2/16/24, 2:23 PM Calculation of wind loads on duopitch canopies - Eurocode 1

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Eurocode 1
Wind load on duopitch canopies (net pressure
coefficients and overall force coefficient)
Description:
Calculation of wind load action effects on duopitch canopies (i.e. roofs of structures not enclosed with
permanent side walls). The net effect of the wind pressure on the upper and lower surface for zones A,
B, C, D on the roof surface are calculated from the corresponding net pressure coefficients. The overall
effect of the wind action on the structure is also calculated from the corresponding force coefficient.
According to:
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Section 7.3
Applicable for:
Roofs of structures not enclosed with permanent side walls such as petrol stations, dutch barns etc.
Duopitch slope between -20° and +30°
Supported
National
Annexes:
A) Calculation of pressure coefficients: Only countries that adopt CEN recommended values for section
7.3 of EN1991-1-4 are supported. B) Peak velocity pressure: The value of the peak velocity pressure can
be specified manually. Otherwise automatic calculation of peak velocity pressure is supported, in
addition to countries that adopt the CEN recommended values for NDPs, also for the following
National Annexes: Finland, Portugal. The National Annexes of Germany, Norway, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland are NOT supported (enter peak velocity pressure manually).

Input
Terrain category = I

Basic wind velocity vb = 16 m/s

Horizontal dimension of rectangular d= 91.2 m

plan parallel to the wind direction
Horizontal dimension of rectangular b= 220 m
plan perpendicular to the wind direction
(crosswind dimension)
Height of canopy from ground up to the h= 13 m
maximum roof level
Roof pitch angle α= 6 °

Degree of blockage under the canopy φ= 0

roof

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Definiton of blockage factor for canopy roofs (see also EN1991-1-4 Figure 7.15)

Orography factor at reference height ze c 0 ( z e) = 1

Structural factor c sc d = 1

Nationally Defined Parameters

Air density ρ= 1.25 kg/m3

Additional rules defined in the National = None

Annex for the calculation of peak
velocity pressure qp(ze)

Results
Net wind pressure on zone A wnet,A = (-0.290 or +0.290)
kN/m2
Net wind pressure on zone B wnet,B = (-0.665 or +0.843)
kN/m2
Net wind pressure on zone C wnet,C = (-0.656 or +0.618)
kN/m2
Net wind pressure on zone D wnet,D = (-0.543 or +0.187)
kN/m2

Total wind force (per sloped face) Fw = (-2929.79 or

+1512.15) kN

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Pressure zones for duopitch canopy roofs, reproduced from EN1991-1-4 Table 7.7 and Figure 7.17

Notes
1. The overall force coefficient corresponds to the resulting wind force and it can be used for the
design of the overall load bearing structure. The net pressure coefficients represent the
maximum local pressure for all wind directions and they should be used in the design of
roofing elements and fixings.
2. The calculated net wind pressure corresponds to the overall wind effect including the wind
pressure on both the top surface and the bottom surface for all wind directions.
3. The sign convention for the net pressure and the overall force is the same as its external
pressure part. Negative pressure values correspond to suction directed away from the surface
i.e. inducing uplift on the canopy roof.
4. Both positive and negative wind pressure should be examined, i.e. directed both upwards
(negative value) and downwards (positive value).
5. The location of the center of pressure for the overall wind force is located in the middle of each
of the two sloped faces of the canopy. Six cases should be examined with upwards force,
downwards force, or no force on each of the two faces according to EN1991-1-4 §7.3(6) (see
figure above)
6. Downwind of the position of maximum blockage the value of the blockage factor φ = 0 should
be used, according to EN1991-1-4 §7.3(4).
7. A structural factor cscd different than 1.0 may be applicable in accordance with EN1991-1-4
Section 6. A value of cscd = 1.0 is generally conservative for small structures not-susceptible to
wind turbulence effects such as buildings with height less than 15 m.
8. The calculated wind action effects are characteristic values (unfactored). Appropriate load
factors should be applied for the relevant design situation. For ULS verifications the partial load
factor γQ = 1.50 is applicable for variable actions.
9. Horizontal wind friction forces should be considered in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §7.5.

