PAES 614:2016 - Design of a Check Dam

check dam - small barrier built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers
and streams intended to convey runoff during peak flow and to slow and hold surface
water long enough for the water to deposit sediment it is carrying; facilitates irrigation by
using the upstream bay of the dam as pump sump

gabion - stones wrapped in wire fence meshes for added stability and strength

Classification of Check Dams

 Check dams are classified based on the type of material used for construction.

Site Selection

 The length of the river or stream should be sufficient with adequate volume of
stored water.
 A drainage system should exist for effective water blocking.
 The site shall be accessible for construction, operation and maintenance.

Types of Check Dam

Design Procedure

General

 Estimate maximum discharge. Procedures in flood discharge analysis is detailed in

Annex A of PAES 613:2016 – Design of a Diversion Dam.
 Calculate spillway dimensions.

 The length of the foundation shall be longer than the length of the spillway to
prevent scouring and undermining by falling water.
 The crest of rectangular and trapezoidal spillways should be level.
 Check the stability of the check dam. For loose-stone, boulder, gabion and cement-
masonry check dams, details of stability analysis are detailed in PAES 613: 2016 –
Design of a Diversion Dam

Gabion Check Dam

 If the total height of the gabion check dam is < 3 m, box gabions of the following
dimensions may be used:

 1mx1mx2m  0.75 m x 1.5 m x 3 m

 0.85 m x 0.85 m x 2 m

 If the total height of the gabion check dam is 3 m to 5 m, use the following formula
k = 0.4H
d = 0.6H
f = 0.3H
 where:

k = thickness of the dam's crest at spillway level, m

d = thickness of the dam's base, m

f = depth of foundation, m

H = total height of the dam including foundation, m

Masonry Check Dam

 If the total height of the masonry check dam is < 2 m, crest thickness should be
0.4 m. The base thickness is calculated according to the height and inclination of
the dam's downstream face.
 If the total height of the masonry check dam is 2 m to 6 m, use the Hoffman
formula

PAES 615:2016 - Groundwater Irrigation – Shallow Tubewell

Aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate

sufficient to be economically developed for pumping with a well

confined aquifer - aquifer where groundwater is confined or overlain by a

relatively impermeable layer

effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

pumping test - pumping of water from a fully developed well at a controlled rate
and observing, with respect to time, the drawdown in two or more observation wells, in
order to determine the aquifer hydrologic properties

shallow tubewell - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is
usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface with
the use of suction lift pumps

unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of
the zone of saturation

uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that at 10%
passing
 well log - a record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth,
thickness, lithology and other aquifer physical characteristics

Site Selection

Table 1 – Aquifer properties and their importance in well design, drilling and
development, and in selection of pumping units

Well Characterization

Table 2 – Various Methods Used for Well Characterization and Site Investigation
Types of Shallow Well

 Dug Well – used in unconsolidated formations with large diameters which permit
considerable water storage.
Materials - Wells are constructed through manual excavation using pick
and
shovel while the loose materials are hauled to the surface in a container.
Limitations:
 Walls must be lined or braced during and after construction
 Vulnerable to contamination from surface sources
 Bored Well/Augered Well – used in formations with very shallow water depths
Materials – Wells are constructed using hand-operated or power-driven
earth auger
Limitation - Should only be used in formations that do not cave;
otherwise, a casing is required to be lowered down the bottom of the hole.
  Driven Well – used in unconsolidated formations with shallow water tables that
contain not too many rocks
Materials - Consists of a series of connected lengths of pipe driven by
repeated impacts to the ground below the water table.
Limitations:
 Cannot be used on formation with large gravel or rocks that may
damage the drive point
 Joints between the pipes must be carefully made to prevent breakage
and ensure airtight pipe system
 Jetted Well – constructed by the cutting action of a downward-directed steam of
water to excavate the hole and carry the excavated materials out of the hole.

