Designation: F2437 − 14

Standard Specification for

Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct
Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors,
and Studs1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indi-
2. Referenced Documents
cators capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap
screws, bolts, anchors, and studs. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
A193/A193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
1.2 Direct tension indicators in nominal diameter sizes 1⁄4
Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure
through 21⁄2 in. are covered.
Service and Other Special Purpose Applications
1.3 There are two Types of DTIs covered by this A194/A194M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
specification, Type 1 and Type 2. for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service,
1.3.1 Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large or Both
bearing surfaces. Type 1 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and A307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and
105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a Threaded Rod 60 000 PSI Tensile Strength
prescribed gap (see Table 1). A325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated,
NOTE 1—Examples of a comparatively large bearing surface would 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
include heavy hex bolts, heavy hex nuts, and so forth. A354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel
1.3.2 Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
bearing surfaces.Type 2 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8, A449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,
which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile
prescribed gap (see Table 1). Strength, General Use
A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
NOTE 2—Examples of a comparatively small bearing surface would B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on
include a hex cap screw, hex nut, and so forth.
Iron and Steel
1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened posited on Iron and Steel
washer or other flat hardened surface. F436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Proper-
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this ties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
standard. Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
the test method portions, Section 12 and Appendix XI of this
F1554 Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and
specification: This standard does not purport to address all of
105-ksi Yield Strength
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Threaded Fasteners (Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/
UNR))
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
2
Nuts, Rivets and Washers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2437–12. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2437-14. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 F2437 − 14
TABLE 1 Acceptable Range of Compression LoadA
DTI Mean Compression LoadB Range Mean Compression LoadC Range
Nominal in Pounds (lbs) in Pounds (lbs)
Diameter Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 55 Grade 105
(in.)
14 ⁄ 2200 to 2450 3100 to 3450 ... ...
⁄
5 16 3500 to 3850 4950 to 5500 ... ...
38 ⁄ 5300 to 5850 7500 to 8300 ... ...
⁄
7 16 7200 to 7900 10 100 to 11 200 ... ...
12 ⁄ 9700 to 10 700 13 700 to 15 340 4450 to 4900 8500 to 9400
⁄
9 16 12 350 to 13 600 17 400 to 19 200 5700 to 6300 10 900 to 12 050
⁄
58 15 550 to 17 200 21 850 to 24 200 7050 to 7800 13 500 to 15 000
⁄
34 22 600 to 25 000 31 900 to 35 300 10 500 to 11 600 20 000 to 22 150
7 ⁄8 30 850 to 34 100 43 550 to 48 100 14 500 to 16 000 27 650 to 30 550
1 40 200 to 44 400 56 700 to 62 700 19 000 to 21 000 36 250 to 40 100
1 1 ⁄8 40 250 to 44 450 73 150 to 80 900 23 950 to 26 450 47 300 to 52 300
1 1 ⁄4 51 100 to 56 450 91 750 to 101 450 30 400 to 33 600 59 850 to 66 150
1 3 ⁄8 61 150 to 67 600 112 450 to 124 250 38 550 to 42 600 73 800 to 81 600
1 1 ⁄2 74 350 to 82 150 135 150 to 149 400 44 050 to 48 700 89 300 to 98 700
1 5 ⁄8 ... ... 55 800 to 61 700 106 200 to 117 400
1 3 ⁄4 74 450 to 82 300 177 850 to 196 500 59 550 to 65 850 124 600 to 137 750
1 7 ⁄8 ... 206 050 to 227 750 75 550 to 83 500 144 500 to 159 700
2 98 000 to 108 300 236 850 to 261 750 78 650 to 86 950 165 800 to 183 300
2 1 ⁄4 127 400 to 140 800 277 900 to 307 100 102 050 to 112 750 212 900 to 235 350
2 1 ⁄2 156 750 to 173 250 379 600 to 419 600 125 400 to 138 600 240 550 to 265 850
A
Compression load requirements establish the capability of the direct tension indicators to satisfy typical tension requirements for these grades. The user is not obliged
to install fasteners and DTIs to these tensions, and is free to specify installation to lower tension values. When so specified, the DTI supplier shall provide a load-gap curve
in accordance with 15.2 to enable the user to select the appropriate gap criteria for the intended target tension of the application.
B
The Mean compression load values for Grades 5 and 8 in nominal sizes up through 1-1⁄2 in are based upon 75% of the proof load for SAE J429 cap screws. For Grade
5 in nominal sizes over 1-1⁄2 in and up to 2-1⁄2 in inclusive, the mean compression load values are based on 75% of the proof load for ASTM A449. For grade 8 in nominal
sizes over 1-1⁄2 in and up to 2-1⁄2 in inclusive, mean compression load values are based upon 75 % of the proof load for ASTM A354BD.
C
Mean compression load values for Grades 55 and 105 are based upon 60 % of the yield strength for the matching fasteners on which they are used.

