Contents

Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... - 2 -
1. Site clearance work ..................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
2. Bulk excavation work: ................................................................................................................................ - 5 -
2.1 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil not exceeding 1.5m ........................................................................ - 7 -
2.2 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 1.5m but not exceeding 3m ......................................... - 7 -
2.3 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 3m but not exceeding 6m ............................................ - 7 -
2.4 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 6m but not exceeding 10m .......................................... - 8 -
3. Loading hauling work: ............................................................................................................................... - 9 -
1. Wheel loaders...................................................................................................................................... - 9 -
2. Rear Dump trucks ............................................................................................................................- 10 -
4. Finishing work: .........................................................................................................................................- 13 -
5. Equipment scheduling ..............................................................................................................................- 15 -
References: ....................................................................................................................................................- 17 -
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Introduction

Projects that require numbers of machines present their own challenges to

construction schedulers. Project is entirely complete within the given time 90 days
for all work. This schedule is identifying the types of construction equipment,
number of equipment, productivity, qualitative and their application on project. The
project is done by the sequence of the equipment, used for excavation and earth
works like site clearing, bulk excavations, loading and hauling. The selection of
materials depending on the working capacity, versatility of equipment, bucket size,
depth of excavating, Hight of loading on dump truck, and their work performance.
we should asses and compare the feasibility of the project’s coasts and duration and
other aspects and provide our customer to choose of those available once. For
convenience’s sake we will be using caterpillar’s manual when doing this project
there may be other devices manuals to refer but caterpillar is the most common one
available in the market.

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Assuming yourself as a project manager of the following project who is

responsible for effective completion the entire project within 90 Calendar days:

1. Identify the types of construction equipment and their application on project

2. Develop a qualitative work schedule considering the nature of the work that
enables you to complete the project within 90 calendar days
3. Determine the productivity of each of the equipment’s to be involved in the
project referring your lecture notes
4. Using the above schedule and estimated productivity/output determine the
number of each equipment to be used in the construction site to complete the
project within the project completion period
5. Prepare equipment schedule that shows the number of equipment and their
duration on the construction site.

Item
Description UN
No Quantity
IT

A. SUB-STRUCTURE
01. EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK
1.1 M2
Site clearing to an average depth of 200mm 185,409.00
1.2 Bulk Excavation
1.2.1 M3
Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil not exceeding 1.5m 217,145.39
Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 1.5m but not
1.2.2 M3
exceeding 3m 188,830.70
Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 3m but not
1.2.3 M3
exceeding 6m 269,137.32
Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 6m but not
1.2.4 M3
exceeding 10m 118,337.92
Select fill for site work with selected material and compact in
1.2.5 M3
layers with the interval of 200mm 115,406.00

1.3 Load and cart away surplus materials to an appropriate place M3 1,008,493.8
(less than 5km) 0

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

1. Site clearance work

Bulldozers: mostly come in a crawler mounted
equipment and are great for site clearance within the
short period of time.
Advantages

- Bulldozers were made for site clearance in mind

- Very fast when it comes to site clearance
- Good for precise cutting

The given area is =185,409.00m2

The depth of cutting = 200mm
The volume of the cut = 0.2*185409 = 37,081.8m3

D8R-8SU blade capacity = 8.7m3 max digging depth = 575mm

Blade length = 6.39m
Blade width = 3.49m
Blade height = 1.69m

▪ Dozing time = 70m / (6.2km/hr. x 16.7 m/min) = 0.68min

▪ Return time = 70m / (8.1 km/hr. x 16.7 m/min) = 0.52min
▪ Cycle time = (0.05+0.0.68+0.52) min = 1.25min
3 3
▪ Production = 8.7 Lm x [(50min/hr.)/(1.25min)] = 348Lm /hr.
▪ Total time = 37,081.8m3 / (348lm3/hr *10hr/day) = 11day(10day and 7hr)
▪ Number of dozers = 1

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

2. Bulk excavation work:

1. Excavators: use for site clearance are very useful as
they can be used for excavation, loading and site
clearance, many other types of mounts can be
mounted on them to do special tasks such as
grapplers to grab and remove trees, but struggle to
site clear.
Advantages

- Can be used for multiple things

- versatility

Excavator model 345C caterpillar used for extreme excavation foe Europe, African
and middle east standard with bucket capacity≈4-cy.

