CH 12

‫‪Pharmaceutical‬‬
‫‪calculations‬‬
‫‪Chapter 12‬‬
‫اعداد وشرح حسين الغانمي‬ ‫حسابات صيدالنية‬ ‫جامعة اوروك االهلية‬

CHAPTER 12
The molecules of chemical compounds may dissociate into particles known as ions, which
carry an electric charge and those with varying degrees of dissociation are called
electrolytes (For example, sodium chloride in body fluids)
‫ والتي تحمل شحنة كهربائية المواد الي تتفكك تدعى‬، ‫( قد تتفكك جزيئات المركبات الكيميائية إلى جسيمات تعرف باسم األيونات‬
)‫الكترواليت‬
Substances that are not dissociated in solution are called nonelectrolytes
(For example, Urea and dextrose)
‫ والتي تحمل شحنة كهربائية‬، ‫قد تتفكك جزيئات المركبات الكيميائية إلى جسيمات تعرف باسم األيونات‬
nonelectrolytes ‫المواد غير المتفككة في المحلول تسمى‬
Na+ ions move to the negative electrode (cathode) and are called cations. Cl- ions move
to the positive electrode (anode) and are called anions.
‫تتحرك األيونات إلى القطب الموجب (األنود) وتسمى األنيونات‬. ‫تنتقل أيونات الصوديوم إلى القطب السالب (الكاثود) وتسمى الكاتيونات‬
Electrolytes in body fluids play an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance in
the body.
.‫دورا مه ًما في الحفاظ على التوازن الحمضي القاعدي في الجسم‬
ً ‫تلعب اإللكتروليتات في سوائل الجسم‬
Electrolyte preparations are used in the treatment of disturbances of the electrolyte and
fluid balance in the body. In clinical practice, they are provided in the form of oral
solutions and syrups, as dry granules intended to be dissolved in water or juice to make
an oral solution, as oral tablets and capsules and, when necessary, as intravenous
infusions.
‫ يتم توفيرها‬، ‫في الممارسة السريرية‬. ‫تستخدم مستحضرات اإللكتروليت في عالج اضطرابات اإللكتروليت وتوازن السوائل في الجسم‬
‫ وأقراص‬، ‫ كحبيبات جافة تهدف إلى إذابتها في الماء أو العصير لصنع محلول عن طريق الفم‬، ‫في شكل محاليل وشراب عن طريق الفم‬
.‫ كحقن في الوريد‬، ‫ وعند الضرورة‬، ‫وكبسوالت عن طريق الفم‬
Molar concentrations [as millimoles per liter (mmol/L) and micromoles per liter (μmol/L)]
1
Example Calculations of Milliequivalents
To convert the concentration of electrolytes in solution expressed as milliequivalents per unit volume
to weight per unit volume and vice versa, use the following:
To convert milligrams (mg) to milliequivalents (mEq):
𝐦𝐠 ∗ 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
mEq =
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄,𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
To convert milliequivalents (mEq) to milligrams (mg):

𝐦𝐄𝐪 ∗ 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜,𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚,𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
mg =
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐦𝐄𝐪 / 𝐦𝐋∗ 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜,𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚,𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
mg/mL =
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
valence ‫انتبة ع عدد التأكسد مال العنصر االول هوه نفسة‬

• Valence of kcl = 1
• Valence of 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 2
• Valence of NH4Cl =1
• (Valence of K+ =1), (valence of Ca++ = 2), (valence of Mg++ =2)
• MgSO4 =2, NaH2PO4.H2O=1, Na2HPO4.7H2O=2
2
Q1/ What is the concentration, in milligrams per milliliter, of a solution containing 2 mEq
of potassium chloride (KCl) per milliliter?
(Molecular weight of KCl =74.5, Equivalent weight of KCl =74.5)
𝐦𝐄𝐪 / 𝐦𝐋∗ 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜,𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚,𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝟐 ∗𝟕𝟒.𝟓
mg/mL = = =149 mg/mL,answer.
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏
Q2/What is the concentration, in grams per milliliter, of a solution containing 4 mEq of

