
leaders will also need JIM education and experience earlier in their careers than has been the
norm in the past. Training capabilities will enable operators, maintainers, unit leaders, and staff
planners to be trained in SOS functions, by leveraging networked, embedded, virtual,
constructive, and live training modes anywhere, anytime. Training leader development and
education regimens will develop thinking, confident, versatile, adaptive, and seasoned leaders.
138
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-74. FOC Areas

The FOCs identified for training, in order to fulfill the vision articulated in joint and Army
concepts fall into the following areas:
• Leadership training and education.

• Accessible training.
• Realistic training.
• Responsive training development and delivery.
• Training for JIM operations.
• Managing unit performance.
a. Training is at the very core of the capabilities envisioned in all joint and Army
warfighting concepts. Commanders determine readiness based on training. JTF staffs must be
trained on the capabilities of the different Services to effectively plan and execute joint
operations.
b. Successful execution of Army concepts results from quality training and leader
development. The superior performance of Soldiers and units in recent joint military operations
can be directly linked to effective training of leaders and Soldiers, collectively and individually.
4-76. Desired Training, Leader Development, and Education Capabilities
a. Future Modular Force units will continue to train in the Army training centers and
schools, at home station, at Combat Training Centers (CTCs), and during operational
deployments. The centers and schools will develop the foundation for Army doctrine, initial
military training, and professional military education based on timely input from units in the OE.
The major difference from today will be the pervasive nature of technology that will make
training more realistic and distributive. Breakthroughs in behavioral science and learning
technologies will enable acceleration in the training and development of leaders and Soldiers.
The accessibility of training to Soldiers anywhere, anytime will be improved through many
means. For example, electronic repositories may enable rapid, on demand access to tactics,
techniques, and procedures publications, training support packages, and other training support
materials. The classrooms will be both real and virtual, providing new connectivity that ports the
institutional classroom to the location of Soldiers and units. Links to the U.S. Army Center for
Army Lessons Learned will permit students to obtain the lessons of the CTCs. Embedded
training capabilities will provide connectivity to enable training delivery from the institution
directly to the platform.
(1) The objective of unit training in the future Modular Force remains combat readiness.
JFCs will continue to employ proven training principles embedded in the training doctrine
manuals FM 7-0 and FM 7-1. Training will be based on mission essential tasks. Unit training
will continue to be standards based, providing Soldiers and leaders relevant, realistic training
environments for training across the FSOs. This training will be conducted to the same high
139
TRADOC Pam 525-66
standards at home station, at the CTCs, and during deployments. Army institutions will
seamlessly support units throughout this training. Meeting these requirements will require an
integrated and responsive training development system, enabled by an integrated training support
system to links Soldiers and units to the centers, schools, and the CTCs through the GIG.
Finally, new technologies will streamline unit training management, making it less time
consuming and less resource intensive.
(2) Self-development will remain one of the pillars of training. Each Soldier and leader
in the future Modular Force will bear greater responsibility for his or her own individual
development. The scope of joint professional military education must expand to encompass
more leaders from each of the Services, expand interagency and multinational participation, and
address the entire spectrum of conflict. Soldiers and leaders will be empowered with technology
and utilize new training strategies to maintain individual readiness and manage their training
needs. Artificial intelligence expert mentors and coaches will enhance and enrich Soldier and
leader experiences by guiding them through learning experiences.
(3) Training is closely related to human dimension due to the shared interest in
“trainability,” and ensuring that human performance parameters are prime considerations in new
equipment design. Common ground between training and battle command are the complex
cognitive skills required to train Soldiers for battle command. In addition, training is a very
horizontal component of the FOCs and extends into each of the individual FOCs, all of which
have Soldier and leader training dimensions. The FOCs required to achieve the joint and Army
vision for training concepts are:
• Leadership training and education.

• Accessible training.
• Realistic training.
• Responsive training development and delivery.
• Training for JIM operations.
• Managing unit performance.
b. Training Soldiers to high standards is essential for the future Modular Force to maintain
the high level of readiness required. Battle-focused training on combat and noncombat tasks
prepares Soldiers, units, and leaders to deploy, fight, and win.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 7.7.3 (Train Subordinates and Units).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 4.1.2 (Procure, Train, Supply, Transport, and Maintain

Personnel); ST 4.2.4 (Establish and Coordinate Training of Joint and Combined Forces and
Conditions/Standards); SN 3.1.4 (Coordinate Joint/Multinational Training Events); SN 6.3.2
(Conduct Specified Training); SN 6.5.4 (Train Units and Individuals to Minimum Operationally
Ready/POR Status); SN 7.4 (Educate and Train the Force).
140
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-77. FOC-10-01: Leadership Training and Education
(1) The Army must provide a relevant and effective learning system to enable leaders to
be trained and educated to meet the challenges of tomorrow’s contemporary OE and adapt to the
constancy of change. To succeed in this environment, future leaders must possess: mature
judgment; awareness of their own strengths and weaknesses, excellent interpersonal, social and
cultural skills; the ability to train effective teams; a wide range of kinetic and nonkinetic skills;
and above all, be adaptive and agile. Leaders must be trained to do more and think more
incisively, earlier in their careers. To fill these challenging requirements the leader training and
education system must identify and employ the most innovative, effective and efficient learning
models and strategies possible and enable every leader to become an expert learner capable of
accelerated learning and personal mastery of core competencies.
(2) Leadership will remain the essential dynamic in the application of combat power, and
significant changes in the strategic environment will have far reaching implications for the
Army's leader training and education system. This system must prepare adaptive thinking and
flexible officers required to lead effectively during FSO. Leaders at all levels must possess the
skills necessary to work effectively within culturally diverse environments, make decisions,
adapt readily, and respond appropriately in complex and dynamic situations. The science of
learning will provide new strategies for accelerating leader skill development in a meaningful,
structured, life-long learning process to extend and enhance learning throughout leaders’ careers.
All pillars of the Army’s leader training and education process will be oriented on preparing:
• Leaders who excel in the human dimension of leadership.