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Details
Input Data
Terrain category: = I
Basic wind velocity: vb = 16 m/s
Horizontal dimension of rectangular plan parallel to the wind direction: d = 91.2 m
Horizontal dimension of rectangular plan perpendicular to the wind direction (crosswind
dimension): b = 220 m
Height of canopy from ground up to the maximum roof level: h = 13 m
Roof pitch angle: α = 6 °
Degree of blockage under the canopy roof: φ = 0
Orography factor at reference height ze: c0(ze) = 1
Structural factor: cscd = 1
Nationally Defined Parameters
Air density: ρ = 1.25 kg/m3
Additional rules defined in the National Annex for the calculation of peak velocity pressure
qp(ze): = None

Calculation of peak velocity pressure

Reference height
The reference height for the wind action ze is equal to the maximum height above ground of the
canopy roof h, as specified in EN1991-1-4 §7.3(8). Therefore:
ze = h = 13.000 m

Reference area (per sloped face)

The reference area for the wind action Aref is equal to the area of each sloped face of the duopitch
canopy roof. It is calculated from the plan dimensions b and d by taking into account the inclination
of each sloped roof surface with angle α. Therefore:
Aref = b ⋅ (d / 2) / cos(α) = 220.000 m ⋅ (91.200 m / 2) / 0.995 = 10087.259 m2

Note that the reference area calculated above corresponds to each sloped face of the duopitch roof
(i.e. half of the total roof area).

Basic wind velocity

The basic wind velocity vb is defined in EN1991-1-4 §4.2(2)P as a function of the wind direction and
time of year at 10 m above ground of terrain category II. The value of vb includes the effects of the
directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason and it is provided in the National Annex. In the
following calculations the basic wind velocity is considered as vb = 16.00 m/s.

Terrain roughness
The roughness length z0 and the minimum height zmin are specified in EN1991-1-4 Table 4.1 as a
function of the terrain category. For terrain category I the corresponding values are z0 = 0.010 m and
zmin = 1.0 m.

The terrain factor kr depending on the roughness length z0 = 0.010 m is calculated in accordance with
EN1991-1-4 equation (4.5):

kr = 0.19 ⋅ (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.19 ⋅ (0.010 m / 0.050 m)0.07 = 0.1698

The roughness factor cr(ze) at the reference height ze accounts for the variability of the mean wind
velocity at the site. It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation 4.4. For the examined case
ze ≥ zmin:

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cr(ze) = kr ⋅ ln(max{ze, zmin} / z0) = 0.1698 ⋅ ln(max{13.000 m, 1.0 m} / 0.010 m) = 1.2172

Orography factor

Where orography (e.g. hills, cliffs etc.) is significant its effect in the wind velocities should be taken
into account using an orography factor c0(ze) different than 1.0, as specified in EN1994-1-1 §4.3.3. The
recommended procedure in EN1994-1-1 §4.3.3 for calculation of the orography factor c0(ze) is
described in EN1994-1-1 §A.3.
In the following calculations the orography factor is considered as c0(ze) = 1.000.

Mean wind velocity

The mean wind velocity vm(ze) at reference height ze depends on the terrain roughness, terrain
orography and the basic wind velocity vb. It is determined using EN1991-1-4 equation (4.3):
vm(ze) = cr(ze) ⋅ c0(ze) ⋅ vb = 1.2172 ⋅ 1.000 ⋅ 16.00 m/s = 19.47 m/s

Wind turbulence
The turbulence intensity Iv(ze) at reference height ze is defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity. It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation
4.7. For the examined case ze ≥ zmin.