Discharge

Shallow Tubewell Design, Installation and Development in Confined Aquifer

 Pipe Selection
Table 3 – Recommended Pipe Diameter Based on Discharge in a Rice-Based
Cropping System
  Pipe Perforations
 Well pipes can be perforated by cutting with oxyacetylene torch vertical
slots 3 to 6 mm in width and 60 to 90 mm in length around the pipe
sections penetrating the water-bearing formations.
 The total area slot openings shall be at least 15% of the surface area of the
pipe.
 Well Drilling and Pipe Installation
 The pilot borehole shall be reamed down to the upper edge of the confining
layer if the confining layer is soft or less than 3m thick, or down to the
lower 2 meters if the confining layer is hard, to ensure air-tight connection
between the pipe and the confining layer.

Shallow Tubewell Design, Installation and Development in Unconfined Aquifer

or with Weak Confining Layer

Pipe Selection

 The pipe shall be designed for full aquifer penetration while the diameter and
material shall be selected based on Table 3 and Table 4.
 In aquifers with UC less than 2.0 and ES less than 0.30 mm, a uniformly grained
gravel envelop is needed. The gravel pack should be at least 15 cm thick.
 In aquifers with UC greater than 2.0 but with ES less than 0.30 mm, a graded
gravel pack is desirable. The gravel pack should be at least 15 cm thick.
 In aquifers with ES greater than 0.30 mm, a gravel pack is needed solely for the
purpose of supporting the borehole. A 4 - 7 cm gravel envelop will suffice.

Pipe Installation

 Enlarge the borehole down to the designed well depth using a 6-to-8-inch diameter
drill bit. This will create an 8-to-12-inch diameter borehole. In loose, easy-to-
 disturb formations, stabilize the sides of the borehole by adding bentonite (or other
suitable clay materials) to the drilling fluid.

Gravel Pack Fitting

 If a thick (20 cm or more) gravel envelope is desired, a 2-to-2.5 inch diameter

gravel pipe may be drilled near the wall of the pipe down to the upper edge of the
well perforations.

Selection of Pumping Unit

 Pump Power Determination

Prime Mover Specifications

PAES 611:2016 Design of a Small Reservoir Irrigation System

Definition

bearing capacity-maximum average contact pressure between the foundation

and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil
design irrigable area-maximum area which an irrigation project can serve
considering the extent of arable lands and the available water supply
permeability test-method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow
conditions through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient
potential irrigable area-area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to
availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land
seismicity-occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region
Preparation and Collection of Initial Design Data

1. Survey Data 4. Assessment of Geological Data

2. Validation of Land Resources Data 5. Review and Testing of Materials
3. Conduct of Hydrological Studies

Design Procedure

1. Dam Foundation and Location 4. Dam Instrumentation

2. Dam Design 5. Design of Outlet, Spillway and
3. Embankment Stability Analysis Related Appurtenances

Construction

The following data shall be included in the technical specifications for the construction of
the embankment dam and appurtenant structures. Scope, classification, method of
construction and basis of payment for

 Clearing and grubbing  Side borrow

 Diversion and care of river during  Embankment construction and

construction and unwatering of compaction
foundation
 Structure and backfill
 Excavation and foundation preparation
 Roads
 Channel excavation
 Concrete structures
 Structure excavation
 Rubble masonry
 Drilling and grouting
 Concrete joints and joint materials
 Overhaul
 Dowels
 Borrow haul
 Reinforcing steel bars

Design of Access and Service Roads

The following shall be determined  Drainage and provision of side

for the design of access roads: drains
Provide the following dam
 Road grade lines/ gradient
appurtenances:
requirements
 Traverse elements, horizontal and  Access path to control gates
vertical curve elements  Inspection pathways
 Design road lane and width  Footbridge
requirements  Safety railings, fences and cages
 Cross-sections and details
General Types of Dam Instrumentation