• Leaders who are adaptive.
• Leaders who can rapidly develop and sustain effective teams.
• Leaders who are more highly skilled, earlier in their careers.
• Leaders who possess both tactical and technical expertise across the full spectrum of
operations.
• Leaders who can competently employ a wide range of new information technologies
and data systems.
• Leaders who are committed to sustaining their skills throughout their careers.
b. Narrative.
(1) First and foremost, future leaders must excel in the human interaction skills required
for leadership. Interpersonal, social, and cultural skills, including expertise in group dynamics,
will play an increasingly important role in commissioned and noncommissioned officer success
and Army combat readiness. A leader’s human dimension skills will largely determine his or her
ability to foster unit cohesion, mentor Soldiers, work effectively with persons ranging widely in
background, personality, and work style, and lead successfully when deployed to foreign
countries. In the OE, leaders must possess the essential social, cultural, and interpersonal
knowledge and skills needed to understand, communicate, and coordinate effectively with
diverse groups of people including joint, coalition, and interagency personnel, U.S and foreign
141
TRADOC Pam 525-66
civilians of all walks of life, particularly the media. Future leaders must understand the impact
of the cultural dimension on the OE. Trends of population growth, urbanization, and
globalization all contribute to the likelihood that future leaders will be asked to contribute to, and
in many cases lead, the resolution of the conflict that sometimes arises when different cultures
interact. The leadership training and education system must identify those interpersonal, social,
and cultural skills and behaviors that relate most closely to Army leader performance, accelerate
their initial learning, and enhance their development through life-long learning.
(2) Adaptability (the ability to apply critical and creative thinking to change strategy or
behavior during actual (or anticipated) altered situations) will be integral to effective Army
leadership, at increasingly junior levels, as long as the Army continues to operate in unstable,
diverse, and unpredictable environments. Adaptable leaders must possess higher order cognitive
skills, the ability to rapidly synthesize information and make intuitive assessments of situations,
the ability to rapidly conceptualize the COA, the ability to maintain SA on the move, and the
ability to transition smoothly from kinetic to nonkinetic events within a rapidly changing
spectrum of operations. While the continuing importance of leader adaptability is a certainty,
training leaders to be adaptable will continue to be a challenge. Due to the differences among
leaders and their jobs, and the infinite numbers and types of situations where adaptive behavior is
required, adaptability training procedures must be flexible, and inculcate, in leaders at all levels,
a generic capacity for adaptability. The key to generic leader adaptability will be teaching
leaders “how to learn” (that is how to assess situations under different circumstances). Training
and educational techniques must focus on the development of conceptual skills required for
learning, and provide repeated practice of those skills. The leader training and education system
must also continue to identify and employ techniques for accelerating growth of adaptability
based on an understanding of when, where, and how much adaptability-oriented training is
needed by leaders at different levels.
(3) Future leaders must excel in their ability to build adaptive, cohesive, and high
performing teams, rapidly. However, the geographic space for practicing leadership continues to
expand from a human scale that facilitates face-to-face interpersonal contact, to one in which the
information rich and technically charged environment will typically create physical remoteness.
Since team members may often be geographically distributed there will be a heightened need for
shared conceptualization of the JFC’s intent and teamwork built on trust. Information age
communications methods (teleconferencing, instant messaging, e-mail, ‘texting,’) will become
the norm for interactions among team members and between leaders and their teams. Teams and
task forces will form and operate without offering opportunities for face-to-face encounters
between leaders and subordinates. Leaders must learn the principles of effective leadership at a
distance and understand the roles and impacts of various communication media in building
effective teams. Teams will not be able to rely as much on standard operating procedures and
predetermined ways of coordinating tasks as in the past, because of the dynamic environment.
Therefore, leaders must develop adaptability in their teams by encouraging and rewarding
adaptive behavior and by setting expectations for adaptive performance by team members. The
leader training and education system must train leaders to understand the influences they have on
team processes and how they can best contribute to the development of adaptive and cohesive
teams.
142
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(4) Future leaders at all levels must be ready to assume leadership positions equipped
with an understanding of FSOs, capable of being effective in any environment, and able to
quickly transition from combat to noncombat roles. In the years since 9/11 junior leaders, both
noncommissioned officers and officers, have found themselves increasingly responsible for
planning and executing missions that had been handled at one or more echelons above them in
the past. Company level leaders will regularly coordinate plans and activities with local or
national civil leaders, and make decisions that may have strategic impacts. While having
expanded their scope of responsibilities, junior leaders will continue to plan small scale
operations. Preparing young leaders to assume this range of responsibilities will require a
shortened training and leader development timeline. To sustain and enhance skills, leaders must
learn skills earlier in their careers and be devoted to continuous learning. This will require an
integrated training and education process, extending from the institution, to home station, to
deployment, that enables future leaders to gain, reinforce, sustain, advance, and accelerate
learning of essential leadership and battle command skills, when and where needed. In addition
to compressed learning of tactics and technical proficiency, training system tools, techniques,
and learner centered models must prepare leaders early to master the transition from kinetic to
nonkinetic warfare and back again, and from Army to JIM operations.
(5) Future Modular Force leaders must be exposed to the range of operational
experiences, as well as having the tactical and technical expertise, to lead a force optimized for
the full ROMO, including humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and low or
high intensity conflict, as part of JIM operations. Stability and reconstruction operations will
place a higher premium on an evolving set of conceptual skills such as negotiation, conflict
resolution, multinational cultural awareness and influence, multitasking, employing
indirect/nonlethal effects, dealing with ambiguity, ethical reasoning, dealing with
corrupt/irrational/desperate agents, countering anti-U.S. propaganda, violation of ROE, and
retaliation to terrorist acts. These skills must be integrated into the leader training and education
system based on a thorough understanding of how, when, and where these skills can best be
trained and sustained during a leader’s career.
(6) Future Modular Force leaders also must competently employ a wide range of new
information technologies and data systems in a networked environment, where leaders must be
prepared to operate and exploit network enabling capabilities. The Army will employ a single,
networked, integrated C2 systems and ISR architecture that will link JIM forces, and the most
typical type of communication will be digital. Leaders must be provided educational and
training opportunities that broaden their understanding of leadership and battle command in the
net-centric strategic, operational, and tactical environments. In addition, to providing effective
training of digital and network collaboration skills to support this capability, cognitive decision
support, and planning aids will be required. This training will help commanders build cognitive
endurance and avoid cognitive overload, ensuring the increased availability of information is
efficiently processed in real time, understood, and disseminated, to maintain dominant SU.
(7) Future leaders, and in deed, all Soldiers, will need to play an increasingly important
role in their own training and development throughout their careers. FM 6-22 defines life-long
learning as the individual’s lifelong choice to actively and overtly pursue knowledge, the
comprehension of ideas, and the expansion of depth in any area in order to progress beyond a
143
TRADOC Pam 525-66
known state of development and competency. To enable life-long learning the Army must
continue to provide excellent institutional and operational training, however, it will be
particularly important to expand opportunities in the self-development arena. Self-development
must evolve to a meaningful competency-based program that encourages individual initiative,
results in improved leader focus on the profession of arms; and enables a “train ahead” approach
to development allowing high performers to shape their speed of advancement. The end state
must be Soldiers and leaders who are confident, diligent and resourceful learners; able to self-
assess and recognize gaps in their knowledge and skills, and seek out new information to build
expertise over time.
(a) Within the future leader training and education system there will be four key enablers
for effective lifelong learning:
• Distributed learning (DL).

• A comprehensive body of knowledge/relevant content and an accompanying
knowledge management system.
• An information structure that creates a network-enabled adaptive learning
environment with anytime access to learning content.
• Leader and Soldier self-assessment processes and tools.
(b) Soldiers and leaders must be able to self-monitor their successful comprehension and
mastery of new skills and knowledge. Leader assessment tools must identify individual leader
strengths and weaknesses in areas such as the abilities to:
• Relate to others.
• Influence others to develop.
• Shape a positive command climate.
• Effectively lead in a culturally diverse environment.
• Develop high performing teams.

4-78. FOC-10-02: Accessible Training
(1) Training for the future Modular Force will capitalize on emerging technologies to
make training readily accessible to Soldiers any place, any time. This training capability will be
without the presence of human instructors and capable in all environments, 24/7, using GIG
linkages and organic power systems. The capability will be applicable to both cognitive and
144
TRADOC Pam 525-66
psychomotor skill training for any target audience. Dispersed Soldiers and units will be linked
with one another and with the training institutions through distributed training and integrated
live, virtual, and constructive training environments. Embedding training in equipment will
enable more cost-effective training and mission rehearsal, on demand, whether at home station or
deployed. New training technologies will provide a universal training support capability that
extends to active Army, U.S. Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve units and ensures
that training capabilities keep pace with advancements in warfighting technologies. Soldiers and
leaders in units will have quick access through reachback to the training opportunities, lessons
learned, and other knowledge relevant to their immediate mission or required as part of their
career development plan.
(2) Accessible training must be more than merely ubiquitous. It must be easy to obtain,
feasible to use or operate as is, or easily and quickly modifiable as needed. To be truly
accessible, relevant training must be provided in a form that is not cost or manpower prohibitive.
The accessible training capability will be characterized by:
• Effective distributed individual and collective training available globally, on demand.

• Knowledge management and supporting information structure to support Soldier
training and decisionmaking.
• Ability for Soldiers to train and commanders to train units without significant external
support through enhanced embedded training.
b. Narrative.
(1) The future training system must be as responsive as the future Modular Force itself,
anticipating Soldier and unit training requirements to make the right training available on
demand. Future Modular Force training must reflect the global nature of Army operations as
part of JIM missions and the need to deliver, on a push and pull basis, appropriate, dynamic,
tactically realistic training to units during deployment, redeployment, and reconstitution, as well
as to Soldiers in the institution, and at home station. Training must be distributed using a
common operating environment that can be accessed by future Modular Force Soldiers,
whenever and wherever training is needed to acquire skills, sustain combat readiness, and
conduct mission rehearsal exercises. Advanced training technologies and processes must be
exploited to permit the integration of individual and collective training during routine operations,
and other training in hostile environments. Training strategies and tools must address geographic
dispersion, both during operations and at home station.
(2) The future Modular Force will greatly increase reliance on DL technologies, primarily
as a means of increasing training accessibility and tailorability, but also as a means of reducing
costs. DL used to augment or replace resident training will lower travel costs. Use of DL as a
means of individualizing training to the needs of a specific Soldier and their duty assignment will
reduce the time and cost to achieve training objectives. Following the trend in higher education,
the Army will frequently employ a blended approach to learning which will combine, in a single
course, both synchronous DL (video teletraining and audio conferencing) and asynchronous DL
(students taking on-line courses at their convenience). This approach will typically be
experiential and student/team centered and incorporate on-line structured “communities of
145
TRADOC Pam 525-66
practice” augmented with digital resource materials. The training system will continue to be
challenged to ensure the DL content is relevant, current, and intellectually challenging, the
delivery mechanism is user-friendly and engaging, and the access is assured without technical
interruptions.
(3) Knowledge management will work hand-in-hand with training to keep the Army on
point and prepared. Through application of knowledge management principles, the individual
and collective know-how of warfighters will be captured, preserved and made easily accessible
to Soldiers and leaders throughout the Army to support their decisionmaking. For the Army,
knowledge management is the systematic process of finding, selecting, organizing, improving,
sharing and benchmarking explicit and tacit information to support optimal combat effectiveness.
Common knowledge management capabilities include collaboration via network technologies,
communities of practice (the Army calls these structured professional forums), knowledge
portals, and repositories. The success of major current initiatives, such as Army Knowledge On-
line, the Battle Command Knowledge System, and U.S. Army Center for Army Lessons
Learned, as well as a variety of mission specific knowledge management capabilities, raise
expectations of a greatly increased information sharing capability in the future. Another key
element for a comprehensive knowledge management capability will be Soldiers’ reachback to
training repositories. Access to training repositories will reduce the turn around times for
Soldiers to obtain doctrine, lessons learned, technical information, performance support, training
support packages, and after action reviews. This will greatly ease training management for
leaders and provide access to training that can be tailored to the Soldier or unit need. Robust
collaboration capabilities over the network will be essential to achieving the full potential of
knowledge management for the Army.
(4) To achieve the vision of on demand access to appropriate and relevant learning
activities and related information requires a lifecycle approach to information resources and an
investment in the associated people, processes, technology standards and policy. Content must
be searchable, shareable, reusable in multiple formats and the content management and delivery
system must be consistent and accessible to both learners and developers. Planned learning
activities, such as on-line or resident courses or simulation exercises, need to be enriched and
reinforced by on demand access to relevant information, such as pertinent articles, on-line
discussions, or video vignettes from a related after action review. Joint, multinational, and even
Army students outside a particular network domain must have access to learning content.
Network reliability, latency, and recovery must be sufficient to provide ensured access to
learning content at any time.
(5) To ensure maximum accessibility, as well as flexibility in execution of training,