Productivity of the excavator

❖ Step 1: Bucket size = 4-cy
❖ Step 2; Bucket fill factor 100-110
Use, average fill factor = (100+110) = 105% =1.05

Table-2.1 bucket fill factor

❖ Step 3: typical cycle elements

▪ Optimum depth of cut is 30-60% of maximum digging depth. From
below table for a 4 -Cy size Hoe, maximum digging depth is 29 ft.
▪ Depth of excavation is given 5ft, 9.8ft and 19.7 ft.
(9.8ft/29ft) x 100 = 33.8% ≥ 30% okay!
(19.7ft/29ft) x 100 = 68% ≥ 30% okay!

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

table 2.2 the performance of excavator 345C model

▪ Cycle time load bucket = 7.8sec

Swing loaded= 4.2sec
Dump bucket = 1.2sec
Swing empty = 3.6sec
Total cycle time = 16.8sec = 17sec

Table-2.3 cycle time

❖ Step 4: Efficiency factor, 50 min/hr

❖ Step 5: class of material, dry earth common soil swell 25%
❖ Step 6: production of the excavator
3600𝑠𝑒𝑐/ℎ𝑟∗4𝑐𝑦∗1.05 50𝑚𝑖𝑛 1
P= * * = 593bcy/hr
17𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1+0.25)

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Assume the total working hour of the day is 10hr/day.

➢ Total production per day = 10hr/day*593bcy/hr = 5930bcy/day

= 4534m3/day

2.1 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil not exceeding 1.5m

The total volume the excavation for the depth 1.5 m below the ground surface after
site clearing. This work is begun with side to side with site clearing work.

Total volume of excavate = 217,145.39m3

Excavator’s production capacity of per day = 4534m3/day

217145.39m3
Time required for one loader = = 47.9days
4534𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

2.2 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 1.5m but not exceeding 3m

Total volume of excavate = 188,830.70 m3

Excavator’s production capacity of per day = 4534m3/day

188,830.70m3
Time needed for one loader = = 41.65day
4534𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

2.3 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 3m but not exceeding 6m

Total volume of excavate = 269,137.92m3

Excavator’s production capacity of per day = 4534m3/day

269137.32m3
Time required for one loader = = 59.36 days
4534𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

2.4 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil exceeding 6m but not exceeding 10m

Total volume of excavate = 118,337.92m3

Excavator’s production capacity of per day = 4534m3/day

118,337.92m3
Time required for one loader = = 26.1days
4534𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

The total volume excavation work is the sum of the bulk excavation works. The
excavation work is beginning after the site clearance is done or along with the
excavation work. so, the excavation is start after five day of the site clearing.

Total bulk excavation = 217145.39+188830.7+269137.32+118337.92

= 793,451.33m3
793451.33m3
Total time needed to excavate by 1 excavator = = 175 days
4534𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

Total work is done in 85 days but after 5 days of the site clearing
175𝑑𝑎𝑦
No. of excavator = = 2.66 ≈ 3
85𝑑𝑎𝑦

We Take 3 excavators for excavation work

Total production of 3 excavator per day = 3*3507.2m3/day = 10,521.6m3/day

793,451.33m3
The time taken for bulk excavation = =75days and 4 hours
10,521.6𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

3. Loading hauling work:

1. Wheel loaders: can come on different sizes and

different price point but most importantly we
have to consider the compatible truck size the
work process will be as follows the loader will
clear the site accumulate the soil and material in
one place then load it to the truck

Table-3.1 loader performance and specification

Bucket size 4.75-cy
Bucket fill factor(soil) 0.9
Cycle time 33sec
Hauling distance Negligible
Unit weight of soil 1960lb/lc
Efficiency factor 50min/hr
Working hour/day 10hr

