Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams(PIDs)

May 25, 2024

1 Fuel preheating, air compression and product

cooling

Figure 1: Process flow diagram of a system involving fuel preheating, air com-
pression, and product cooling.

The image (as shown in Figure 1) is a Process Flow Diagram (PFD), a

simplified illustration depicting the major equipment, process streams, and key
control points within a chemical process. Here’s a breakdown:

Equipment
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Transfers heat between two different fluids. Here, it likely preheats the incoming
feed using a hot process stream.

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Dry Column
A vertical vessel used for gas-solid contact operations. This could involve drying
the feed material, removing impurities, or facilitating a chemical reaction.

Centrifugal Pump (C)

Uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of liquids. This pump circulates
a fluid, likely related to the heat exchanger.

Air Cooler/Exchanger (E-42)

Cools down a hot process stream using air.

Accumulator (V-1)
A pressure vessel designed to store liquids or gases. This might buffer fluctua-
tions in process flow or pressure.

Centrifugal Pump
Two more pumps are present, one for feeding a ”Demineralized” liquid and
another for moving the final product. Each pump has a meter to measure the
flow rate.

Mixer
Blends the demineralized liquid into the main process stream.

Circler (T-294)
A loop designed to maintain a constant flow rate of a specific fluid within the
system.

Process Streams
Feed
The raw material entering the process, likely coming from a previous stage not
shown.

40 GPM to Air Cooler

Indicates a flow rate of 40 gallons per minute of a process stream being sent to
the Air Cooler (E-42) for cooling.

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300 GPM to Tank
A significant flow rate, suggesting this stream might be a recycled material or
a major output of the process.

Gas to Flare
A stream of gas, possibly a byproduct or vent, directed to a flare for safe com-
bustion.

Demineralized
A purified stream of water or another liquid with minerals removed.

28 GPM to Process
A controlled flow rate of demineralized liquid being introduced into the main
process.

Control Points and Annotations

Pressure Indicators (PC and PCV)
Show the pressure at different locations within the process.

Flow Meters
Installed on several lines to monitor flow rates, often crucial for process control.

Vessel Numbering
Each vessel (column, accumulator) has an identifier (e.g., V-1, T-100) for refer-
ence.

Overall Process
Based on the limited information in the PFD, it’s impossible to definitively state
the specific chemical process. However, a possible scenario is:

Feed Preparation
The feed material is preheated and then dried or treated in the Dry Column.

Reaction/Separation
A chemical reaction or separation process occurs, generating a gas byproduct.

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Cooling and Pressure Control
The processed material is cooled in the Air Cooler and its pressure is regulated
in the Accumulator.

Demineralized Addition and Mixing

A carefully measured amount of demineralized liquid is mixed into the process
stream.

Final Processing and Output

The final product is sent onward at a controlled flow rate, while a portion is
likely recycled back into the process.

Important Notes
A PFD is a high-level overview. It does not include details like specific operat-
ing conditions (temperature, pressure), valve types, or instrumentation details.
Without further context about the chemical process, the PFD can only provide
a general understanding of the system’s layout and major operations.

2 Batch Distillation Unit

The image(as shown in Figure 2) presents a complex schematic diagram of
a chemical process, likely a distillation and separation system. It features a
variety of components, interconnected by pipes and valves, suggesting a multi-
step procedure for purifying and collecting different substances.

Major Components
• B-01: A large cylindrical vessel, likely the main distillation column, re-
sponsible for separating components based on their boiling points. Its
internal structure, indicated by the diagonal lines, suggests the presence
of trays or packing material for enhancing separation efficiency.
• W-01, W-02, W-03, W-04: Smaller tanks or vessels, possibly serving
various purposes like pre-heating, cooling, or intermediate storage of spe-
cific fractions. W-04, labeled ”steam,” likely acts as a heat exchanger,
introducing steam for heating the system.
• M-J-1, M-J-2, M-J-3: Storage tanks for collecting the final separated
products, labeled ”rest,” ”stuff,” and ”distillate,” respectively.
• B-04, B-05, B-06, B-07, B-08: Additional storage tanks, possibly for
raw materials or intermediate products.

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Figure 2: Process flow diagram of a batch distillation unit equipped with a
packed column (W-02), a condenser (W-03), and multiple receivers (MJ-1 to
MJ-3 and B-04 to B-08) for separating a binary mixture

Supporting Elements
• Pipes: Interconnecting lines transporting fluids between different compo-
nents.

• Valves (VA): Numerous valves control the flow of substances within the
system. Each valve is labeled with a unique identifier (e.g., VA-01, VA-02,
etc.), allowing for precise control and monitoring of the process.
• Pumps (P): Circular symbols with arrows indicate pumps for moving
fluids against pressure gradients within the system.