Soldiers and commanders must have the capability to train without significant external support.
This capability will sustain/improve unit performance with an immediate training/retraining
capability anywhere, anytime. Units will rapidly execute training with organic assets, saving
time for leaders to focus on execution and retraining instead of extensive planning and
coordinating unit training support, resources, and movement. In lieu of the subject matter and
instructional expertise of trainers, the artificial intelligence tutors, coaches, and mentors will
monitor and track Soldier learning needs, assessing and diagnosing problems, and providing
other assistance, as needed. Embedding training and performance support systems in future
146
TRADOC Pam 525-66
concept, organization, and system designs will provide much of the needed deployable
capability. Embedded training will provide access to virtual and constructive multi-echelon
combined arms training for leaders, staffs, and units to build combined arms teams, integrating
reserve component and JIM capabilities. It will provide units with the capability to conduct a
full range of collective training events without the physical participation of other units. As FCS
equipped units are fielded, embedded training will begin to meet the needs of both mounted and
dismounted Soldiers. However, more work in this area will be required to meet the needs of the
total force.

4-79. FOC-10-03: Realistic Training
(1) Future Modular Force training capabilities must, to the maximum extent possible,
replicate the OE. This capability must include live training at home station and during
deployments, and extend to CTCs and operational areas. Training support capabilities must
complement the fielding of current and future warfighter technologies and provide the human
performance development applications that enable realistic joint and Army training and
education. Further, the virtual and constructive environments must provide the realism and feel
needed to train individuals, teams, and units effectively across the FSO.
(2) Realistic training replicates the OE to the extent needed to optimize training
effectiveness. Realistic training requires organizations to train the way they will operate or
support within all dimensions of the AOs. Realistic training includes all available elements of
combined arms teams and, as appropriate, JIM teams. It optimizes the use of training support
system products to replicate stresses, sounds, and conditions of actual operations. The following
elements characterize realistic training:
• Training that provides realistic replication of weapons, the environment and

battlefield effects.
• Models and simulations that enable training and mission rehearsal for the full
spectrum of operations in a JIM environment.
• A synthetic training environment that accommodates training the full spectrum of
operations.
• Live, virtual and constructive training environments that realistically and accurately
portray the societal and cultural aspects of the contemporary operational
environment.
147
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative.
(1) Live training will remain a cornerstone of training for future Modular Force Soldiers
and units, but constrained resources and training environments and the availability of simulators
and simulations will continue to limit live training. Future Modular Force training must provide
realistic, real time replication of weapons and OE effects, embedded into all training
environments with commonality at the institution, home station, operational theater, and CTC.
In addition to the replication of weapons employment and effects, to be realistic, future Modular
Force training must also replicate employment of C2 systems capabilities, employment of ISR
resources/information, survivability capabilities, sustainment capabilities, and replication of the
effects of the environment on the battlefield. Training support must universally enable realistic
training in the operational arts of war constructs of: move, shoot, communicate, see the
battlefield, survive, and sustain, all within a JIM context. Portrayal of that environment must
include an accurate representation of the social and cultural aspects to be encountered.
(2) Virtual training will provide an immersive environment. This environment will
provide the necessary suspension of disbelief, realistic locomotion of the Soldier, and realistic
touch and feel of fellow Soldiers. It will have a 210 degree instantaneous horizontal field of
view and a 360 degree total horizontal field of view, a 75 degree instantaneous vertical field of
view, and a 180 degree total vertical field of view. It will have the ability to move in and
through multi-elevation structures and will be interoperable with the common virtual
environment provided through the program of record, synthetic environment core. Virtual
humans with the same level of fidelity as an avatar controlled by a human will be the norm.
Virtual human technology will use natural language processing, be reprogrammable to adopt
different identities (that is. provide cultural fidelity), and have appropriate facial expressions and
gestures. Virtual humans will also respond based on the situation and be capable of showing
emotion. Virtual humans will have the ability to act, react, and counter react to verbal and non-
verbal stimuli.
(3) Future Modular Force training requires models and simulations that enable training
and mission rehearsal for FSOs within a networked JIM environment. Models and simulations
must be flexible and adaptable, replicating the OE, emerging weapons systems, human factors,
and robot behaviors. These models must be available in a continuous, persistent environment to
meet training demands from distributed locations worldwide. The successful execution of
training for the future Modular Force will also require the capability to link live, virtual, and
constructive simulations seamlessly, to present the best environment for training individuals,
leaders, staffs, and units on the right tasks, at the right place and time. To create this interactive
‘synthetic training environment’, all simulation systems, instrumentation systems, C2 systems,
and weapons systems must operate and interoperate, using common databases that accurately
represent human and group behaviors, atmospheric and ground effects, and include virtual terrain
that replicates the actual theater of operation. This synthetic training environment must be able
to accommodate FSOs within the JIM environment, from special operations to logistics to
combat, and be sufficiently interactive to allow combined training of the different elements. This
capability must also provide commanders the tools to select or modify the range of available
OEs, for precisely training their Soldiers, staffs, and units on specific shortcomings, or tasks
relevant to an upcoming mission.
148
TRADOC Pam 525-66

4-80. FOC-10-04: Responsive Training Development and Delivery
(1) The end state training system must have the capability to support shorter cycle times
by rapidly capturing and integrating collected insights and changes, leading to timely and
effective training products needed for both individual and collective training for future Modular
Force jobs. It will provide training, education and mission rehearsal tailored to the specific skills
and knowledge level of the individual Soldier or unit and their defined needs. It will be a
learner-centric system of leader education in which individual knowledge, skill and other
developmental needs are used to tailor timing, delivery, and duration. Timing and content are
individual needs and differ based on individual experiences and capabilities. Future education
can be enhanced by exploring educational models that are based on the learner's individual
needs.
(2) Training products needed for both individual and collective training for future
Modular Force Soldiers and units are delivered in a timely and effective manner. A responsive
training development system must be capable of:
• Meaningful integration with the operating force to meet their needs.

• Applying best models, methods and principles of learning science to improving
training effectiveness and efficiency.
• Applying Human Performance Improvement methods to optimize Soldier
performance.
• Conducting comprehensive analysis of Future Force functions, jobs, skills, and
knowledge requirements.
• Using skill decay models and decision tools that enable trainers to determine how,
when, and where to deliver training and performance support most effectively and
efficiently.
• Enabling trainers and training developers to work collaboratively in a distributed
environment to rapidly develop training tailored to individual or unit needs.
• Providing units the ability to develop or reconfigure training locally to meet their
needs.
• Ensuring, through quality assurance and other feedback mechanisms, that training
planning and development address the most critical FF training requirements.
149
TRADOC Pam 525-66
b. Narrative.
(1) TRADOC will evolve toward a more dynamic mission that is more fully integrated
with the operating force. Given the unpredictability of combat conditions, and the rapid
adaptability of threats, the linear model of training development and delivery will evolve into a
model that allows for more spontaneity and responsiveness to immediate needs. TRADOC, the
“generating force,” will be integrated with the operating force to enable lessons learned and other
feedback to be applied to improve training and doctrine rapidly within and between the two force
components. TRADOC will be challenged to develop relevant training and deliver it more
rapidly.
(2) TRADOC will apply the best principles of learning science to meet the challenges of
increased training demands. The application of learning science will have the following goals:
• Accelerate learning while maintaining effectiveness