calcium chloride (CaCl2⋅2H2O) per milliliter?
(Formula weight of CaCl2⋅2H2O=147)
𝐦𝐄𝐪 / 𝐦𝐋∗ 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜,𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚,𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟒𝟕
mg/mL = = =294 mg/mL =0.294 g/ml
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐
Q3/What is the percent (w/v) concentration of a solution containing 100 mEq of ammonium
chloride per liter?
(Molecular weight of NH4Cl = 53.5)
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗ 𝟓𝟑.𝟓
mg = = 5350 mg = 5.35 g
𝟏
𝐰 𝟓.𝟑𝟓 𝐠
%w/v= ×100%= = ×100%=0.535%, answer
𝒗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
Q4/A solution contains 10 mg/100 mL of K+ ions. Express this concentration in terms of

milliequivalents per liter.
(Atomic weight of K+ =39)
𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= =100 mg
𝒙 𝒎𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝐦𝐠 ∗ 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏
mEq = = = 2.56 mEq/L
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄,𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟑𝟗
Q4/A solution contains 10 mg/100 mL of Ca++ions. Express this concentration in terms of

milliequivalents per liter.
(Atomic weight of Ca++ = 40)
𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= =100 mg
𝒙 𝒎𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝐦𝐠 ∗ 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐
mEq = = = 5 mEq/L
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄,𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟒𝟎
3
Q5/A magnesium (Mg++) level in blood plasma is determined to be 2.5 mEq/L. Express this
concentration in terms of milligrams.
(Atomic weight of Mg++ =24)

𝟐.𝟓∗ 𝟐𝟒
mg/mL = =30 mg/L
𝟐
Q6/How many milliequivalents of potassium chloride are represented in a 15-mL dose of a

10% (w/v) potassium chloride elixir?
(Molecular weight of KCl =74.5 )

mEq =
𝑾
𝑾 % ×𝑽 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏𝟓
𝑽
%w/v= ×100%= 𝑾 = =W= =1.5 g =1500 mg
𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟏
mEq = = 20.1 mEq
𝟕𝟒.𝟓
Q7/How many milliequivalents of magnesium sulfate are represented in 1 g of anhydrous

magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)?
(Molecular weight of MgSO4=120)

𝐦𝐠 ∗ 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐
mEq = = = 16.7 mEq
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄,𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝟎
4
Q8/ How many milliequivalents of Na+ would be contained in a 30-mL dose of the following
solution?
Disodium hydrogen phosphate 18 g
Sodium biphosphate 48 g
Purified water ad 100 mL
Each salt is considered separately in solving the problem.
Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Formula=Na2HPO4.7H2O
Molecular weight=268 and the equivalent weight=134
𝟏𝟖 𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= =5.4 g = 5400 mg
𝒙𝒈 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐
mEq = = 40.3 mEq of disodium hydrogen phosphate
𝟐𝟔𝟖
𝟒𝟖 𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= =14.4 g = 14400 mg
𝒙𝒈 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟏
mEq = = 104.3 mEq of sodium biphosphate
𝟏𝟑𝟒
104.3+40.3 =144.6 mEq,answer.

Q9/A person is to receive 2 mEq of sodium chloride per kilogram of body weight. If the
person weighs 132 lb., how many milliliters of a 0.9% sterile solution of sodium chloride
should be administered?
Molecular weight of NaCl =58.5
132/2.2= 60 kg
2 × 60 = 120 mEq/kg
𝐦𝐄𝐪 ∗ 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜,𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚,𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝟏𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟓𝟖.𝟓
mg = = =7020 mg = 7.02 g
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏
𝟗𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= = 780 mL
𝟕.𝟎𝟐 𝒈 𝒙 𝒎𝒍
Millimoles and Micromoles