• Sensors (dPIC, PI, FI, TI, LI, LS): Different types of sensors are
present, likely measuring pressure (dPIC, PI), flow (FI), temperature (TI),
level (LI), and possibly other parameters.

Process Flow (Hypothetical)

Based on the diagram, a possible process flow could be:

• Raw materials are fed into B-01, potentially pre-heated in W-01 or W-02.

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 • Steam is introduced via W-04 to heat B-01, initiating the distillation pro-
cess.
• Separated components exit B-01 at different heights, controlled by valves.
• Intermediate processing or cooling may occur in W-03 or other vessels.

• Final purified products are collected in the designated storage tanks (M-
J-1, M-J-2, M-J-3).

Overall
This diagram showcases a sophisticated chemical separation process involving
multiple stages, precise control mechanisms, and careful monitoring. The spe-
cific substances being separated and the exact operating conditions are not spec-
ified, but the diagram provides a detailed overview of the system’s structure and
potential functionality.

3 Single-effect evaporation system

Figure 3: Process flow diagram of a single-effect evaporation system utilizing

steam for heating and a vapor compressor for enhancing energy efficiency.

The image(as shown in Figure 3) depicts a process flow diagram for the con-
centration of syrup using a vapor recompression evaporator. Here’s a breakdown
of the components and the process:

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Components
• Evaporator: This is the central vessel where the syrup is concentrated.
It is heated by steam from the heat exchanger.
• Heat Exchanger: This component transfers heat from the steam supply
to the syrup within the evaporator, causing the water in the syrup to
evaporate.

• Vapor Compressor: This compresses the water vapor from the evapo-
rator, raising its temperature and pressure.
• Liquid Pump: This pump circulates the syrup from the bottom of the
evaporator through the heat exchanger and back to the evaporator.

Valves
• AV: Air Vent valve for removing air from the system.
• AT: Automatic valve for controlling the outflow of concentrated syrup.

• LV: Level Valve for maintaining the desired syrup level in the evaporator.

Instruments
• LT: Level Transmitter, sends a signal proportional to the syrup level in
the evaporator.
• LIC: Level Indicator Controller, receives the LT signal and controls the
LV to maintain the desired syrup level.
• FT: Flow Transmitter, measures the flow rate of the syrup.

• AC: Analyzer Controller, responsible for monitoring and controlling the

concentration of the syrup.
• AIR: This likely represents an air supply used for instrument operation
or other processes.

Process
• Syrup in: Dilute syrup is fed into the system.
• Heating and Evaporation: The liquid pump circulates the syrup through
the heat exchanger where it is heated by steam. The heated syrup returns
to the evaporator where the water within it begins to evaporate.

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 • Vapor Compression: The water vapor produced in the evaporator is
drawn into the vapor compressor, where it is compressed to a higher tem-
perature and pressure.
• Heat Reuse: The compressed, hotter vapor is then reintroduced back
into the heat exchanger as the heating medium. This efficiently uses the
latent heat of the vapor, reducing the need for external steam.
• Condensation: As the hot vapor transfers heat to the circulating syrup,
it condenses and is returned to a boiler (not shown in the diagram).
• Concentration: The syrup inside the evaporator continues to lose water
as it is heated. This increases its concentration over time.
• Concentrated Syrup Out: Once the desired concentration is reached,
the concentrated syrup is discharged from the evaporator through the AT
valve, controlled by the analyzer controller (AC) based on concentration
measurements.

Overall, this system represents an efficient method for concentrating syrup

by reutilizing the heat of vaporization through vapor recompression.

4 Three-phase separator

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of a three-phase separator, illustrating the process

of separating oil, water, and gas from a multiphase mixture.

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 The diagram(as shown in Figure 4) illustrates a three-phase separator, a
crucial piece of equipment in the oil and gas industry used to separate a multi-
phase mixture (oil, water, and gas) into its individual components. Let’s break
down the key elements:

Inlet and Outlets

• 3-Phase Inlet: This is where the multi-phase mixture enters the separa-
tor.
• Vapor Outlet: Located at the top, this is where the separated gas exits
the separator.
• Oil Outlet: Positioned slightly above the water outlet, this allows the
separated oil to flow out.
• Water Outlet: At the bottom, this outlet facilitates the removal of sep-
arated water.

Internal Components
• Demister Pad: Situated near the top, this mesh-like structure removes
small liquid droplets (entrainment) from the gas stream, ensuring a cleaner
gas output.
• Weir: This baffle, with an opening at a specific height, controls the flow
of oil over its top, while the heavier water settles below.
• Vortex Breakers: These devices, installed at the outlets, prevent the
formation of a vortex, ensuring smooth flow and accurate level control.