3600𝑠𝑒𝑐/ℎ𝑟∗4.75𝑐𝑦∗0.9 50𝑚𝑖𝑛 1960

➢ Productivity = * * = 380.864ton/hr
33𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 2000
= 388.64cy/hr
1,008,493.8m3∗1.31cy/m3∗1960lb/cy
➢ Total Mass of volume of work =
2000𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑙𝑏
=1,294,704.34ton
➢ Total work per day = 380.864ton/hr*10hr/day = 3,808.64ton/day
1,294,704.34ton
➢ Total hour needed = = 339.94days
380.864ton/hr∗10 ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦
339.94𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
➢ No. of loader needed = = 3.77 ≈ 4 loaders
90𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
1,294,704.34𝑡𝑜𝑛
➢ Actual work by 3 loaders = =113.3days
380.864𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑎𝑦∗10ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦∗3 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟
this is above the projects time line, so use 4 loaders is better.
1,294,704.34𝑡𝑜𝑛
➢ Actual time for 4 loaders = = 84.98days
380.864𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑎𝑦∗10ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦∗4 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟
(85day) are needed.

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

2. Rear Dump trucks: These are very common

and heavy-duty trucks and are capable of
handling even quarry rocks.

The haul route from loading point to the waste site is 4.5km(3.12mile)

Dump time 3min, the common soil has a loose unit weight of 1,960 lb./cy

Dump truck calculation

Table-3.2 dump truck performance

Truck Model 777D
Bucket Size (heaped capacity) of loader 4.75cy
Working hour 10hr/day
Heaped volume 78.6cy
Hauling Distance 4.5km
Unit weight 1960lb/cy
Efficiency 50min/hr.
Net Empty Weight 160,403lb.
Gross weight 360,000lb.
Speed of truck empty 39.9mph

Loader Bucket volume =0.9*4.75cy= 4.275cy

78.6𝑐𝑦∗0.9
Number of buckets loaded = =16.55 buckets
4.275𝑐𝑦

We take either 16 or 17 bucket of load

A. For 16 buckets:

Load time of truck= loader cycle time*umber of bucket = (33*16)/60 = 8.8min

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Load weight = 4.275*16*1960lb/cy = 134,064lb ≤199,597lb. ……………Ok.

= 68.4 cy at one hauling time.

B. For 17 buckets:

Load time of truck= loader cycle time*umber of bucket = (33*17)60=9.35min

Load weight = 4.275*17*1960lb = 142,443lb ≤199,597lb. ……………Ok.

=72.68cy at one hauling time.

C. Haul time

Since we want to get maximum productivity, we are going to use number of buckets.

▪ Gross weight = Empty truck net weight + Weight of load= 134,064 + 142443

= 279,507lb ≤360,000lb. …………………………………ok.

▪ The speed of truck loaded = 17mph and haul distance is taken less than 5km
we take maximum at 4.5km cart away distance
2.8𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
▪ Haul time loaded = = 0.12hr. = 7.2min.
23.94𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒/ℎ𝑟
2.8𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
▪ Haul time return = = 5.26min
31.92𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒/ℎ𝑟
▪ Dump time = 3min.
▪ Total truck cycle time (16 bucket) = 8.8 + 3 + 7.2 + 5.26 = 24.26min
▪ Total truck cycle time (17 bucket) = 9.35 + 3 + 7.2 + 5.26 = 24.81min
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 24.26𝑚𝑖𝑛
➢ Number trucks (17 bucket) = = = 2.76
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 8.8𝑚𝑖𝑛
trucks/loader/hr.
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 24.81𝑚𝑖𝑛
➢ Number trucks (17 bucket) = = = 2.65
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 9.35𝑚𝑖𝑛
trucks/loader/hr.
➢ Total number of trucks = no. of loader*no. of truck/loader =4*2.38 =9.52 trucks
D. Calculate productivity of trucks:

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

I. For (17 bucket) and (2 trucks) loader:

The hauling capacity of the truck is 78.6 cy so the truck can hold 17 bucket load
and can be only used this for truck production and save time and other costs.
60𝑀𝐼𝑁
PRODUCTION =TRUCK LOAD x NUMBER OF TRUCK x 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

60𝑚𝑖𝑛 50𝑚𝑖𝑛
P = 72.68cy*2 trucks*24.81𝑚𝑖𝑛*60𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 292.95 cy/hr.