 Piezometers - provide data on the water pressure at selected points within an

embankment dam or foundation
 Pneumatic piezometer-Usually buried within the embankment dam and
connected with tube lines to the reading point on the downstream slope
 Standpipe piezometer-Open-well piezometers (installed in the embankment) and
groundwater observation wells (installed on the abutments or foundations).
Measures the water level within a casing using an electrical probe called a dipmeter
 Flow Measuring Devices - measure the total seepage and the seepage from
selected locations.
 Total Pressure Cells - measure the total vertical pressure at selected locations
within the embankments
 Cross-arm Settlement Devices - measure internal settlements in an
embankment dam and in foundations
 Surface Settlement and Deflection Points - surface monuments placed on the
dam crest and slopes to measure long term settlement and horizontal deflection
 Seismic Instruments - usually installed in a large dam or its vicinity to measure
the effects of strong earthquakes and seismic activity at the site
 Piezometers - evaluation depends on consideration of the type and location of
instrument and should be generally based on historical trends rather than specific
limits for each instrument
 Embankment Piezometers - There should be a reduction in piezometric head as
water seeps through embankment zones.
 Groundwater Observation Wells - These are subject to the same general
considerations and comments as Foundation Piezometers.
 Flow Measuring Devices - As for other data, historical trends related to reservoir
levels and rainfall should be established.
 Total Pressure Cells - Readings shall be compared with historical data and if
unexplained changes occur, the companion piezometers shall be re-read and the
verified results from the cells and the piezometers reported to higher authorities.
 Cross-arm Settlement Devices - Settlement of the embankment would mostly
occur during construction, becoming less during the initial years of its life and
nearing zero after several years of operation
 Surface Settlement and Deflection Points - The trend of measurements
recorded should be towards small to zero settlement changes.
 Seismic Instrumentation - Whenever the Strong Motion Seismograph is
triggered, the readings shall be transmitted to higher authorities who will then
decide on whether a “Special Event” instrument reading frequency should be
initiated. Similar action shall be taken if historically unusual data is obtained from
the Short Period Accelerographs
PAES 609:2016 Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding
System

active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water
level and normal water level

dam - any barrier constructed to store water

dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam
crest

dead storage - volume below the intake structure computed as V =20900

×A0.687where A = drainage area, km2. Sediment volume based on 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir

filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small particles and
screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

homogeneous embankment - dam composed of a single kind of embankment

material exclusive for slope protection

Karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or

layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or
drainage way

normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface which can be
attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway

reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff

seepage line- line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

 spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be
contained in the active storage space of the reservoir

storage capacity - total capacity at normal water surface elevation

structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to
the bedrock

upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

water right - privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is

shielded by high mountain barriers

zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between

zones of more pervious materials

MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SMALL WATER IMPOUNDING SYSTEM

Dam and reservoir sites with the following conditions shall be avoided:

 sink holes  shale and limestone (and other water-

soluble sedimentary rock) parent
 faults (clearance)
materials
 alluvial deposits
 mud deposits
 ant hills

 gravelly areas
 other formations that will allow  sites on or near a known active
excessive leakages or loss of earthquake fault
impoundment
 Karst topography
 mining areas located above the
reservoir

Watershed Condition

 The watershed shall be able to provide adequate yield for the reservoir.
 It shall have good vegetation cover.
 It shall have a maximum slope of 18%.

Service Area

 It shall be located as near as possible to the reservoir site.

 It shall commensurate to the expected active storage/capacity of the reservoir.
 It shall be contiguous and has developed paddies.
 It shall have the provision for access road between the dam site and nearest
existing road.

Socio-economic Consideration

The project shall be economically viable and socially acceptable.

Design Considerations

Dam

The dam shall be structurally stable under all conditions and shall be sufficiently

water tight.
PAES 616:2016 - Wastewater Re-use for Irrigation

access areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private
parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial
park landscapes

algal bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh

or marine water.

contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural composition

of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use.

effluent - discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or
land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including
domestic, commercial and recreational facilities

loading limit - allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the
wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

Pollutant - any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which

directly or indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land
resource.

restricted areas - areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway
medians and other similar areas.

re-use - taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using
it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for
aquaculture.

setback distance - distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the
community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination.

Waste - any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from
community and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded.

Wastewater - waste in liquid state containing pollutants.

Sources of Wastewater

 Livestock  Beef and dairy feedlots

 Piggeries
  Agriculture and food industrial  Aquaculture
processes  Reservoirs
 Food handling  Hatcheries
 Processing and manufacturing  Ponds
plants  Tanks
 Sugar mills, refineries and  Domestic and municipal sewage
distilleries  Industrial and commercial
 Slaughterhouses and poultry establishments
dressing plants

Site Selection

 Highly acidic soils with pH of less than 4 and highly alkaline soils with pH of greater
than 8.5 shall be avoided where soils with pH of 5.5 are preferred.
 Soil depth shall be greater than 1.0 m.