Instrumentation and Control

• Pressure Transmitter (PT): Measures the pressure inside the separa-
tor, which is crucial for controlling the separation process.
• Pressure Controller (PC): Maintains the desired pressure within the
separator by regulating the flow of gas through the vapor outlet.
• Level Transmitters (LT): There are three LTs – one for each phase
(water, oil, and interface level). They monitor the levels of the separated
phases, ensuring proper separation and preventing overflow.
• Level Controllers (LC): Two LCs are present – one for water and one
for oil. They automatically adjust the opening of the outlet valves (via
control valves not shown) based on the level measurements, maintaining
the desired levels of each phase within the separator.

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 • Level Valve (LV): There are two LVs. These valves, controlled by the
level controllers, regulate the flow rate of the oil and water outlets, ulti-
mately controlling the levels of these phases within the separator.
• Pressure Valve (PV): This valve regulates the pressure of the vapor
outlet, ensuring the pressure within the separator remains at the desired
level.

Operation
The three-phase mixture enters the separator, and the mixture’s velocity is re-
duced, allowing for gravity separation. The lighter gas rises to the top, passing
through the demister pad to remove entrained liquid droplets before exiting
through the vapor outlet. The oil, being less dense than water, settles on top
of the water layer. The weir allows the oil to flow over, while the water re-
mains below. The oil and water levels are constantly monitored by the level
transmitters, and the level controllers adjust the corresponding outlet valves to
maintain the desired levels. The separated oil and water then exit through their
respective outlets.
This detailed diagram provides a comprehensive understanding of the three-
phase separator, showcasing its internal components, instrumentation, and over-
all functionality in separating oil, water, and gas from a multiphase mixture.

5 Toluene Distillation System

The image(as shown in Figure 5) depicts a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID) for a chemical process, likely involving the separation and purification
of benzene and toluene. Let’s break down the key components:

Equipment
• T-101: This is the primary distillation column, likely operating under
vacuum. It features multiple trays (indicated by the horizontal lines) for
separating components based on their boiling points.
• E-104: A heat exchanger, probably used to condense vapor coming from
T-101.
• V-102: A storage vessel, potentially acting as a buffer tank for a product
stream.
• P-102A and P-102B: Pumps, responsible for moving liquid within the
process.
• E-106: Another heat exchanger, possibly used to preheat a feed stream
or cool a product stream.

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 Figure 5: Process Flow Diagram (PFD) of a Toluene Distillation System

Instrumentation
• TI: Temperature indicators, providing temperature readings at various
points in the process.
• PI: Pressure indicators, showing pressure at various points in the process.
• FI: Flow indicators, measuring flow rates of streams.
• FCV: Flow control valve, regulating the flow of a specific stream.

• TCV: Temperature control valve, modulating the temperature of a stream.

• LY, LAL, LAH, LIC, and LCV: Level indicators and controllers, mon-
itoring and controlling levels within vessels.

Piping
• Sch 40 CS: Indicates carbon steel pipes conforming to a schedule 40
standard, defining wall thickness. Different diameters are used throughout
the process.

• Insulated Pipe: Represented by double lines, indicating pipes with in-

sulation to maintain temperature or prevent heat loss.

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Process Description
The process appears to involve feeding a mixture containing benzene and toluene
into T-101. The column separates these components by distillation. Toluene,
with a higher boiling point, might be drawn off near the bottom of T-101, while
benzene, with a lower boiling point, would be collected from the top as a vapor.
The vapor would then be condensed in E-104.
Pumps P-102A and P-102B circulate liquids within the system, likely moving
product streams to storage or further processing. The heat exchangers E-104
and E-106 facilitate heating and cooling as required for separation and product
handling.

Utility Connections
The diagram also highlights utility connections, indicating how the process in-
teracts with essential services:

• Cooling Water: Used for cooling process streams.

• C. W. Return: Return line for cooling water.
• 265 PSIA Steam: High-pressure steam used for heating.
• Condensate: Line for returning condensed steam.
• Sample Port: Point for taking samples for analysis.
• Chemical Sewer: Discharge line for chemical waste.
• Vent to Flare: Line for safely venting flammable gases.
• Vent to Sewer: Discharge line for non-hazardous waste.
• Clear to Atmosphere: Vent for releasing non-toxic gases.

In conclusion, this P&ID provides a comprehensive overview of a chemical

process involving distillation, heat exchange, and pumping to separate and pu-
rify benzene and toluene. The detailed instrumentation and piping specifications
offer insights into the process control and material choices involved.