2.2 ASME Standards:3 4.1.3 Size, that is, nominal diameter;

ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch 4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue (if not specified,
Series current issue shall be used);
ASME B18.2.8 Clearance Holes for Bolts Screws, and Studs 4.1.5 Type and Grade:
2.3 SAE Standard:4 4.1.5.1 Type 1—Either Grade 55 or Grade 105,
SAE J429 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Exter- 4.1.5.2 Type 2—Either Grade 5 or Grade 8;
nally Threaded Fasteners 4.1.6 Finish or coating type, if required (5.4);
SAE J995 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Steel 4.1.7 Source inspection, if required (Section 13);
Nuts 4.1.8 Certificates of Compliance, Certificates of
Conformance, or Certified Test Reports, if required (Section
3. Terminology 15); and
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 4.1.9 Any special requirements, including those for load-
3.1.1 compressible-washer-type direct tension indicator, gap curves or other special test data, as well as intended bolt,
n—a washer-type element inserted under the cap screw or bolt anchor, or stud tension, if known.
head, hex nut, or hardened washer, having the capability of
4.2 Recommended Fasteners—Fasteners meeting the re-
indicating the achievement of a required bolt tension by the
quirements of the Standards referenced in Table 1 are consid-
degree of direct tension indicator plastic deformation. Hereaf-
ered compatible with the DTI type(s) listed.
ter referred to as direct tension indicator or DTI. Alternatively,
4.2.1 Coating or plating of previously tested DTIs requires
DTIs are commonly referred to as load-indicating washers or
retesting. See 10.3.
tension-indicating washers.
4. Ordering Information 5. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Orders for direct tension indicators under this specifica- 5.1 Direct tension indicators shall have a configuration
tion shall include the following: produced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar forming
4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces); to permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed in
4.1.2 Name of product (direct tension indicator); compression.
5.2 The design shall be such that the degree of plastic
3
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME deformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in a
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// tightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud.
www.asme.org.
4
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth 5.3 Heat Treatment—The process used for heat treatment of
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. DTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to a