PAES 612:2016 - Design of a Rockfill Dam

Piping - internal erosion induced by regressive erosion of particles from

downstream and along the upstream line towards an outside environment.

Rockfill piping - dam that relies on rock, either dumped in lifts or compacted in
layers, as a major structural element where an impervious membrane is used as the water
barrier and can be placed either within the embankment or on the upstream slope.

Classification of Rockfill Dams

 Based on construction methods

 Dumped rockfill dam  Directional blasting rockfill

 Compacted rockfill dam dam
  Based on the materials of the anti-seepage membrane

 Earth-rockfill dam  Reinforced concrete rockfill

 Asphaltic concrete rockfill dam dam
 Wood rockfill dam

 Based on the location of the anti-seepage membrane

 Central core  Upstream membrane or

 Sloping core decked

Design Criteria

 The velocity of flow of dam face shall be within 5 m/s to 7 m/s with reliable
protection measures against scouring.

Dam Foundation

The following depths shall be determined to establish sound dam foundation:

 Stripping  Grouting

 Core Trench
 Zoning - The interior section of a rockfill dam is typically divided into zones
depending on the range of variation in the character and gradation of the available
material.

Impervious Zone – composed of impervious blanket usually made of cohesive

soil or non-cohesive silt and is covered for protection.

Filter Zone – composed of semi-pervious materials shown in Table 1.

Rockfill Zone or Pervious Zone – consists of a well-graded mixture of hard and

durable particles, and slightly weathered to fresh rock to secure the stability of dam body.
PAES 607:2016 Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems

Basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff,
and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field.
Basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin
through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch water is retained until it infiltrates
into the soil or the excess is drained off.
Border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips
where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth.
Border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the
irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip.
Furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop
Furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel
channels as it moves down the slope of the field
Head ditch/Supply ditch - small channel along one part of a field that is used
for distributing water in surface irrigation.
Surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the surface of
the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small
channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders)

Data Requirement:

 Slope
 Soil Type
 Type of Crop
 Irrigation Depth
 Stream Size

BASIN IRRIGATION: Types of Basin Irrigation

1. Closed Single Basin

i. Water applied to an individual basin and all of that applied water is
allowed to infiltrate.
 ii. Each basin in the irrigation block is hydraulically independent.
iii. Water advances from the inflow point towards the downstream end of
the basin in a regular pattern, which may be distorted by surface
irregularities
iv. Inflow is normally shutoff before the water reaches the downstream
end of the basin
2. Multiple/ Sequential Basin
i. Each basin is irrigated separately by a supply channel running along
the boundary with a number of adjacent basins.
ii. In each basin, the water level in the supply channel controls the water
application. When a basin is irrigated, the water level in the channel is
raised higher than the soil surface elevation and overflows onto the
basin.
iii. When the irrigation is completed, the water level in the channel is
lowered below the soil surface elevation of the basin and supply is
diverted to the next basin. The excess water from the first basin
drains back to the supply channel.
iv. The next basin is irrigated with the supply discharge plus the drainage
water from the upstream basin (or basins).

Design Criteria for basin irrigation:

1. Topography
a) The basin shall be nearly if not completely level to prevent tailwater.
b) A difference of 6 cm to 9 cm between the highest and lowest elevations
may be allowed such that it is less than one-half of the net depth of
application.
2. Soil type
a) Sandy soils or fine-textured soils that crack when dry shall be avoided to
maintain adequate basin ridge height.
3. Application rate
a) Irrigation water shall be applied at a rate that will advance over the
basin in a fraction of the infiltration time
4. Irrigation volume
a) The volume of water applied shall be equal to the average gross
irrigation application.
5. Intake opportunity time
a) The intake opportunity time at all points in the basin shall be greater
than or equal to the time required for the net irrigation to infiltrate the
soil.
6. Depth of water
a) The depth of water flow shall be contained by the basin dikes.
7. Design application efficiency
a) The minimum design application efficiency shall be 70% thus, the
minimum time required to cover the basin shall be 60% of the time
required for the net application depth to infiltrate the soil.
8. Basin dikes
a) Top width of the basin dike shall be greater than or equal to the height
of the dike.
 b) The settled height shall be at least equal to either the gross application
depth or the design maximum depth of flow plus a freeboard of 25%,
whichever is greater.
9. Supply ditches
a) The water surface in the ditch shall be 15 cm to 30 cm above the
ground surface level in the basin depending on the outlet
characteristics.
b) The ditches shall be constructed with a 0.1% grade or less to minimize
the number of check structures and labor requirements.
10. Outlet location
a) One outlet shall be installed for basin widths of up to 60 m and flow
rates up to 0.4 m 3 /s.
11. Drainage
a) Surface drainage facilities shall be provided for basins with low or
moderate intake soils and in high rainfall areas.
12. Erosion
a) The maximum water flow velocity into the basin shall be less than or
equal to 1 m/s to avoid scouring and erosion.
13. Agricultural practice
a) The width of the agricultural machinery or implement to be used in the
basin shall be considered in finalizing the width

Operation:

1. Direct Method - Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the
basin through siphons, spiles or bundbreaks.

2. Cascade Method - Irrigation water is supplied to the highest terrace, and then
allowed to flow to a lower terrace and so on.

BORDER IRRIGATION:Types of Border Irrigation

1. Open-end Border System - This is usually applied to large borders where the
end borders are provided with openings to accommodate free flow of water for
drainage

2. Blocked-end Border System - This is usually applied to small borders where

the end borders restrict the further downward flow of water.

Design Criteria for border irrigation:

1. Crop
a) All close-growing, non-cultivated, sown or drilled crops, except rice and
other crops grown in ponded water can be irrigated by border irrigation.
2. Topography
a) Areas shall have slopes of less than 0.5%. For non-sod crops, slopes of up
to 2% may be acceptable and slopes of 4% and steeper for sod crops.
3. Soil Type
 a) The soil shall have a moderately low to moderately high intake rate which
is 7.6 mm/hr to 50 mm/hr. Coarse sandy soils with extremely high and
those with extremely low intake rate shall be avoided. PAES 607:2016 A-
160
4. Stream Size
a) The stream size shall be large enough to adequately spread water across
the width of border.
5. Irrigation Depth
a) A larger irrigation depth shall be aimed by making the border strip longer
in order to allow more time for the water to reach the end of the border
strip.
6. Cultivation Practices
a) The width of borders shall be a multiple of the farm machinery used in the
field.

Operation:

Borders are irrigated by diverting a stream of water from the channel to the upper
end of the border where it flows down the slope. When the desired amount of water has
been delivered to the border, the stream is turned off which may occur before the water
has reached the end of the border. The following may be used as guidelines:

1. On clay soils - the inflow is stopped when the irrigation water covers 60% of the
border.
2. On loamy soils - it is stopped when 70 to 80% of the border is covered with
water.
3. On sandy soils - the irrigation water must cover the entire border before the flow
is stopped

FURROW IRRIGATION:Types of Furrow Irrigation:

1. Corrugation Irrigation
a) The water flows down the slope in small furrows called corrugalions or rills
which is used for germinating drill-seeded or broadcasted crops.
b) No raised beds are used for crops.

2. Zigzag Furrow
a) This type of furrow irrigation shall increase the length that the water must
travel to reach the end of irrigation run thus, reducing the average slope
and velocity of the water.
b) This can be formed down and across the slope by machines.