6 Production of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

(CAN) fertilizer
The image(as shown in Figure 6) is a process flow diagram (PFD) depicting the
production of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) fertilizer, a process often used
to treat emissions from fertilizer manufacturing plants. The diagram includes
labels for each piece of equipment, along with the flow of materials and process
streams. Here’s a breakdown of the process and each step:

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Figure 6: Process flow diagram illustrating the production of Calcium Am-
monium Nitrate (CAN) fertilizer while simultaneously treating pollutant gas
emissions.

Top Section: Treatment of Pollutant Gas

• Pollutant Gas Source: While not explicitly shown, this gas stream
likely originates from a fertilizer production process and contains ammonia
(NH3 ) as a pollutant.
• R-104 and R-105: Reactors: The pollutant gas enters a series of reac-
tors (R-104 and R-105) where it’s mixed with other chemicals to convert
the ammonia into a less harmful form.
• I-100: Inert Separator: After the reactors, the treated gas flows through
an inert separator (I-100), which separates any non-reactive components.
• H-100: Air Cooler: The treated gas is then cooled in an air cooler
(H-100) before moving on.
• S-100: Scrubber: The gas then enters a scrubber (S-100) where it is
further cleaned and purified.
• T-100: Mother Liquor Tank: The purified, treated gas is finally sent
to a mother liquor tank (T-100) for storage.

Bottom Section: CAN Fertilizer Production

• Phosphate Rock and Nitric Acid: Phosphate rock is reacted with
nitric acid (HNO3 ) in a reactor (R-124).
• G-100: Granulator: The output of R-124 is sent to a granulator (G-
100). The granulator likely receives additional process water and recycles

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 material from other steps. This creates the granular base of the CAN
fertilizer.
• F-100: Filter Drum: The granulated material is then filtered in a drum
filter (F-100), separating solids from liquids.
• E-100: Evaporator: Liquids from F-100 are fed into an evaporator (E-
100) to remove excess water, concentrating the solution.
• M-100: Mixer: The concentrated solution is mixed with potassium chlo-
ride (KCl) in the mixer (M-100) to incorporate potassium into the fertil-
izer.
• G-101: Granulator: The mixture from M-100 is then granulated in a
second granulator (G-101).
• C-100: Crystallizer: The final product undergoes crystallization in C-
100, forming the solid CAN fertilizer.

Air Handling
• NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium): This section of the dia-
gram likely refers to the overall fertilizer production process.
• Air In/Out: Air is drawn into the system (Air In) and exhausted (Air
Out), likely for ventilation and dust control.
• H-120: Air Heater: The incoming air is heated in an air heater (H-120)
before being used in the process.

Instrumentation and Controls

• AV: Air Valve
• AT: Air Transmitter
• FV: Flow Valve
• FT: Flow Transmitter
• TV: Temperature Valve
• TT: Temperature Transmitter
• FIC: Flow Indicator Controller
• LIC: Level Indicator Controller
This detailed breakdown of the PFD provides a comprehensive understand-
ing of the fertilizer production process and its integration with the treatment of
pollutant gas. The diagram highlights the flow of materials, process equipment,
and instrumentation involved in this complex industrial operation.

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7 Production of Formalin from Methanol

Figure 7: Process flow diagram for the production of Formalin from Methanol

The image(as shown in Figure 7) depicts a process flow diagram (PFD)

for the production of Formalin from Methanol. The PFD outlines the major
equipment, streams, and unit operations involved in this chemical process.

Feed Streams
• Methanol Feed: Enters the system at the top left, passing through a
pump (P-101) before joining the main process stream.
• Air: Enters at the bottom left, feeding into a compressor (C-101) before
merging with the methanol stream.
• Deionized Water: Enters at the bottom left, likely used for cooling or
utility purposes.
• Water: Enters at the top, likely used for various purposes within the
process.

Major Equipment
• E-101, E-102: Heat exchangers likely used to preheat the air and methanol
feed mixture. ”mps” likely indicates steam as the heating medium.
• R-101: Reactor where methanol reacts with air (oxygen) to produce
Formaldehyde. The ”BFW” arrow indicates Boiler Feed Water used for
temperature control and steam generation within the reactor.

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 • T-101: An absorber tower. The stream from the reactor, containing
formaldehyde, enters this tower. Water is likely used as the absorbent to
capture formaldehyde and produce a formalin solution.
• E-103: Heat exchanger used to cool the stream leaving the absorber (T-
101) before it goes to the next tower.

• T-102: A stripping tower. Here, any unreacted methanol is stripped from

the formalin solution using an undisclosed stripping gas (not shown).
• V-101: Likely a vapor-liquid separator to handle the gas and liquid
streams from the stripping tower (T-102).