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 F2437 − 14
temperature above the upper transformation temperature, TABLE 2 Chemical Composition RequirementsA,B
quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitable Composition, %
Element Heat Product
temperature to attain desired mechanical/performance proper- Analysis Analysis
ties. Carbon 0.30 to 0.55 0.27 to 0.58
Manganese 0.50 to 0.90 0.47 to 0.93
5.4 Protective Coatings or Platings: Phosphorus, max 0.04 0.048
5.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the direct tension indica- Sulfur, max 0.045 0.053
tors shall be furnished “plain” with the “as-fabricated” surface Silicon 0.15 to 0.35 0.13 to 0.37
A
finish without protective coatings. Steel is considered to be alloy by the American Iron and Steel Institute when the
maximum of the range given for the content of alloying elements exceeds one or
5.4.2 When “plated” is specified, the direct tension indica- more of the following limits: manganese, 1.65 %; silicone, 0.60 %; copper, 0.60 %;
tors shall be processed in accordance with the requirements of or in which a definite range or definite maximum quantity of any of the following
Specifications B633, B695, or F1941 for the class and type of elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of
constructional alloy steels: aluminum, chromium up to 3.99 %, cobalt, columbium,
finish specified. molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other alloy-
5.4.3 Direct tension indicator manufacturers are free to offer ing elements added to obtain a desired alloying effect.
B
other coatings, platings, or finishes when specified. However, Suitable materials for weathering steel DTIs include the chemistries for Type 3
products listed in Specifications A325 and F436.
application of any such coating, plating, or finish shall not be
undertaken without the approval of the direct tension indicator
manufacturer.
5.5 All direct tension indicators shall have circumferential 6. Chemical Composition
indentations spaced equally around the outside circumference, 6.1 The direct tension indicators shall conform in chemical
corresponding to and in alignment with each space between the composition to the limits given in Table 2.
protrusions. Indentations shall be clearly visible but not so 6.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser from
large as to interfere with the function of the direct tension finished direct tension indicators representing each lot. The
indicator (see Fig. 1). chemical composition shall conform to the requirements given
5.5.1 The circumferential indentations indicate where feeler in Table 3.
gages, if used, are to be inserted during installation inspections,
and further make it visually obvious that a direct tension 7. Performance Requirements
indicator (rather than a flat washer) has been used in the 7.1 Compression Load—When compressed to the specified
assembly. gap, the compression load shall conform to the requirements
specified in Table 1.
7.2 Hardness:
7.2.1 Type 1 DTIs shall have a hardness not less than
HRB70 nor more than HRC22.
7.2.2 Type 2 DTIs shall have a hardness not less than
HRB80 nor more than HRC35.

8. Dimensions
8.1 Type 1 (Grades 55 and 105) and Type 2 (Grades 5 and
8) direct tension indicators shall conform to the dimensions
specified in Table 4.

9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

9.1 The direct tension indicators shall be commercially
smooth and free of injurious material or manufacturing defects
that would affect their performance.

10. Number of Tests and Retests

10.1 Responsibility:
10.1.1 The direct tension indicator manufacturer shall in-
spect each lot of direct tension indicators prior to shipment in
accordance with the quality assurance procedures described in
10.2.
10.1.2 The purpose of a lot inspection testing program is to
ensure that each lot conforms to the requirements of this
specification. For such a plan to be fully effective, it is essential
NOTE 1—Contour of protrusions will vary from manufacturer to
manufacturer. The example shown is illustrative. that the purchaser continue to maintain the identification and
FIG. 1 Direct Tension Indicator Inside Diameter (I.D.) Outside Di- integrity of each lot following delivery until the product is
ameter (O.D.) and Protrusion Bearing Diameter (PBD) installed in its service application.

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 F2437 − 14
TABLE 3 Recommended FastenersA
Type/Grade Recommended Cap Screws, Recommended Recommended
Bolts, Anchors, or Studs HexB Nuts Flat WashersC
Type 1 Grade 55 Specification F1554 Grade 55 Specification A194/A194M 2H Specification F436
Specification A307 Specification A563 A, C, DH
Type 1 Grade 105 Specification A193/A193M B7 Specification A194/A194M 2H Specification F436
Specification F1554 Grade 105 Specification A563 DH
Type 2 Grade 5 Specification A449, Specification A354 BC SAE J995 Grade 5 Specification F436
SAE J429 Grade 5 Specification A563 B, C, D, DH
Type 2 Grade 8 Specification A354 BD SAE J995 Grade 8 Specification F436
SAE J429 Grade 8 Specification A563 D, DH
A
For use of fasteners manufactured to other standards, see 5.5.1.
B
When DTIs are placed directly against the nut, heavy hex nuts are recommended for Type 1 DTIs.
C
Flat washers of comparable hardness and thicknesses with inside diameters conforming to ASME B18.2.8 for close tolerance holes are suitable alternatives. Flat washers
with larger outside diameters are permissible with the approval of the DTI manufacturer.