• Choose and leverage learning technologies based on learning effectiveness
• Enable rapid insertion of lessons learned into training and leader development
• Minimize resource requirements (time, cost, people) by streamlining time in
institutional training and education settings.
(3) TRADOC will apply a new learning model. Years of research and practice in the
science of learning have pinpointed key attributes of effective and efficient training and
education that comprise the new model. In general, future training will be more: experiential,
authentic/current/relevant, guided, motivational/engaging, tailored to the learner, and
collaborative (as needed). Guided experiential learning is one method for designing instruction
for cognitive tasks that is grounded in these principles and will be widely applied to both
classroom and DL instruction. Guided experiential learning will be applicable to many different
tasks and settings, and as it is integrated into training and education across the system there will
be decreases in time to learn and increases in level of learning.
(4) The future Modular Force will apply approaches, in addition to training, to optimize
Soldier performance. The Army will follow the lead of industrial and military human resource
experts who recommend a focus on human performance improvements and selection from a
menu of options for improving human performance, rather than relying solely on training. These
other approaches (for example personnel selection, doctrinal change, human machine interface
design), along with training, are integrated within the overall “human performance
improvement” human framework adopted by TRADOC. The human performance improvement
process is distinguished by its emphasis on a front end performance analysis to identify the gap
between desired and actual performance, and a thorough analysis of the cause(s) of the
performance problem. Application of HPI analytic techniques will lead to determination of the
most effective solution or set of solutions to a problem. Training will often be part of a blended
solution set but seldom the total remedy. Based on U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard experience,
adoption of the human performance improvement approach should enable the Army to realize
significant return on its investment in HPI techniques. Other advantages of the human
performance improvement approach will be closer alignment of human resource, training and
150
TRADOC Pam 525-66
acquisition systems, elimination of unnecessary training, better understanding of Soldier

performance problems, and attainment of optimal Soldier performance outcomes.
(5) As many future Soldier skill sets will need definition, TRADOC must maintain a
robust capability comprehensively analyze functions, jobs, tasks, skills, and knowledge
requirements to support the training and leader development process for unit and individual
training. Advanced technologies, such as robotic vehicles, advanced sensors, and information
technologies, will be incorporated into future equipment systems with significant training
implications. Changes in force designs and missions, executed in a JIM environment, will
introduce more collective/team tasks and increase task performance requirements. Stability and
reconstruction operations will place a higher premium on an evolving set of conceptual skills
such as negotiation, conflict resolution, multinational cultural awareness and influence,
multitasking, employing indirect/nonlethal effects, dealing with ambiguity, ethical reasoning,
dealing with corrupt/irrational/desperate agents, countering anti-U.S. propaganda, violation of
ROE, and retaliation to terrorist acts. A specialized type of task analysis, cognitive task analysis,
will be used to determine the required elements of knowledge and skills for nonkinetic and other
problem solving and decisionmaking types of tasks. Quality assurance mechanisms and other
feedback capabilities will be critical to ensure that training development is addressing the most
critical training requirements.
(6) Responsiveness must characterize future training development, as well as training

execution. Skill decay models and decision tools that enable trainers to determine when, where,
and how to deliver training and performance support most effectively and efficiently are
essential capabilities. The training system must also provide training developers the tools and
decision support systems needed to analyze, design, develop, and execute training efficiently and
effectively. Low-cost, personal computer based tools that facilitate shorter training development
lines will be critical.
(7) Future training must be sufficiently responsive and robust to ensure that units
accommodate rapid changes in doctrine, organization, and equipment, while maintaining
readiness and meeting current operational requirements. This will necessitate links between
units, schools, and training centers to enable collaborative training development, delivery,
testing, and evaluation in a distributed mode, as well as rapid feedback on training requirements.
In addition to the links required to support collaboration, all Army trainers, regardless of
component or location, must have at least a limited local capability to prepare, produce, and
rapidly reconfigure individual Soldier and unit performance-oriented, standards-based, and
realistic multi-echelon training. Nearly all operations encounter unexpected and unanticipated
challenges. One way to prepare for these challenges is to ensure that capabilities for preparing or
editing DL, simulation, and or simulation scenarios are available to local commanders whenever
and wherever needed in a format that does not require substantial computer skills. Such tools
will be equally useful for institutional training to streamline the development process.

151
TRADOC Pam 525-66

4-81. FOC-10-05: Training for Joint, Interagency, and Multinational (JIM) Operations
(1) The future Modular Force will train and operate in a joint environment that will
frequently include interagency and multinational organizations. During JIM operations, JFCs
and Soldiers will be interdependent with personnel from other services, coalition forces,
governmental and NGO, and they must be prepared to operate effectively in that environment in
spite of language and cultural differences, communication difficulties and disparities in
technologies. The conditions will be set in our training culture for Soldiers to succeed in JIM
operations. Soldiers from top to bottom will be trained and comfortable working in JIM
environments.
(2) This capability allows the Soldier to train, conduct mission planning and rehearsals
within a JIM contemporary operating environment and with JIM participants. The future
Modular Force training system must have:
• Capability to train JIM operations, including capabilities that facilitate the training of
forces with incompatible coalition C2 systems.
• Joint and multinational doctrine, training and knowledge programs.
• Cultural awareness/sensitivity.
b. Narrative.
(1) JIM training is performed using approved joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and
procedures. When assigned as the JFC, Army commanders establish joint training objectives
and plans, execute and evaluate joint training, and assess training proficiency. The training
experience facilitates understanding of the other Services, as well as interagency and
multinational partners. The Army trains with those partners to better understand their
capabilities, interests, cultures, and ways of conducting operations. When Army missions
involve JIM partners, training should be conducted with the organizations and people likely to be
involved. Army organizations often provide forces to JF formations. Certain Army HQ may be
designated as a joint task force HQ, a JFs land component HQ, a combined forces land
component, or Army forces HQ. This requires the designated Army HQ to develop a joint
mission-essential task list. The JFC and Service component commanders derive the formation of
joint mission-essential task list from the Universal Joint Task List. The combatant commander
then approves these missions and joint mission-essential task lists.
(2) Future Modular Force operations will routinely have significant JIM aspects, making
effective, well-integrated training vital to ensure the readiness of the entire team to respond to
crisis, and conduct operations throughout FSOs. The training system must provide commanders
the capability to conduct training or mission rehearsals simultaneously, at widespread geographic
152
TRADOC Pam 525-66
locations, using different simulation systems, in a mix of live, virtual, and constructive
environments, on an interactive basis, in preparation for single Service or JIM operations. A
greater reliance on virtual technologies will facilitate this increased participation of other
organizations in training. Training simulations and capabilities that link to other Services for
geographically dispersed training will be essential to develop and sustain JTF HQ training
readiness, as well as JTF augmentation elements. These same capabilities must be utilized to
facilitate the routine integration of the reserve component into live, virtual, and constructive
exercises, thereby enhancing readiness. In addition, future Modular Force leaders must have
training aids and other technologies necessary to facilitate the integration and training of
dissimilar forces, particularly with respect to different levels of C2 systems capabilities that
complicate information interoperability with coalition forces. CTCs will train Army units in a
JIM environment, so that leaders are trained in the complexity of the future battlefield.
(3) Army JIM doctrine and training programs must produce strategically responsive,
rapidly deployable training support packages and other training and training support products
designed for training in a JIM environments and/or for training within a JIM context. There will
be an increased emphasis on adapting JIM training with lessons learned from JIM operations, as
well as incorporating scenarios, case studies, and other instructional approaches with JIM
operations as the context. Soldiers will be trained to understand and appreciate the cultures of
other nations, other services, and other governmental agencies and NGO. Tasks and conditions
will be identified and training and feedback strategies will be developed to make JTF and tactical
interactions effective. There will be an increased emphasis paid to training of skills needed for
collaborative planning and decisionmaking in a JIM context. Given the requirement for future
Modular Force division/corps to function as ARFOR Commands, JFLCC, and JTF HQ, many
capabilities are required to be embedded at the appropriate level of professional military
education curriculum for the preparation and training of future JFC commanders and staff
elements, beyond the inherent Army-based leadership and education curriculum. Leader
development standards define what is required of JTF commanders and staffs.

4-82. FOC-10-06: Managing Unit Performance
(1) Commanders will have on demand access to relevant performance information on