• P-102: Pump to move the formalin solution further down the process
line.
• E-104: Heat exchanger, likely using cooling water (CW), to cool the
formalin product stream.

• E-105: Heat exchanger, likely using steam (mps), to heat the bottom
stream of the stripping tower (T-102) before it is recycled back to the
absorber (T-101).
• P-103: Pump to circulate the formalin solution between the absorber
(T-101) and the stripper (T-102).

• E-106: Heat exchanger, likely using cooling water (CW), to cool the final
formalin product before storage or distribution.

Product Stream
• Formalin: Exits the system at the bottom right, representing the final
product of the process.

Other Streams
• Off-gas: Exits at the top right, consisting of unreacted gases and byprod-
ucts from the reaction and stripping processes.
• H2 : Exits at the right, likely a byproduct from the process.

Overall Process Description

This PFD depicts a continuous process where methanol and air are reacted
to produce Formalin. Key stages include preheating the reactants, the main
reaction in the reactor, absorption of formaldehyde into water, stripping of
unreacted methanol, and final cooling of the Formalin product. The diagram

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also shows recycling streams, indicating efficient utilization of resources within
the process.

8 Amine Treatment

Figure 8: Amine treating unit flow diagram

The image(as shown in Figure 8) illustrates a simplified process flow diagram

for an amine gas treating unit, a common system used in various industries to
remove acidic gases like carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) from
gas streams. Here’s a breakdown of the process:

Absorption
• Sour gas: The gas stream containing CO2 and/or H2 S enters the absorber
column.
• Absorber column: This is a tall vessel with trays or packing material
inside to enhance gas-liquid contact.
• Lean amine: A solution of an amine (a chemical compound with basic
properties) is introduced at the top of the absorber.
• Reaction: As the sour gas flows upwards, the amine solution absorbs the
CO2 and/or H2 S, forming a chemical bond.
• Rich amine: The amine solution, now loaded with the acidic gases (hence
”rich”), exits from the bottom of the absorber.

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 • Treated gas: The purified gas, with a significantly reduced concentration
of acidic components, leaves from the top of the absorber.

Regeneration
• Rich amine flow: The rich amine is pumped from the bottom of the
absorber into the regenerator column.
• Regenerator column: This column is also equipped with trays or pack-
ing, and operates at a higher temperature than the absorber.
• Heat application: Steam is injected into the reboiler at the bottom of
the regenerator. This heats the rich amine, breaking the chemical bonds
between the amine and the absorbed acidic gases.
• Vapor release: The released CO2 and/or H2 S, along with some water
vapor, rise to the top of the regenerator.
• Condenser: The vapor stream is cooled in a condenser, causing the water
vapor to condense back into liquid.
• Reflux drum: The condensed water is collected in the reflux drum, with
a portion being returned to the regenerator to maintain proper liquid levels
and temperature.
• Acid gas: The remaining gas, rich in CO2 and/or H2 S, is sent for further
processing or disposal.
• Lean amine: The amine solution, now free of the acidic gases (hence
”lean”), flows from the bottom of the regenerator.

Cooling and Recirculation

• Lean amine cooling: The hot lean amine is cooled using a cooler (CW
represents cooling water) before being pumped back to the top of the
absorber, completing the cycle.
• Makeup water: Some water is lost during the process, so makeup water
is added to the system to maintain the required amine concentration.

Overall
This continuous process efficiently removes acidic gases from gas streams. The
amine solution acts as a reusable carrier, capturing the acidic gases in the ab-
sorber and releasing them in the regenerator. This technology plays a crucial
role in natural gas processing, refinery operations, and various other industrial
processes.

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9 Bioprocess flow diagram

Figure 9: A complex bioprocess flow diagram, illustrating the interconnected

stages of waste treatment, resource recovery, and energy production

The image(as shown in Figure 9) depicts a complex chemical engineering

process flow diagram, possibly related to bioprocessing or waste treatment. The
diagram shows a series of interconnected tanks, reactors, and other equipment,
each with specific functions.

Key Components
• CRUDE (Red Tank): Likely the primary reactor or digester where the
initial process takes place. It has a heating element at the bottom (zig-zag
lines) and multiple inlets and outlets for feed, gas, and product removal.
• Mathranii (Red Tank): Its exact function is unclear without context,
but it receives input from the CRUDE tank and has a vent. It’s likely
involved in pre-treatment or a specific stage of the process.
• M. stellata (Blue Tank): This tank is labeled with what seems to be
a microorganism’s name (possibly Methylobacterium stellata). It receives
methane (CH4 ) and has a vent. This suggests a biological treatment stage,
perhaps using the bacteria to consume methane.
• Condenser Column (Green): A tall column with a patterned interior,
indicating packing material for efficient heat exchange. It likely condenses
vapors from the CRUDE tank, separating ethanol and water.