TABLE 4 Dimensions of Type 1 and Type 2 Direct Tension IndicatorsA

Type 2: Grade 5 and Grade 8 Type 1: Grade 55 and Grade 105
DTI Size, Protrusion Protrusion
Inside
Nominal Inside Outside Thickness, in. Bearing Outside Diameter Thickness Bearing
Diameter
Diameter (ID), in. Diameter (OD), in. (min.) DiameterC (ID), in.
(OD), in. in. (min.) Diameter
(in.)B (PBD) (PBD)
1 ⁄4 0.254 to 0.258 0.505 to 0.525 0.097 0.394 ... ... ... ...
5⁄16 0.317 to 0.321 0.650 to 0.670 0.097 0.450 ... ... ... ...
3 ⁄8 0.379 to 0.383 0.780 to 0.800 0.104 0.506 ... ... ... ...
7⁄16 0.443 to 0.448 0.898 to 0.918 0.104 0.563 ... ... ... ...
1 ⁄2 0.508 to 0.512 0.950 to 0.970 0.104 0.675 0.515 to 0.520 1.020 to 1.040 0.104 0.746
9⁄16 0.573 to 0.577 1.052 to 1.072 0.126 0.731 ... ... ... ...
5 ⁄8 0.635 to 0.639 1.204 to 1.224 0.126 0.844 0.640 to 0.645 1.240 to 1.260 0.126 0.956
3 ⁄4 0.760 to 0.764 1.474 to 1.494 0.142 1.012 0.765 to 0.770 1.450 to 1.470 0.126 1.077
7 ⁄8 0.885 to 0.889 1.630 to 1.650 0.158 1.181 0.890 to 0.895 1.670 to 1.690 0.142 1.294
1 1.010 to 1.014 1.846 to 1.866 0.158 1.350 1.020 to 1.025 1.890 to 1.910 0.142 1.441
1 1⁄8 1.135 to 1.139 2.063 to 2.083 0.158 1.512 1.150 to 1.155 2.100 to 2.120 0.142 1.574
1 1⁄4 1.260 to 1.264 2.305 to 2.325 0.158 1.688 1.275 to 1.280 2.320 to 2.340 0.142 1.800
1 3⁄8 1.388 to 1.392 2.565 to 2.585 0.193 1.856 1.400 to 1.405 2.540 to 2.560 0.142 1.902
1 1⁄2 1.525 to 1.529 2.798 to 2.818 0.193 2.025 1.525 to 1.530 2.750 to 2.770 0.142 2.071
1 5⁄8 ... ... ... ... 1.650 to 1.655 2.970 to 2.990 0.193 2.234
1 3⁄4 1.767 to 1.772 3.265 to 3.285 0.193 2.363 1.775 to 1.780 3.185 to 3.205 0.193 2.475
2 2.030 to 2.040 3.735 to 3.755 0.193 2.700 2.030 to 2.040 3.620 to 3.640 0.193 2.741
2 1⁄4 2.275 to 2.280 4.205 to 4.225 0.193 3.038 2.275 to 2.280 4.050 to 4.070 0.193 3.078
2 1⁄2 2.525 to 2.530 4.675 to 4.695 0.193 3.375 2.525 to 2.530 4.480 to 4.500 0.193 3.416
A
Dimensions are as-formed, before coatings, platings, and so forth.
B
Nominal direct tension indicator sizes are intended for use with fasteners of the same nominal diameter.
C
PBD maximum based upon minimum bearing surface of ASME B18.2.1 hex cap screw minimum bearing surface.

10.2 Lot Method: applicable) shall be in accordance with the requirements

10.2.1 All direct tension indicators shall be processed in specified in Guide F1470.
accordance with a lot identification control-quality assurance 10.3 Number of Tests After Alterations—If direct tension
plan. The manufacturer shall identify and maintain the integrity indicators are heat-treated, coated, or plated, or otherwise
of each lot of direct tension indicators from raw material altered by a subcontractor or manufacturer subsequent to
selection through all processing operations and treatments to testing, they shall be re-tested in accordance with 10.2 prior to
final packing and shipment. Each lot shall be assigned its own shipment to the purchaser after all alterations have been
lot-identification number, each lot shall be tested, and the completed.
inspection test reports for each lot shall be retained.
10.2.2 For purposes of assigning an identification number 11. Specimen Preparation
and from which test samples shall be selected, a lot shall
consist of all direct tension indicators processed essentially 11.1 Direct tension indicators selected for tests shall be
together through all operations to placing in the shipping tested full size “as-received” without any special preparation.
container that are of the same nominal size, produced from the
same mill heat of steel, heat-treated in the same heat-treatment 12. Test Methods
cycle, and of the same finish. 12.1 Compression load tests shall be conducted in accor-
10.2.3 The minimum number of samples to be tested to dance with Test Methods F606, with the specified test gap
determine compression loads and coating thickness (when being 0.010 in. in all cases. Additional test data, when