Soldiers in their unit. Capability will build on the Army’s Career Tracker Program (which
provides a single access portal for information on a Soldier’s training, education, and experience)
by providing the commander a team/unit level roll-up of Soldier performance information that
pinpoints both individual and collective skill deficiencies. Tools must directly to support
153
TRADOC Pam 525-66
collective performance assessment and/or translate the performance of individuals into a measure
of collective performance. This capability will enable commanders to select Soldiers for units,
task forces, special team assignments, and duty assignments based on skills and proficiency on
mission-relevant tasks. In addition to assisting commanders to create high performing teams and
units, it will enable commanders to tailor training/performance support strategies to a
team’s/unit’s unique training requirements, as well as the tasks and conditions of the immediate
mission. The capability will provide access to diagnostic testing of individual and collective
skills and enable commanders to hone in on skill deficiencies and fine tune individual and
collective training in order to maximize training efficiency. The capability must contribute to a
commander’s assessment of unit readiness for current or predicted mission contingencies.
(2) Future Modular Force commanders must have the capability to quickly provide the
training and performance support needed by their Soldiers to reach the required level of
readiness. Once performance deficiencies have been identified, tools will assist commanders by
prescribing effective practice and feedback events for individual Soldiers and units. These tools
will be developed based on an understanding of the specific learning activities that support stages
of skill acquisition and support specific transfer and retention goals based on the unit mission.
Soldier and commanders will access the “prescribed” training through reachback, or will use
tools available to them to tailor DL, simulations and scenarios to their needs. Automated tools
will also be needed to support rapid team building and mission preparation programs to insure
that mission-tailored units achieve the level of readiness needed for rapid deployment.
Commanders will also need capabilities to do collaborative training of active component and
reserve component Soldiers and units considered most likely to deploy together, based on
contingency planning.
(3) Training management strategies must optimize the time warfighters spend
participating in training, vice preparing for training or conducting administrative duties, and must
support institution, unit, and operational theater, and CTC training. A training management
system must assess, document, and report individual and collective training status and
requirements, providing feedback on training needs and assisting trainers, Soldiers, and leaders
in identifying training events and resources required to carry out training plans.
b. Narrative.
(1) The performance management capability to identify Soldier and unit performance
deficiencies and training needs against mission-essential task list or joint mission-essential task
list requirements. Provides training management tools and strategies to assist commanders and
their units to achieve and maintain readiness.
(2) Key capabilities are:
• Future Modular Force commanders can quickly identify and provide the training and
performance support needed by their Soldiers to reach the required level of readiness.
• Training management strategies optimize the time warfighters spend in training vice
preparing for training or carrying out training related administrative duties.
154
TRADOC Pam 525-66

4-83. FOC-10-07: Providing Universal Training Support
(1) The universal aspect of training support will provide access, at all Army installations
and during deployments, to whatever training capabilities are needed to support training of units,
whether those units are equipped fully with digitized battlefield capabilities, or not. The
capability will provide training support products and services for exercises, battle drills, and
mission rehearsal capabilities with worldwide, around-the-clock availability to Soldiers, leaders,
and trainers. The capability will support the provision of realistic, mission-focused, individual,
unit, and leader training support, using state-of-the-art performance enhancement technologies
that prepare the Army to succeed across a wide ROMO in JIM environments. The capability
will allow the Army to synchronize training capabilities with warfighting capabilities and
provide operationally relevant training opportunities that directly support the Army mission as
appropriate.
(2) These capabilities will provide training support products and services for all training
with worldwide, around-the-clock availability to Soldiers, leaders, and trainers. Key capabilities
are embodied in the following characteristics:
• Universal accessibility to training support products and services.

• Operational characteristics that support training to move, shoot, communicate, see the
battlefield, survive, and sustain.
• Responsive, timely delivery/fielding of training enablers to units and the institution; a
holistic plan that provides for equipment, facilities, maintenance, and operators
throughout the lifecycle of the enabler.
b. Narrative.
(1) The key universal accessibility characteristic extends training products and services to
Active Army, U.S. National Guard, and U.S. Reserve units and matches advanced warfighting
technologies used in units to their training capabilities. The universal training support capability
will provide the human performance development applications that enable Army training and
supporting education. Accessibility to advanced training services and technologies will add
improved functionality and flexibility especially in a military training setting where time and
relevance are critical. Key elements of the universal training support capability will be:
155
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(a) Architectures and standards. A universal approach for the structure, the relationships,
standards, and protocols used to build training support hardware, software, and materiel.
(b) Training information infrastructure. A standards-based information exchange

backbone capability that connects training and operational infrastructures.
(c) Training aids, devices, simulations, and simulators. The capability to reach out and
use training instrumentation, engagement simulation, war games and simulator systems, targetry,
ammunition, and OPFOR systems and simulators.
(d) Training products. Are universal means of assuring of compliance with and
development of regulatory, administrative, guidance, doctrinal, technical, documents, and
training materials and tools.
(e) Training facilities and land. Pprovide coordinated access to and allocation of real
estate assets, classrooms, battle simulations centers, distance learning facilities, buildings,
training ranges, impact areas, logistic support areas, and maneuver areas that provide the venues
in which training occurs. This includes availability of optimization methods to mitigate
environmental conflicts and constraints while supporting the ability to train to proficiency. The
future Modular Force requires state-of-the-art training lands and ranges. Increased
environmental scrutiny and land-use pressures threaten the Army’s ability to support these
training requirements. Threatened and endangered species present on training lands causes a
significant impact on current and future mission and training activities. Methods to assess the
impact of military training activities on threatened and endangered species to include disturbance
from maneuver and other training, smokes and obscurants, noise, military-generated toxics,
habitat encroachment and fragmentation, must be developed. Minimizing environmental
conflicts and constraints, while supporting the ability to train to proficiency, requires that Army
lands, including active live-fire and test ranges, inactive ranges, and other Army lands, must be
restored, modernized, and sustained. Optimal beneficial use of Army lands requires integrated
planning, design, management, and maintenance procedures that incorporate explosive safety,
environmental compliance and restoration, and natural resources management.
(f) Training services. Provide access to essential ancillary capabilities, including

instructional/doctrinal/logistical support, courseware management/development, devices
management, training literature and IM, video information services, requirements/acquisition
management, and resource management.
(g) Training management, evaluation, and resource tools. Are tools that provide the
capability to reach out and use tools to schedule/manage events, monitor/assess training
performance, and manage training support/resources/requirements. Evaluations must be
performance-based, not memorization-based.
(2) Key operational characteristics of the universal training support system will
correspond to the operational art of war constructs of: move, shoot, communicate, see the
battlefield, survive, and sustain. Just as these operational constructs must work together on the
battlefield, essential training support characteristics must work together within the institutional,
156
TRADOC Pam 525-66
operational, and self-development domains to support individual, collective, and joint training.
Characteristics of the training support capability for each of the operational constructs include:
(a) Move. Move is the characteristic ability to train warfighters to deploy and maneuver
over vast open or complex and urban terrain.
(b) Shoot. Shoot is the characteristic ability to train warfighters to employ firepower in
complex operational circumstances.
(c) Communicate. The characteristic ability to train warfighters to C2, make decisions
and collaborate over unprecedented distances.
(d) See the battlefield. The characteristic ability to train warfighters to use sensors and
their personal senses to understand what’s happening.
(e) Survive. The characteristic ability to train warfighters to use protective measures and
countermeasures to avoid casualties.
(f) Sustain. The characteristic ability to train warfighters to resupply, transport logistics
supplies, conduct medical operations, and perform support engineering tasks.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 1.1 (Support to Situational Understanding); ART 2.2 (Conduct
Tactical Maneuver); ART 3.1 (Decide Surface Targets to Attack); ART 4.1 (Prepare to Defend
Against Air Attack and Aerial Surveillance); ART 5.1 (Conduct Mobility Operations); ART 6.1
(Provide Supplies); ART 7.1 (Establish Command Post Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: SN 1.2 (Conduct Deployment and Redeployment); SN 3.1

(Coordinate Forward Presence of Forces in Theaters); SN 3.4.2 (Provide Integrated Tactical
Warning and Attack Assessment); SN 6.5.4 (Train Units and Individuals to Minimum
Operationally Ready Preparation for Overseas Replacement Status); SN 7.4 (Educate and Train
the Force; OP 1.1 Conduct Operational Movement); OP 2.1 (Direct Operational Intelligence
Activities); OP 3.1 (Conduct Joint Force Targeting); OP 4.1 (Coordinate Supply of Arms,
Munitions, and Equipment in the Joint Operations Area); OP 5.1 (Acquire and Communicate
Operational Level Information and Maintain Status); OP 6.1 (Provide Operational Air, Space,
and Missile Defense); OP 7.2 (Coordinate Active CBRNE Defense in the Joint Operations Area).
Section XI - Human Dimension
4-84. Human Dimension Aspect

The Soldier is the single most important aspect of the combat power of the future Modular Force.
The future Modular Force Soldier is a combat Soldier first and foremost. Despite the expected
proliferation of unmanned systems, the role Soldiers will have in the future OE demands they
remain the cornerstone for force design and employment. Soldiers, not equipment, accomplish
missions and win wars. In order to achieve revolutionary effectiveness across the full spectrum
of conflict, human engineering capabilities will enable the future Modular Force to:
157
TRADOC Pam 525-66
• Decrease task complexity and execution times to improve performance while minimizing
sensory, cognitive, and physically demands on the Soldier.
• Systems that have been human engineered to improve Soldier trainability.

While there are no concepts that human dimension is directly linked to, it is indirectly linked to
all concepts and proposed capabilities. The Soldier-system interface is a critical consideration in
all capability developments. If the system does not enhance or improve Soldier performance, its
utility is suspect.
4-86. Desired Human Dimension Capabilities

Desired capabilities for the Human Dimension FOC area are combined in the following area:
• Human dimension for the soldier.