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 • TAD (Orange Tank): This tank receives the solid stream from the
condenser column and has a heating element. It could be a Thermal
Anaerobic Digestion (TAD) unit, further processing the solid waste.
• MFC (Purple Tank): This tank is labeled MFC, possibly standing
for Microbial Fuel Cell. It receives the liquid stream from the condenser
column, hinting at energy recovery from the process.
• FW (Red Tank): Stands for Feed Water and serves as the water source
for the process.

Flows
• Solid Stream (Orange Lines): Represents the movement of solid ma-
terial through the system, primarily from the CRUDE tank to the TAD
tank. A portion can also be recovered as ”Soil Amendment.”
• Liquid Stream (Blue Lines): Depicts the flow of liquid, mainly ethanol
and water, from the CRUDE tank through the condenser column, with a
portion going to the Liquid Recovery unit and another to the MFC.
• Gas Flows (Black Lines): Nitrogen (N2 ) is supplied at multiple points,
likely for purging or creating an inert atmosphere. Venting points (labeled
”Vent”) are also present for releasing gases produced during the process.

Other Features
• Pumps (Black Fan Symbol): Indicate points where materials are ac-
tively moved within the system.

• Valves (Various Symbols): Control the flow and direction of materials.

• Sensors (Circular Gauges): Likely measure pressure or temperature
at various points.
• ”Acid” and ”Base” Tanks: Indicate points where pH adjustment is
possible.
• Electricity Symbol: Suggests electricity generation, possibly from the
MFC.

Overall Interpretation
Without specific knowledge of the process, it’s challenging to provide a definitive
interpretation. However, the diagram likely represents a complex bioprocess
involving multiple stages:

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 • Anaerobic Digestion in CRUDE: Initial breakdown of feedstock, po-
tentially producing methane and other byproducts.
• Methane Treatment in M. stellata: Utilization of bacteria to consume
methane.
• Separation in Condenser Column: Separating ethanol and water from
the gas stream.
• Solid Waste Treatment in TAD: Further processing of solid waste.
• Energy Recovery in MFC: Utilizing the liquid stream for electricity
generation.
• Soil Amendment Production: Recovery of valuable material from the
solid stream for soil improvement.
The entire process seems focused on waste treatment, resource recovery, and
energy production through a combination of biological and chemical processes.

10 Valves, pumps and Instrumentation System

Figure 10: Detailed schematic of a process system with various valves, pumps,
and instrumentation

The image(as shown in Figure 10) is a process flow diagram (PFD) that
depicts the flow of a fluid through a system of pipes, valves, and other equipment.
It is commonly used in chemical engineering, oil and gas, and other process
industries to illustrate the overall process and its components.

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Components:
• A - Tank: A storage vessel for the fluid.
• B - Rupture Disc: A safety device that releases pressure if it exceeds a
certain limit.

• C - Motor-Operated Valve: A valve that is opened and closed by an electric

motor.
• D - Locked-Open Valve: A valve that is permanently open.
• E - Centrifugal Pump: A pump that uses centrifugal force to move the
fluid.
• F - Check Valve: A valve that allows the flow of fluid in only one direction.
• G - Relief Valve: A valve that automatically releases pressure if it exceeds
a certain limit.

• H - Locked-Closed Valve: A valve that is permanently closed.

• I - Venturi: A device that reduces the cross-sectional area of the pipe,
increasing the velocity of the fluid and creating a pressure difference.
• J - Air-Operated Valve: A valve that is opened and closed by compressed
air.
• K - Valve: A generic symbol for a valve, which controls the flow of fluid.
• L - Heat Exchanger: A device that transfers heat from one fluid to another.
• M - Solenoid Valve: A valve that is opened and closed by an electromagnet.

• N - Conductivity Cell: A device that measures the conductivity of the

fluid.
• O - Solenoid Valve: A valve that is opened and closed by an electromagnet.

Equipment and Instrumentation:

• FT: Flow transmitter (measures flow rate).
• LC: Level controller (controls the level of the fluid in the tank).
• IP: Pressure indicator (displays pressure).

• TE: Temperature indicator (displays temperature).