Amole is the molecular weight of a substance in grams.
A millimole is one thousandth of a mole and a micromole is one millionth of a mole.
1 Mol =1000 mmole
5
Q1/How many millimoles of monobasic sodium phosphate (m.w. 138) are present in 100
g of the substance? m.w.=138 g
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐠
= = 0.725 moles =725 mmole
𝒙 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒈
Q2/ How many milligrams would 1 mmol of monobasic sodium phosphate weigh?
(m.w. 138)
1 mol = 138 g
1 mmol = 0.138 g =138 mg
Q3/ What is the weight, in milligrams, of 1 mmol of HPO4--?
(Atomic weight of HPO4-- = 95.98)
1 mol = 95.98 g
1 mmol = 0.09598 g = 95.98 mg
Osmolarity
The unit used to measure osmotic concentration is the milliosmole
𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐠/𝐋)
mOsmol/L= * Number of species* 1000
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝒈)
Q1/ A solution contains 5% of anhydrous dextrose in water for injection. How many
milliosmoles per liter are represented by this concentration?
(Formula weight of anhydrous dextrose=180)
𝟓 𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= = 50 g/L
𝒙 𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟓𝟎 (𝐠/𝐋)
mOsmol/L= * 1* 1000=278 mOsmol/L
𝟏𝟖𝟎 (𝒈)
Q2/A solution contains 156 mg of K+ ions per 100 mL How many milliosmoles are
represented in a liter of the solution? (Atomic weight of K+ = 39)
𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= = 1.56 g/L
𝒙𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟏.𝟓𝟔 (𝐠/𝐋)
mOsmol/L= * 1* 1000=40 mOsmol/L
𝟑𝟗 (𝒈)
6
Q3/ A solution contains 10 mg% of Ca++ ions. How many milliosmoles are represented in
1 liter of the solution?
(Atomic weight of Ca++ = 40)
𝟎.𝟎𝟏 𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐥
= = 0.1 g
𝒙𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟎.𝟏 (𝐠/𝐋)
mOsmol/L= * 1* 1000= 2.5 mOsmol/L
𝟒𝟎 (𝒈)
Q4/ Calculate the milliequivalents of sodium, potassium and chloride, the millimoles of
anhydrous dextrose, and the osmolarity of the following
parenteral fluid.
Dextrose, anhydrous 50 g
Sodium Chloride 4.5 g
Potassium Chloride 1.49 g
Water for Injection, ad 1000 mL
Molecular weight of NaCl=58.5, Molecular weight of kcl=74.5, Molecular weight of
anhydrous dextrose=180
Sol
mEq =
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏
mEq = =67.9 or 77 mEq (for Cl and Na)
𝟓𝟖.𝟓
𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟎 ∗ 𝟏
mEq = =20 mEq of K+ and 20 mEq of Cl
𝟕𝟒.𝟓
Total: Na+ = 77 mEq , K+ = 20 mEq , Cl = 77 mEq + 20 mEq = 97 mEq

𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝐠 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥
= =0.27 mol =270 mmol
𝟓𝟎 𝒈 𝒙 𝒎𝒐𝒍
Osmolarity
Dextrose, anhyd: 278 mmol*1 particle per mmol=278 mOsmol
NaCl: 77 mEq*2 particles per mEq (or mmol) =154 mOsmol
KCl: 20 mEq*2 particles per mEq (or mmol) =40 mOsmol
Total=472 mOsmol, answer.

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‫‪Pharmaceutical‬‬

‫اعداد وشرح حسين الغانمي‬ ‫حسابات صيدالنية‬ ‫جامعة اوروك االهلية‬

To convert milliequivalents (mEq) to milligrams (mg):

valence ‫انتبة ع عدد التأكسد مال العنصر االول هوه نفسة‬

Q2/What is the concentration, in grams per milliliter, of a solution containing 4 mEq of

Q4/A solution contains 10 mg/100 mL of K+ ions. Express this concentration in terms of

Q4/A solution contains 10 mg/100 mL of Ca++ions. Express this concentration in terms of

(Atomic weight of Mg++ =24)

Q6/How many milliequivalents of potassium chloride are represented in a 15-mL dose of a

(Molecular weight of KCl =74.5 )

Q7/How many milliequivalents of magnesium sulfate are represented in 1 g of anhydrous

(Molecular weight of MgSO4=120)

104.3+40.3 =144.6 mEq,answer.

Millimoles and Micromoles

Total: Na+ = 77 mEq , K+ = 20 mEq , Cl = 77 mEq + 20 mEq = 97 mEq

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