• Trainability.
4-87. FOC-11-01: Human Dimension for the Soldier
a. Capstone Capabilities. Soldiers are the enduring hallmark of the Army. To achieve
revolutionary effectiveness across the full spectrum of conflict, the future Modular Force will
consist of high quality, multifunctional Soldiers, supported by state-of-the-art weapons and
equipment, to engage BLOS, dominate close combat, and ultimately seize and control an
objective, on any terrain, anywhere in the world, and an exceptional quality of life for their
families. The U.S. Soldier will stand as the premier warfighter, capable of effectively employing
digitized, computer-based planning, decision, combat, communication, and service support aids,
to overwhelm the enemy in any OE. The Army seeks to optimize the mutual operational benefits
of Soldiers enabled by systems, and systems enabled by Soldiers. Regardless of the importance
of equipment, or the expansion of technological capabilities, Soldiers are more important than
machines. Soldiers, not equipment, accomplish missions and win wars. They continue to be the
centerpiece of the future Modular Force. In order to achieve revolutionary effectiveness across
the full spectrum of conflict, human dimension capabilities will enable the future Modular Force
to:
• Reduce Soldier dismounted movement approach load to no more than 40 pounds.

• Reduce dismounted Soldier’s fighting load to 15 pounds.
• Decrease task complexity and execution times to improve performance, while
minimizing sensory, cognitive, and physical demands on the Soldier.
• Provide mobility enhancements to reduce Soldier workload through environmental ride
quality and task automation.
• Exploit unmanned technology in manned systems, to enhance continuous 24/7
operations.
b. Narrative.
(1) The warrior Soldier is the single most important aspect of the future Modular Force
combat power. The future Modular Force Soldier is a combat Soldier first and foremost.
158
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Despite the expected proliferation of unmanned systems, the significant role that Soldiers will
have in the future OE demands that they remain the cornerstone for force design and
employment. Technology is merely a tool to be utilized by a thinking Soldier, to enhance human
characteristics such as common sense, battlefield instinct, and the warrior ethos. Soldiers must
react to issues of morality, and exercise mature judgment, while decisively wielding highly lethal
weapons in the demanding, chaotic environment of war.
(2) The need for Soldiers to close with the enemy, by fire and maneuver, remains a
critical requirement for the future Modular Force, regardless of the introduction of advanced
technologies and the desire for sterile long-range precision warfare. Only a ground force can
deny the enemy the option to pursue a protracted stalemate, and only the Soldier can effectively
control populations, and take terrain. This is especially true for operations in urban and complex
terrain, which many military experts believe to be the most likely battlefield of the future.
Additionally, the nature of the environment, and the ROE, may limit other options available to
the commander. For the foreseeable future, as throughout all of the recorded history of warfare,
a Soldier on the ground, winning the close fight, is our defining capability, and an indispensable
resource for the Nation.
(3) The future Modular Force Soldier will experience a paradigm shift from a linear,
contiguous battlefield, to a more distributed noncontiguous, non-linear battlefield. Transitions
from peace, to deployment, to warfighting, will be compressed. Psychological preparedness will
be as important as physical and cognitive preparedness for contingency deployments. Future
Modular Force Soldiers must exercise judgment and initiative under stressful circumstances, and
be capable of learning and adapting to the demands of FSO.
(4) The Army must aggressively recruit and retain high quality individuals who can meet
the training and operational demands required in information age warfare. Both officer and
enlisted recruits must possess a strong aptitude for computer-based learning, and must be
comfortable working with advanced computer-based technologies. All Soldiers (not only
leaders) must have the ability to make rapid decisions, while under stresses normally not realized
by present day personnel. They must demonstrate an above average maturity level, as these
individuals will have access to more firepower and lethality than did their predecessors in
history. Future Modular Force leaders and Soldiers must clearly demonstrate the ability to
handle that responsibility.
(5) To retain those Soldiers, the Army must address the changing expectations of our
more diverse and educated Army in three critical areas: how Soldiers and their families live;
where Soldiers and their families live; and where Soldiers and civilians work. (See FOC-08-04,
for additional installations as flagships information).
(6) On the multidimensional battlefield, the Soldier will require near absolute SA.
Soldiers will need to be fully integrated into the battlefield information flow with their C4I suite.
This capability will permit the Soldier to positively know their own location, the location of team
members, and the location of other friendly forces (such as, resupply points, casualty collection
point, coalition forces, etc.), enemy locations, and noncombatants. Soldiers must have the ability
to physically see the battlefield with great fidelity in all light, weather, and temperature
159
TRADOC Pam 525-66
conditions, as well as man-made obscuration, and to rapidly transition across these varied
conditions.
(7) Future Modular Force Soldiers will have a microcomputer capability that is small,
lightweight, powerful, voice-activated and responsive, and will facilitate the Soldiers’ ability to
push/pull information from the GIG. Unlike the systems of today, this system will not have
visible reception and transmitting devices, such as antennas, reducing the enemy’s ability to
discern the location of key leaders/personnel. The ability of the Soldier to communicate must be
unencumbered by terrain, man-made structures and other influences (to include subterranean),
units equipped with current systems, and languages. The system will feature a two-way
translation device, an earpiece for improved listening, and ‘whisper microphone’ capability for
improved verbal communications, reducing battlefield confusion and the possibility of enemy
detection.
(8) The placement of advanced and fused sensors will also contribute to improving
battlefield awareness. These sensors will provide the Soldier with the ability to see through
obstacles, such as buildings and complex terrain. These sensors will be deployed through the
employment of a wide array of manned/unmanned ground, aerial, and space platforms, as well as
robotics.
(9) Additionally, robotics and UGV will provide greater Soldier standoff during
operations that are inherently close quarters in nature, such as operations in urban and complex
terrain. Augmented with a wide array of ‘tools’, these unmanned systems can assist with
obstacle/structure breaching, and provide the Soldier with improved mobility. Unmanned
systems will also provide the Soldier with the ability to avoid/detect hazardous areas like
minefields, subterranean passages, and contaminated areas. These systems will be value-added
for security operations; filling gaps, and providing early warning/detection, will assist with force
conservation (the ability to do more with the same size force). Additionally, unmanned systems
can support by carrying gear and conducting resupply operations.
(10) Future Modular Force Soldiers will have the capability to directly command remote
precision fire support, without compromising their location. Soldiers will have the ability to ‘call
for fire’ from a wide array of autonomous, semiautonomous, and manned fire support platforms.
This capability will extend to close air support as well. Although more restrictive, Soldiers and
air platforms (manned and unmanned) will have improved interoperability, which will allow
them to work closely with regard to target identification and interdiction. This teaming will
improve ‘Soldier lethality’ at greater target standoff, and enhance system survivability for the
aerial platform.
(11) The future Modular Force Soldier will employ advanced individual and crew-served
weapons with LOS and bursting munitions capabilities. These lethal capabilities will allow the
Soldier to rapidly suppress and kill enemy forces, engage and defeat light armored vehicles,
defeat/reduce ‘light’ obstacles, and facilitate greater standoff, while breaching larger structures
during operations in urban and complex terrain.
160
TRADOC Pam 525-66
(12) The future Modular Force Soldier will have the ability to employ a wide array of
lethal and nonlethal munitions, based upon mission need, FP, and ROE. Nonlethal munitions
will include antimaterial, chemical, EM, obscurants, directed energy, thermal, marking, acoustic,
incapacitating electric, kinetic, optical, and informational. This nonlethal capability will be
essential for improved SA, FP, limiting collateral damage, and reducing noncombatant and
friendly force deaths, especially during operations in urban and complex terrain.
(13) Soldiers will utilize unmanned vehicles, robotics, and advanced (standoff) recovery
equipment to ‘recover’ wounded and injured Soldiers from high-risk areas, with minimal
exposure. These systems will also be utilized to evacuate the wounded/injured under extremely
hazardous conditions.
(14) Future Modular Force Soldiers will need a light, non-bulky ‘smart’ uniform/suit that
will provide a ‘chameleon-like’ camouflage capability, combat identification, and physical and
respiratory protection from ballistic threats (chemical and biological agents), as well as
environmental effects (heat, cold, wind, rain, snow). The suit will provide protection from those
hazards normally associated with the urban environment, (for example glass, rubble, steel shards,
etc.), and will be durable enough to withstand the demands of close quarters combat operations
in urban and complex terrain without adversely affecting mobility. The flexible, full spectrum
protection offered by the suit will allow the Soldier to adapt to dynamic threats. If exposed to
chemical, biological, or TIM, the suit will have the ability to detoxify itself. It will also provide
signature reduction from a variety of enemy detection systems. Suit will come in a wide range of
sizes to precisely fit Soldiers from in 5th to 95th percentile. Head protection will be lightweight
and not interfere with natural hearing or vision and provide a stable mounting platform for vision
enhancement devices (for example, devices include long range viewing systems and
multispectrum fussed goggles that enhance target detection and identification).
(15) The future Modular Force Soldier will require superior mobility capabilities.
Advanced all condition optical devices will allow movement on the battlefield under the most
extreme conditions. The Soldier’s assured link to the GIG will enable navigation through the
most restrictive terrain, including surface and subterranean corridors. The Soldier’s weapon
systems and links to fires/effects and MS platforms will aid the in-stride reduction of obstacles,
allowing the Force to maintain momentum, significantly reducing the possibility of becoming
decisively engaged by the enemy. Access to individual lift systems will aid in reaching upper
levels of urban structures, bypass man-made and natural obstacles, and quickly negotiate
restricted areas of the battlefield. Additionally, the Soldier will utilize precision airdrop to
facilitate rapid entry operations.
c. Linkage to AUTL: ART 7.7 (Support the Commander’s Leadership Responsibilities for
Morale, Welfare, and Discipline); ART 7.8 (Conduct Continuous Operations).
d. Linkage to UJTL: No UJTL task is specific to the topic of human dimension.
e. Linkage to Concepts: TRADOC Pam 525-3-7-01, The U.S. Army Study of the Human
Dimension in the Future 2015-2024.
161
TRADOC Pam 525-66
4-88. FOC-11-02: Man-Machine Interface
(1) Effective man-machine interface and human dimension will be essential, in order for
future Modular Force Soldiers to operate new equipment quickly, easily, and effectively, with
only the minimum essential new equipment training, sustainment training, experience, or
reliance on mentoring or performance support systems. The direct benefit to the FF will be the
reduction of Soldier and unit operational ‘down-time’ due to extended new equipment training
requirements. By embedding performance support systems into equipment from the onset, the
Army will further reduce the negative impact of increased cognitive demands placed upon
leaders and Soldiers by multitasking; the capability to perform a wider range of tasks than
today’s Soldiers; and adaptability, the ability to apply their skills in a wide range of operations.
Increases in skill demands must be fully considered in future Modular Force weapons/equipment
system design, to ensure optimal Soldier and equipment performance. The following capabilities
are essential to achieving the capstone capability for trainability:
• Material systems engineered to optimize the human dimension.