Iv(ze) = kI / [ c0(ze) ⋅ ln(max{ze, zmin} / z0) ] = 1.000 / [ 1.000 ⋅ ln(max{13.000 m, 1.0 m} / 0.010 m) ] =
0.1395

Basic velocity pressure

The basic velocity pressure qb is the pressure corresponding to the wind momentum determined at
the basic wind velocity vb. The basic velocity pressure is calculated according to the fundamental
relation specified in EN1991-14 §4.5(1):
qb = (1/2) ⋅ ρ ⋅ vb2 = (1/2) ⋅ 1.25 kg/m3 ⋅ (16.00 m/s)2 = 160 N/m2 = 0.160 kN/m2

where ρ is the density of the air in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §4.5(1). In this calculation the
following value is considered: ρ = 1.25 kg/m3. Note that by definition 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2.

Peak velocity pressure

The peak velocity pressure qp(ze) at reference height ze includes mean and short-term velocity
fluctuations. It is determined according to EN1991-1-4 equation 4.8:
qp(ze) = (1 + 7⋅Iv(ze)) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ ρ ⋅ vm(ze)2 = (1 + 7⋅0.1395) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ 1.25 kg/m3 ⋅ (19.47 m/s)2 = 468 N/m2
⇒ qp(ze) = 0.468 kN/m2

Note that by definition 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2.

Calculation of local wind pressure on the canopy roof
Net pressure coefficients
The net pressure coefficients cp,net represent the maximum local pressure for all wind directions and
they should be used in the design of local elements such as roofing elements and fixings. Net
pressure coefficients are given for four zones A, B, C, D as defined in the figure included in EN1991-1-
4 Table 7.7 that is reproduced above. Zones B, C extend at the sides of the canopy, Zone D extends
along the ridge, and Zones A extend at the remaining area for each of the two sloped faces of the
duopitch canopy.
The inclined length of the duopitch canopy roof (sum of both sloped faces) parallel to the wind
direction is:
d' = d / cos(α) = 91.200 m / 0.995 = 91.702 m
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Zone C corresponds to the regions parallel to the windward and leeward edges having width d'/10 =
9.170 m. Zone B corresponds to the regions parallel to the side edges having width b/10 = 22.000 m,
where b is the width of the canopy transverse to the wind direction. Zone D corresponds to the
region parallel to the ridge having width d'/10 = 9.170 m at each side of the ridge. Zone A
corresponds to the remaining central region for each of the two sloped faces of the duopitch canopy.
The net pressure coefficient cp,net for each of the zones A, B, C, D are defined in EN1991-1-4 Table 7.7
as a function of the roof angle α and the blockage factor φ. For the examined case: α = 6.00 ° and φ =
0.000. Therefore according to EN1991-1-4 Table 7.7 the following net pressure coefficients and overall
force coefficient are obtained, using linear interpolation where appropriate:
For zone A: cp,net,A = -0.620 or +0.620
For zone B: cp,net,B = -1.420 or +1.800
For zone C: cp,net,C = -1.400 or +1.320
For zone D: cp,net,D = -1.160 or +0.400
Negative values for the external pressure coefficient correspond to suction directed away from the
upper surface inducing uplift forces on the roof. Both positive and negative values should be
considered for each zone.

Net wind pressure on pressure zones

The net wind pressure on the surfaces of the structure wnet corresponds to the combined effects of
external wind pressure and internal wind pressure.
For structural surfaces consisting of only one skin the net pressure effect is determined as:
wnet = cp,net ⋅ qp(ze)

For structural surfaces consisting of more than one skin EN1991-1-4 §7.2.10 is applicable.
For the different pressure zones on the canopy roof the following net pressures are obtained:
- For zone A: wnet,A = -0.290 kN/m2 or +0.290 kN/m2
(zones A is the remaining central region of the two sloped faces located more than d'/10 = 9.170 m or
b/10 = 22.000 m from the edges and the central ridge)