Design Criteria for Furrow Irrigation:

1. Slope
a) The minimum grade shall be 0.05% to facilitate effective drainage
following irrigation and excessive rainfall.
 b) If the land slope is steeper than 0.5%, furrows shall be set at an angle to
the main slope or along the contour to keep furrow slopes within the
recommended limits.
2. Soil Type
a) Furrows shall be short in sandy soils to avoid excessinv percolation losses
while furrows can be longer in clayey soils.
3. Stream Size
a) If the furrows are not too long, 0.5 L/s of stream flow shall be adequate
for irrigation but the maximum stream size shall largely depend on the
furrow slope.
4. Irrigation Depth
a) Larger irrigation depths shall allow longer furrows.
5. Cultivation Practice
a) Compromise shall be made between the machinery available to cut
furrows and the ideal plant spacing while ensuring that the spacing
provides adequate lateral wetting on all soil types

Furrow Length:

Gross Depth of Irrigation:

dgross = Stream Size × Time Water Applied / Furrow Length × Wetted Furrow Spacing

Required Discharge from Source:

Discharge from Source = Stream Size × Number of Furrows Flowing

Furrow Shape:

1. The furrow shall be large enough to contain the expected stream size.
2. Narrow, deep V-shaped furrows shall be made in sandy soils in order to reduce the
area through which water percolates.
 3. Wide, shallow furrows shall be made in clay soils in order to obtain a large wetted
area

Operation:

1. Direct Application
a) Water is supplied to each furrow from the field canal, using siphons or
spiles. If available, a gated pipe is used.

2. Alternate Furrow Irrigation

a) It involves irrigating alternate furrows rather than every furrow.
b) Small amounts applied frequently in this way are usually better for the
crop than large amounts applied after longer intervals of time

Equations:

Total volume of infiltration

Vz = Vin − Vtw

Where;
Vz = total volume of infiltration, m3
Vin = volume of inflow, m3
Vout = volume of runoff, m3

Basic Intake Rate

fo = (Qin − Qout)/L
Where;
fo = basic intake rate, m3 /min/m
Qin = flow rate into the field, m3 /min
Qout = flow rate out of the field, m3 /min
L = furrow length, m

Advance distance

where
x = advance distance, m
tx = time of inflow from inlet to distance x, min
 t0.5L = time of advance to a point near one-half the field length, min
tL = time of advance to the end, min
p,r = fitting parameters
L = furrow length, m

Area wetted

where
Ax = area wetted, m2
tx = time of inflow from inlet to distance x, min

Flow geometry

Where;
Q = discharge, m3 /s
A = cross-sectional area of the flow, m2
So = slope of the hydraulic grade line, assumed equal to the field slope
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
p1,p2 =geometry parameter determined from furrow cross section analysis

Cross-Section Area of Flow at the Inlet

Where:
Ao = cross-section area of flow at the inlet, m2
Qo = inlet discharge, m3 /min/furrow
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
p1=geometry parameter determined from furrow cross section analysis
So = slope of the hydraulic grade line, assumed equal to the field slope

Subsurface Shape Factor

where
sz = subsurface shape factor
r = fitting parameter (section A.7.3)
Qo = inlet discharge, m3 /min/furrow
tL = time of advance to the end, min
t0.5L = time of advance to a point near one-half the field length, min
sy = surface storage shape factor
Ao = cross-section area of flow at the inlet, m2
fo = basic intake rate, m3 /min/m
L = furrow length, m
r = fitting parameter

Volume Balance

Where;
sy = surface storage shape factor (usually 0.7 to 0.8)
Ao = cross-section area of flow at the inlet, m2
x = advance distance, m (section A.7.3)
sz = subsurface shape factor (section A.7.7)
t = elapsed time since the irrigation started, min
fo = basic intake rate, m3 /min/m (section A.7.2)
r = fitting parameter (section A.7.3)
VL= (section A.7.7)
tL = time of advance to the end, min
a = (section A.7.7)

Field Evaluated Infiltration Function

Where;
Zi = cumulative intake at each increment of length i, m3 /m
k = parameter determined from section A.7.8
a = parameter determined from section A.7.7
tx = recession time, min
Evaluation;

Application Efficiency

Where;
Ea = application efficiency
Zreq = soil moisture depletion measured x furrow spacing, m3 /m
L = length of furrow, m
Qo = inlet discharge, m3 /min/furrow
tco = cutoff time, s

Tailwater Ratio

Where;
Vout = runoff per furrow, m3 /furrow
Qo = inlet discharge, m3 /min/furrow
tco = cutoff time, s

Deep Percolation Ratio

Where;
DPR = deep percolation ratio
Ea = application efficiency, %
TWR = tailwater ratio