• Ability to forecast the impacts of DOTMLPF changes and the OE, alone or in
combination, on Soldier performance and training.
b. Narrative.
(1) The future Modular Force must have the capability to provide Soldiers new
equipment systems that have been human-engineered, to optimize both Soldier performance, and
the ease of training and sustaining equipment-related skills. All aspects of the SOS must be easy
to learn, user friendly, preclude catastrophic mistakes, and facilitate operational competence.
System of systems must support adaptive training, enabling team proficiency with a common set
of operational user interfaces, (look, feel, and function). A formal and accountable ‘usability
engineering’ process must be rigorously and systematically incorporated into the SOS
developmental process. This capability must ensure that Soldiers can operate equipment reliably
and effectively, under high workload and other high stress conditions, when future Modular
Force performance demands will be greatest. Additionally, the training construct itself must be
validated through user trials during the acquisition process, simultaneously engineering
functionally sound and reliable training systems to accompany equipment systems.
(2) The design and development of effective training and training support for the future
Modular Force will depend in part on our ability to understand and forecast the impacts on
Soldier performance of future Modular Force DOTMLPF changes ( such as new equipment,
new organizational designs, and new personnel concepts) while also factoring in impacts of the
future Modular Force OE. Leadership must have the capability to understand the individual
impacts of DOTMLPF changes on training, but it will be equally important to understand the
combined impacts of changes in two or more DOTMLPF domains, which often happen
simultaneously in transition to the future Modular Force. Tools and procedures to improve our
ability to identify changing demands on Soldier performance, and translate those into training
162
TRADOC Pam 525-66
needs, will support the conduct of future Modular Force training impact analysis and manpower,
personnel, and training analysis on future Modular Force systems.
(3) The future Modular Force must also have the capability to provide Soldiers
distributed technical assistance (such as electronic performance support systems) to achieve and
maintain readiness on mission essential tasks, while minimizing reliance on training. This
capability must enable Soldiers to effectively and efficiently use and/or maintain equipment.
This capability must also assist Soldiers to multitask, to perform mission essential tasks that are
inherently difficult, complex, and that have multiple steps, which are performed infrequently, or
have not been previously performed.

163
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Appendix A
References
Section I
Required Publications
ARs, DA pamphlets, FMs, and DA forms are available at http://www.usapa.army.mil/.
TRADOC publications and forms are available at http://www.tradoc.army.mil/publications.htm.
Army Concept and Capability Development Plan.
Army Transformation, Modular Force Fielding. (Available at

http://asc.army.mil/docs/transformation/2004_army_transformation_roadmap.pdf.)
Capstone Concept for Joint Operations (CCJO). (Available at

http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/concepts/approved_ccjov2.pdf.)
CJCSI 6212.01B
Interoperability and Supportability of National Security Systems, and Information Technology
Systems. (Available at http://www.army.mil/thewayahead/acpdownloads/cjcsi.pdf.)
CJCSM 3500.04C
Universal Joint Task List. (Available at
https://acc.dau.mil/communitybrowser.aspx?id=18493&lang=enus.)
Excecutive Order 13231

(Available at http://www.ncs.gov/library/policy_docs/eo_13231.pdf.)
Force XX1/AXX1. (Available at http://www.army.mil/aps/98/foreword.htm.)
Focused Logistics Joint Functional Concept. (Available at

https://acc.dau.mil/communitybrowser.aspx?id=22548&lang=en-us.)
Force Application Functional Concept. (Available at

http://www.dtic.mil/jointvision/jroc_fa_jfc.doc.)
Force Management (Available at http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/fmd.asp.)
Global Positioning System. (Available at http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps)
Joint Functional Concept for Protection. (Available at

http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/concepts/jroc_protection_jfc.doc.)
Joint Battlespace Awareness. (Available at

http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/defense/jwsp/jw04a.htm.)
164
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Joint Focused Logistics. (Available at

https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=22548&lang=en-US.)
Joint Mission Area Analysis for Nonlethal Weapons. (Available at

https://www.jnlwp.com/research.asp.)
Joint Publication 4-02

Health Service Support. (Available at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp4_02.pdf.)
Net-Centric Operating Environment. (Available at

http://www.afei.org/brochure/5AF7/documents/Powell_J6.pdf.)
Joint Training (Available at http://www.jfcom.mil/about/abt_j7.htm.)
Protection Joint Functional Concept. (Available at

http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/concepts/jroc_protection_jfc.doc.)
Status of Forces Agreement. (Available at

http://www.globalsecurity.org/militaryfacility/sofa.htm.)
TRADOC Pam 525-2-1

The United States Army Functional Concept for See 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-0

The Army in Joint Operations, The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-1

The United States Army Operating Concept for Operational Maneuver 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-2

The United States Army Concept for Tactical Maneuver 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-3

The United States Army Functional Concept for Battle Command 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-4

The United States Army Functional Concept for Strike 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-5

The United States Army Functional Concept for Protect 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-7-01

The U.S. Army’s Study of Human Dimension in the Future 2015-2024.
TRADOC Pam 525-3-6

The United States Army Functional Concept for Move 2015-2024.
165
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Section II
Related Publications
A related publication is a source of additional information. The user does not have to read a
related reference to understand this publication.
AR 380-19
Information Systems Security
FM 1-0
The Army.
FM 3-0
Operations.
FM 3-22-40
Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons.
FM 3-24
Counterinsurgency.
FM 6-22
Army Leadership.
FM 7-0
Training the Force.
FM 7-1
Battle Focused Training.
166
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Appendix B
FOC Format
FOCs are formatted as outlined below:
1. FOC Identifier: Alphanumeric designator and title of the FOC.
2. Description of [the] FOC: (No more than 10 bullets).
3. Capstone capability overview: Describes the intended capability’s end state if fully attained.
Describes how the particular capability significantly empowers the force in concise operational
terms.
4. Narrative: Substantive description of the operational background, conceptual rationale, scope

and warfighting impact of the required capability.
5. AUTL/UJTL Linkage: Linkages to Army Universal Task List (AUTL) contained in FM 7-15
and the Universal Joint Task List (UJTL) contained in Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
(CJCS) Manual (CJCSM) 3500.04C.
167
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Glossary
Section I
Abbreviations
ACS Army concept strategy

AMEDD U.S. Army Medical Department
AO area of operation
APOD aerial port of debarkation
ARFOR Army Forces
ART article
ATD advanced technology demonstration
ATO Army technology objectives
AUTL Army Universal Task List
BA battlespace awareness
BCOTM battle command on the move
BCS battle command system
BCT brigade combat team
BDA battle damage assessment
BLOS beyond line of sight
C2 command and control
C4 command, control, communications and computers
C4I command, control, communications, computers and intelligence
C4ISR command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives
CIE collaborative information environment
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CJFLCC Coalition Joint Forces Land Component Command
COA course of action
COIN counterinsurgency
CONUS continental United States
COP common operational picture
CP command post
CTC Combat Training Center
DA Department of the Army
DL distributed learning
DNBI disease and nonbattle injury
DOD Department of Defense
DOTMLPF doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leader development, personnel, and
facilities
DST decision support tools
EA electronic attack
EPW enemy prisoners of war
EM electromagnetic
168
TRADOC Pam 525-66
EW electronic warfare
EWS electronic warfare support
FCS future combat system
FHP force health protection
FOC Force Operating Capability
FP force protection
FM field manual
FSO full spectrum operation
GIG global information grid
HN host nation
HPI human performance improvement
HPM high powered microwave
HPT high payoff target
HQ headquarters
HSS health service support
IA information assurance
IAW in accordance with
IED improvised explosive device
IM information management
INFOSYS information systems
IO information operations
IS information superiority
ISB intermediate staging base
ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
JCIDS Joint Capabilities Intergration Development System
JFC joint force commander
JFLCC Joint Force Land Component Command
JIM joint, interagency, and multinational
JLOTS joint logistics over-the-shore
JOA joint operations area
JOC Joint Operational Concept
JTF joint task force
km kilometers
LOC lines of communications
LOS line of sight
MS maneuver support
MTF medical treatment facility
NLOS nonline of sight
NGO nongovernmental organization
OE operational environment
OGO other goventmental organizations
OP operational
OPTEMPO operational tempo
P&E power and energy
PFP partnership for peace
PN partner nation
169
TRADOC Pam 525-66
POSNAV positive navigation