- For zone B: wnet,B = -0.665 kN/m2 or +0.843 kN/m2

(zone B extends up to b/10 = 22.000 m from the side edges)
- For zone C: wnet,C = -0.656 kN/m2 or +0.618 kN/m2
(zone C extends up to d'/10 = 9.170 m from the windward and leeward edges)
- For zone D: wnet,D = -0.543 kN/m2 or +0.187 kN/m2
(zone D extends up to ±d'/10 = 9.170 m from the central ridge)
Negative net pressure values correspond to suction directed away from the external surface
inducing uplift forces on the canopy roof. Both positive and negative values should be considered.
Calculation of overall wind force on the canopy roof
Overall pressure coefficient
The overall pressure coefficients cf represents the overall wind force and it should be used in the
design of the overall load bearing structure. The overall pressure coefficient cf is defined in EN1991-1-
4 Table 7.7 as a function of the roof angle α and the blockage factor φ. For the examined case: α =
6.00 ° and φ = 0.000. Therefore according to EN1991-1-4 Table 7.7 the following overall pressure
coefficient is obtained, using linear interpolation where appropriate:
cf = -0.620 or 0.320

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Negative values for the overall pressure coefficient correspond to suction directed away from the
upper surface inducing uplift forces on the roof. Both positive and negative values should be
considered, as explained below.

Structural factor
The structural factor cscd takes into account the structure size effects from the non-simultaneous
occurrence of peak wind pressures on the surface and the dynamic effects of structural vibrations
due to turbulence. The structural factor cscd is determined in accordance with EN1991-1-4 Section 6. A
value of cscd = 1.0 is generally conservative for small structures not-susceptible to wind turbulence
effects such as buildings with height less than 15 m.
In the following calculations the structural factor is considered as cscd = 1.000.

Overall wind force (for each sloped face)

The wind force Fw corresponding to the overall wind effect on each sloped face of the canopy roof is
calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation 5.3:
Fw = cscd ⋅ cf ⋅ Aref ⋅ qp(ze)

where Aref = 10087.259 m2 is the reference wind area for each sloped face of the canopy roof as
calculated above.
For the examined case:
- Maximum overall wind force (acting downwards):
Fw = 1.000 ⋅ (+0.320) ⋅ 10087.259 m2 ⋅ 0.468 kN/m2 = +1512.15 kN

- Minimum overall wind force (acting upwards):

Fw = 1.000 ⋅ (-0.620) ⋅ 10087.259 m2 ⋅ 0.468 kN/m2 = -2929.79 kN

Negative values correspond to suction directed away from the external surface inducing uplift forces
on the canopy roof. Both positive and negative values should be considered.

Direction and eccentricity of the overall wind force

According to EN1991-1-4 §7.3(6) Figure 7.17 the location of the center of pressure is taken at the
center of each of the two sloped faces of the duopitch canopy. Six cases should be examined for the
overall effect of the wind force on the canopy roof:
Maximum force Fw = +1512.15 kN (i.e. acting upwards) on both sloped faces
Maximum force Fw = +1512.15 kN (i.e. acting upwards) at the upwind sloped face and no force
at the downwind sloped face
No force at the upwind sloped face and maximum force Fw = +1512.15 kN (i.e. acting upwards)
at the downwind sloped face
Minimum force Fw = -2929.79 kN (i.e. acting downwards) on both sloped faces
Minimum force Fw = -2929.79 kN (i.e. acting downwards) at the upwind sloped face and no
force at the downwind sloped face
No force at the upwind sloped face and minimum force Fw = -2929.79 kN (i.e. acting
downwards) at the downwind sloped face

Additional notes
Horizontal wind friction forces should be considered in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §7.5.
For roofs with permanent walls see EN1991-1-4 §7.2 and the relevant calculation Wind load on
duopitch roofs.
The calculated wind action effects are characteristic values (unfactored). Appropriate load
factors should be applied for the relevant design situation. For ULS verifications the partial load
factor γQ = 1.50 is applicable for variable actions according to EN1990.

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