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Flow Path:
The fluid flows from the tank (A) through the rupture disc (B) and the motor-
operated valve (C). It is then pumped by the centrifugal pump (E) and passes
through the check valve (F). The fluid then flows through the relief valve (G)
and the locked-closed valve (H) to the venturi (I). After the venturi, the fluid
flows through the air-operated valve (J) and the solenoid valve (K). The fluid
then enters the heat exchanger (L) and flows through the conductivity cell (N).
Finally, the fluid is discharged through the solenoid valve (O).

Key Features:
• The PFD shows the sequence of operations and the interconnection of
components.
• It helps to understand the flow path of the fluid and the control mecha-
nisms.

• It can be used for troubleshooting, process optimization, and safety anal-

ysis.
• Overall, the PFD provides a clear and concise representation of the pro-
cess, highlighting the key components and their interconnections. It is an
essential tool for understanding and managing the process.

11 Oil and Methanol Processing

Figure 11: P&ID of a Continuous Reactor System with Recycle Stream for Oil
and Methanol Processing

The image(as shown in Figure 11) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

(P&ID) that illustrates a system with three reactor vessels (R-1001, R-1002, R-
1003), associated pumps (P-1001, P-1002, P-1003), and input/output streams.

23
Key Components:
• Reactors (R-1001, R-1002, R-1003): These are cylindrical vessels with
conical bottoms, likely used for mixing and reactions. Each reactor has a
level indicator (LI) for monitoring content volume.

• Pumps (P-1001, P-1002, P-1003): Centrifugal pumps (indicated by the

impeller symbol) used to move fluids through the system.

Input Streams:
• Methanol: A dedicated line with pump P-1001 feeds methanol into the
first reactor (R-1001).
• Oil: An oil stream enters the system from the top left, branching to feed
all three reactors.

Output Streams:
• Glycerol: A line exits from the last reactor (R-1003) to a glycerol output.
• Recycle Stream: A dashed line with arrows represents a recycle stream,
connecting the outputs of all three reactors back to the oil input. This
indicates that unreacted oil is recirculated back into the system.

Instrumentation:
• Temperature Controllers (TIC): Two temperature controllers (TIC) are
positioned on lines exiting reactors R-1001 and R-1002, suggesting tem-
perature regulation within the reactors.
• Level Indicator (LI): Each reactor has an LI to monitor the level of the
contents.

Flow and Process:

The diagram suggests a continuous process where oil and methanol are fed into
reactors, potentially undergoing a reaction. Glycerol is separated, and unre-
acted oil is recycled. The use of pumps and temperature controllers indicates a
controlled flow and temperature environment within the system.

P&ID Conventions:
• Lines: Solid lines represent pipes, while dashed lines likely denote electrical
or instrumentation signal lines.

• Symbols: Standard P&ID symbols are used for pumps, reactors, valves,
and instruments.

24
 • Labels: Each component and line has an identifying label, likely containing
information about its function and specifications.

Overall:
This P&ID provides a schematic representation of a chemical process involving
three reactors, pumps, and various instrumentation for control and monitoring.

12 Helium gas handling system

Figure 12: Schematic of a helium gas handling system

The image(as shown in Figure 12) is a schematic diagram of a system for

storing, purifying, and cryogenically cooling helium gas. The diagram is divided
into three main sections: Storage, Purification, and Cryogenics.

Storage Section:
• Helium gas is stored in three cylinders labeled A, B, and C.
• Each cylinder has an associated pressure transducer (PT103, PT104) to
monitor the internal pressure.

• Valves V3, V4, V5, and V6 regulate the flow of helium from the cylinders.
• Valves V18 and V19, located beneath cylinders A and B respectively, allow
for the extraction of helium from these cylinders.

25
 • Valve V17, situated next to cylinder C and its pressure transducer, controls
the flow of helium from this cylinder.

Purification Section:
• Helium from the storage section enters the purification section.
• The gas flows through a recirculation pump (V8) which helps maintain a
consistent flow and pressure.
• Two buffer tanks (Buffer 1 and Buffer 2) are used to temporarily store
the helium during the purification process. These buffers are connected
to valves V20 and V21 respectively.
• A getter (a material that absorbs impurities) is incorporated into the
system, connected by valve V13, to remove impurities from the helium
gas.
• Valve V11 allows for the isolation of the getter if necessary.
• Valve V12 enables the removal of purified helium from the purification
section.
• A flow meter (V7) measures the rate of helium flow through the purifica-
tion system.