PSYOP psychological operations
PRC populace and resource control
RFID radio frequency identification
ROE rules of engagement
ROMO range of military operations
RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition
RSOI reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
S&T science and technology
SA situational awareness
SPOD seaport of debarkation
SOS system of systems
SN Strategic National tasks
ST strategic theater
SU situational understanding
TA tactical
TIM toxic industrial material
TOC tactical operations center
TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data
TRADOC U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
UAS unmanned aerial systems
UGV unmanned ground vehicles
UJTL Universal Joint Task List
UMT Unit Ministry Team
U.S. United States
VTOL vertical take off and landing
WMD weapons of mass destruction
WME weapons of mass effect
Section II
Terms
Buddy aid
Acute medical care (first aid) provided by a non-medical Service member to another
person. (JP 2-04.)
Counterinsurgency
Those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a
government to defeat insurgency. Also called COIN. (DOD)
Defense in depth
The sitting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to absorb and progressively
weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to allow the
commander to maneuver the reserve. (DOD)
170
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Electromagnetic spectrum
The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26
alphabetically designated bands. See also electronic warfare. (DOD)
Electronic warfare support

Division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an
operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of
intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat
recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future operations. Also called ES. See also
electronic attack; electronic protection; electronic warfare. (DOD)
Fires
The use of weapon systems to create a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target. (DOD)
Fusion
In intelligence usage, the process of examining all sources of intelligence and information to
derive a complete assessment of activity. (DOD)
Geospacial
Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed
features and boundaries on the Earth, including: statistical data and information derived from,
among other things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies: and mapping,
charting, geodetic data and related products. (DOD)
Global information grid

A globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities, associated processes, and
personnel for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information, on
demand, to warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel.
Homeland defense
The protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense
infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President.
(DOD)
Information age
Measures that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their
availability, intergrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. This includes
providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and
reaction capabilities. (DOD)
Information assurance
Information operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring
their availability, intergrity, authentication, confidentially, and nonreputiation. This includes
providing for restoration of informationsystems by incorporating protection, detection, and
reaction capabilities. (DOD)
171
TRADOC Pam 525-66
Intelligence system
Any formal or informal system to manage data gathering, to obtain and process the data, to
interpret the data, and to provide reasoned judgments to decisionmakers as a basis for action. The
term is not limited to intelligence organizations or services but includes any system, in all its
parts, that accomplishes the listed tasks. (DOD)
Joint force land component commander

The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force
responsible to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper
employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking land forces; planning and
coordinating land operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned.
The joint force land component commander is given the authoritynecessary to accomplish
missions and tasks assigned by theestablishing commander. Also called JFLCC. See also joint
force commander. (DOD)
Joint logistics
The art and science of planning and carrying out, by a JFC and staff, logistic operations to
support the protection, movement, maneuver, firepower, and sustainmentof operating forces of
two or more Military Departments of the same nation. See also logistics. (DOD)
Land Warrior System

An integrated fighting system for individual infantry soldiers which gives the soldier enhanced
tactical awareness, lethality, and survivability.
Material handling equipment

Mechanical device for handling of supplies with greater ease and economy. See also material
handling. (DOD)
Nongovernmental organization
A private, self-govering, not –for profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering,
and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, envrironmental protection,
human rights, and conflict resoliuton; and/or encouraging the establishment of demovrtatic
institutions and civil society. Also called NGO. (DOD)
Profession of arms
The vocation ascribed to all whose work involves mastery of the disciplined and open, collective
application of force in pursuit of public purpose (FM 6-22).
Reachback
The process of obtaining products, services, and applications, or forces, or equipment, or
material from organizations that are not forward deployed. (DOD)
Red team
An organizational element comprised of trained and educated members that provide an
independent capability to fully explore alternatives in plans and operations in the context of the
operational environment and from the perspective of adversaries and others. (DOD)
172
TRADOC Pam 525-66
See first
See/sense the entire environment before and more clearly than the enemy, while countering the
enemy’s ability to do the same; the network of integrated manned and unmanned sensors, at all
points of the battlefield, from tactical through operational and strategic levels.
Soldier Systems Center

The U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center (SSC), located in Natick, Massachusetts, is the Army’s
one-stop Soldier-support organization. SSC is responsible for researching, developing, fielding,
and managing food, clothing, shelters, airdrop systems, and Soldier support items. NSSC’s goal
is simple: Provide America’s Soldiers with the best equipment in the world. To achieve this
goal, the Natick team has consolidated full life-cycle management of Soldier items into a one-
stop, Soldier support organization.
Strike
An attack to damage or destroy an objective or a capability. (DOD)
Section III
Special Abbreviations and Terms
This section contains no entries.
173

Military Operations: This Pamphlet Supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, Dated 1 July 2005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Military Operations: This Pamphlet Supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, Dated 1 July 2005

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Military Operations: This Pamphlet Supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, Dated 1 July 2005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of the Army *TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66

Headquarters, United States Army

FORCE OPERATING CAPABILITIES

FOR THE COMMANDER:

OFFICIAL: DAVID P. VALCOURT

Suggested improvements. Send comments and suggested improvements on Department of the

Distribution. This publication is available only on the TRADOC Homepage at

TRADOC Pam 525-66

This rapid action revision, dated 7 March 2008.

Chapter 2 Background ................................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 3 Joint Operational Environment Overview................................................................... 16

Chapter 4 Force Operating Capabilities....................................................................................... 21

Section I – Battle Command ..................................................................................................... 21

Section II – Battlespace Awareness (BA)................................................................................. 38

Section III – Mounted/Dismounted Maneuver ......................................................................... 47

Section IV – Air Maneuver....................................................................................................... 56

Section V – Line of Sight (LOS)/Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS)/Nonline of Sight (NLOS)

Section VI – Maneuver Support ............................................................................................... 79

Section VII - Protection ............................................................................................................ 95

Section VIII - Strategic Responsiveness and Deployability ................................................... 104

Section IX - Maneuver Sustainment ....................................................................................... 116

Section X - Training, Leader Development and Education.................................................... 138

Section XI - Human Dimension.............................................................................................. 157

1-3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms

1-4. FOC Process

b. FOCs do not describe a deficiency or shortcoming. They do not provide or identify a

c. FOC elements to review and consider for updating include:

(1) TRADOC approved concepts.

(3) CINC integrated priority lists.

(4) Opportunities from technology. TRADOC proponents will accrue awareness of

d. Annual FOC review cycle. The following cycle is recommended:

(2) Summer/Fall: Conduct internal FOC review.

f. September - November: Warfighter Outcome Analysis. During the Warfighter Outcome

a. Security Challenges. The scope of potential challenges is daunting. Traditional

Figure 2-1. Army Concept Strategy

g. Modularity is essential as it increases Army lethality, full spectrum operation (FSO)

2-2. FOC Definition

2-3. FOC Format

2-4. FOC Organization and Concept Linkage

a. FOC areas: (See paragraphs 1-4 and 1-5).

b. FOC Concept Linkage.

Figure 2-2. Joint Functional Concept/FOC Concept Board Linkage

d. Army concepts. Below is the ACS architecture approved as the implementation

(1) Operating concepts.

• TRADOC Pam 525-3-1.

(2) Functional concepts.

• TRADOC Pam 525-2-1.

2-5. Role of FOC in the JCIDS process

CCJ Army Capstone

Figure 2-3. Concept FOC Functional Capabilities Boards Linkage

(10) Affordability is not specifically addressed by the FOC; however, affordability is

3-1. Synopsis of the Expected Future Joint Operational Environment

3-2. Potential Threats

a. The global nature, ever-changing variety and adaptability of multifaceted adversaries

• Transnational security threats, including threats from networked ideologues

b. JFs will increasingly face nontraditional threats. We have historically addressed

3-3. Emerging Adversarial Challenges

• Catastrophic challenges involve the acquisition, possession, and use of WMD/WME

• Irregular challenges come from those employing unconventional methods to counter