II. For (17 bucket) and (3 trucks):

60𝑀𝐼𝑁
PRODUCTION =TRUCK LOAD x 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

60𝑠𝑒𝑐 50𝑚𝑖𝑛
P = 72.68cy*9.35𝑠𝑒𝑐*60𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 388.66cy/hr.

E. Comparing the hourly production of the loader and the dump trucks and
selecting appropriate number of trucks.

For (2 truck/loader):
380.864𝑡𝑜𝑛/ℎ𝑟∗2000𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛
Loader production per hour = 1960𝑙𝑏/𝑐𝑦
=388.64cy/hr.

Dump trucks production per hour = 292.95cy/hr.

The dump truck production is less than loader production so we need additional
dump trucks.

For (3 truck/loader)
380.864𝑡𝑜𝑛/ℎ𝑟∗2000𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛
Loader production per hour = 1960𝑙𝑏/𝑐𝑦
=388.64cy/hr.

Dump trucks production per hour = 388.66cy/hr.

The dump truck production is equal loader production it satisfies our requirement.

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

4. Finishing work:
1 Grader: are commonly used in the construction
and maintenance of dirt and gravel roads for
creating a flat surface where the asphalt will be
placed.

Select fill for site work with selected material and

compact in layers with the interval of 200mm = 115,406.00m3. This amount of
selected material is spread on the area of the site 577,030.00m2 at 20cm depth.

Table-3

The working angle is between 30 and 45 optimum take 30 degree

Le = 3.66m*cos30 = 3.17m

The overlap width is 0.6 m (2ft)

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Table-4.2 speed of grader

9⋅7𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟+14⋅5𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
The operatizing speed for spreading Vavg = = 12.1km/hr.
2

Table 4.3.B Average speed for different operation

Type of operation Speed in Km/hr
Bank slopping 4.0
Ditching 4-6
Finishing 6.5-14.5
Grading and road maintenance 6.4-9.7
Mining 14.5-32.2
Snow removal 19.3-32.2
Spreading 9.7-14.5

Production of grader based on CAT Performance handbook in Metric system.

The work Efficiency taken between 0.75-0.8 for estimation

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

Take the average efficiency = 0.85

A = S x (Le – Lo) x 1000 x E

Where, A = hourly operating area(m2)
S = operating speed(km/hr.)
Le = effective blade length(m)
Lo = overlap width(m)
E = efficiency

A = S x (Le – Lo) x 1000 x E

=12.1 x (3.17- 0.6) x 1000 x0.85 = 26,432.45 m2/hr. (2.643 hectares/hr.)

The total production per day = 2.643*10 =26.43 hectares/day

The total area given = 577,030.00m2(57.703 hectares) at 200mm depth in

three layer
57.703ℎ𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒
The number of days needed = = 2.18days (2 days and 2 hours)
26.43ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦

5. Equipment scheduling
Equipment scheduling of the project with 90 calendar days beginning in July-1-
2023 and end in September-28-2023.

Types of works Start Date End Date Duration

Site Clerance 1-Jul-23 12-Jul-23 11
Excavarion Stage I 12-Jul-23 2-Aug-23 21
Excavation Stage II 2-Aug-23 20-Aug-23 18
excavation stage III 20-Aug-23 12-Sep-23 23
Excavation Stage IV 12-Sep-23 25-Sep-23 13
Loading Work & Cart Away 5-Jul 28-Sep-23 85
Site Finishing 25-Sep-23 28-Sep-23 2

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

1-Jul-23 16-Jul-23 31-Jul-23 15-Aug-23 30-Aug-23 14-Sep-23 29-Sep-23 14-Oct-23

Site Clerance

Excavarion Stage I

Excavation Stage II

excavation stage III

Excavation Stage IV

Loading Work & Cart Away

Site Finishing

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 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND SCEDULING

References:
▪ Caterpillar performance handbook, 36 edition.
▪ Construction equipment handout.

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