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 F2437 − 14
specified, shall be taken at sufficient intervals to enable 16. Responsibility
preparation of a load-gap curve for each lot. 16.1 The party responsible for the direct tension indicators
13. Inspection shall be the organization that supplies the direct tension
indicators to the purchaser and certifies that the direct tension
13.1 If the inspection described in 13.2 is required by the
indicator was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in
purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract or
accordance with this specification and meets all of its require-
order.
ments.
13.2 The purchaser’s quality assurance representative shall
have free entry to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that 17. Product Marking
concern the manufacture of the direct tension indicators 17.1 Each direct tension indicator shall be marked to iden-
ordered. The manufacturer shall afford the quality assurance tify the lot number, manufacturer or private label distributor, as
representative all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the appropriate.
direct tension indicators are being furnished in accordance with
this specification. All tests and inspections required by this 17.2 Each direct tension indicator shall be marked with its
specification that are requested by the purchaser’s representa- appropriate grade marking:
tive shall be made before shipment and shall be conducted so 17.2.1 Type 1 Grade 55 DTIs shall be marked with a (55),
as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the plant. and Grade 105 with a (105);
17.2.2 Type 2 Grade 5 DTIs shall be marked with a (5), and
14. Rejection Grade 8 with an (8).
14.1 Direct tension indicators that fail to conform to the 17.3 All markings shall be depressed on the same face of the
requirements of this specification shall be rejected. Disposition direct tension indicators as the protrusions. Raised markings
of nonconforming lots of direct tension indicators shall be in are prohibited.
accordance with the section on Disposition of Nonconforming
Lots of Guide F1470. Rejection should be reported to the 18. Packaging and Package Marking
producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of
18.1 Packaging:
dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or
18.1.1 Packaging shall be performed as soon as is practical
supplier may make claim for a rehearing.
following final testing.
15. Certification 18.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,
15.1 When specified on the order, the manufacturer shall they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.
furnish a Test Report as described in 15.2, a Certificate of 18.2 Package Marking:
Compliance, or a Certificate of Conformance as described in 18.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be marked plainly
15.3, whichever is required. with the following information:
15.2 When test reports are required, the manufacturer shall 18.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
furnish a test report for each lot from which direct tension 18.2.1.2 Size,
indicators are supplied to fill a shipment. The report shall show 18.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer
the heat number (to ensure that the chemical composition is on or private label distributor,
record and could be furnished upon request), the compression 18.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
loads, a copy of the load-gap test curve data (when specified), 18.2.1.5 Name of product,
measured thickness of any specified protective coatings, nomi- 18.2.1.6 Lot identification number,
nal size, type, grade, production lot identification number, 18.2.1.7 Finish, and
ASTM designation, and issue date. 18.2.1.8 Country of origin.
15.3 When Certificates of Compliance or Certificates of 19. Storage
Conformance, or both, are required, the manufacturer shall
furnish a Certificate of Conformance certifying that the direct 19.1 The direct tension indicators shall be stored in an
tension indicators have been manufactured and tested and environment that preserves the surface condition supplied by
conform to the requirements of this specification, or a Certifi- the manufacturer.
cate of Compliance certifying that the direct tension indicators
are being supplied in compliance with all applicable require- 20. Keywords
ments. Such certificates shall show the lot identification 20.1 compressible-washer-type; direct tension indicators;
number, nominal size, type, grade, ASTM designation, issue DTI; load indicators; load indicating washers; tension indica-
date, and purchase order number. tors

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 F2437 − 14
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F2437–07)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2014)

(1) Table 1 was revised. (2) Table 2 was revised.

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