Cryogenics Section:
• Purified helium from the purification section enters the cryogenics section.
• Valve V9 controls the flow of helium into a heat exchanger, which lowers
the temperature of the gas.
• Valve V10 regulates the flow of cooled helium into the main cryogenic
chamber (TPC).
• The heat exchanger is powered by a heat source indicated on the diagram.
• The cryogenic chamber (TPC) contains a liquid nitrogen (LN2) reservoir,
providing a cold environment to further cool the helium.
• The cooled helium is further processed by a system comprising:
– A solenoid valve for precise control of helium flow.
– A Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA) to monitor the purity of the helium.
– A Pirani Transducer (PTR) to measure the pressure of the helium.
– A heater to regulate the temperature of the helium.
– A turbo pump (V16) and a pre-pump for creating a vacuum within
the cryogenic chamber.

26
 – A burst disk (4 bar) acts as a safety mechanism to prevent overpres-
sure in the chamber.
– The temperature of the cryogenic chamber is monitored by a pressure
transducer (PT101) located near the burst disk.
– Valve V14 controls the flow of helium from the cryogenic chamber.
– Valve V15 regulates the flow of helium to a specific output, the des-
tination of which is not explicitly shown in the diagram.

Summary:
In summary, this diagram illustrates a sophisticated system for handling helium
gas. The system includes components for storage, purification, cooling, pressure
regulation, and safety. The intricate network of valves, pumps, sensors, and
processing units highlights the complexity of managing helium for specialized
applications.

13 Material transfer process to Reactor

Figure 13: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) of a material transfer

process to Reactor R-102

The image(as shown in Figure 13) represents a Piping and Instrumentation

Diagram (P&ID) illustrating a process involving the transfer of materials from
two transfer pumps to a reactor. Let’s break down the components:

27
Top Section:
• From Transfer Pump P-201: This denotes the starting point of the process.
A pump labeled P-201 is transferring material through the system.
• Horizontal Cylindrical Vessel: Represents a holding tank or buffer tank
where material from P-201 is temporarily stored.
• ISA (Instrument Air Supply): Two instances of ISA are shown, each with
a control valve. These valves regulate the flow of instrument air, likely
used for purging or pressure control in the system.

• Fv-3-3040: Likely represents a flow control valve (Fv) with a specific iden-
tifier (3-3040) used to regulate the flow of material from the holding tank.
• FT 10: Signifies a Flow Transmitter with the identifier 10. It measures
the flow rate of the material passing through this section.
• Mixer M-08: Represents a mixing unit where materials from different
sources are combined.
• Horizontal Pipe with Arrow: Indicates the direction of flow towards the
reactor.

Bottom Section:
• From Transfer Pump P-504: Similar to the top section, this indicates
another transfer pump (P-504) feeding material into the system.
• Horizontal Cylindrical Vessel: Another holding tank or buffer tank for
material from P-504.

• Fv-3-3041: Another flow control valve with a specific identifier.

• FT 11: Another Flow Transmitter with the identifier 11, measuring the
flow rate in this section.

Common Section (Right Side):

• Sample Point (S): A point designated for taking samples of the mixed
material before it enters the reactor.
• To Reactor R-102: The final destination of the mixed material. R-102 is
the identifier for the reactor.
• Vertical Cylindrical Vessel with Hatching: Represents the reactor (R-102),
where the mixed material undergoes further processing.

28
Overall Process:
The diagram depicts a process where material from two separate transfer pumps
(P-201 and P-504) is fed through holding tanks, flow control valves, and flow
transmitters. These materials are then combined in a mixer (M-08). A sample
point allows for quality control before the mixed material is finally transferred
to the reactor (R-102) for further processing.

14 Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

Figure 14: Parallel Reactor System for Biodiesel Production via Transesterifi-
cation

The image(as shown in Figure 14) appears to be a Piping and Instrumenta-

tion Diagram (P&ID) for a chemical processing system, potentially for biodiesel
production. Let’s break down the key components and flow:

1. Feedstock Preparation:
• WS-1001 (Weighing Scale): This scale likely measures the amount of
ethanol being introduced into the system. The label ”Ethanol/Methanol”
suggests this is the primary feedstock, possibly for biodiesel production.

• P-1001 (Pump): This pump transfers the measured ethanol/methanol into

the reactor R-1001.

2. Reactor Units (R-1001 and R-1002):

• Reactors: These are the central vessels where the chemical reactions take
place. They are likely designed for mixing and maintaining specific tem-
perature and pressure conditions.

29
 • TCU-1001 and TCU-1002 (Temperature Control Units): These units are
connected to the reactors and ensure the reactions occur at the desired
temperatures. The circular components within the TCUs could represent
heating elements or cooling jackets.
• Piping and Valves: The intricate network of pipes and valves facilitates
the flow of reactants and products into and out of the reactors. The labels
”1” and ”3/4” likely indicate the diameter of the pipes, suggesting varying
flow rates.

3. Product Separation and Collection:

• P-1002 (Pump): This pump is responsible for moving the processed mix-
ture from the reactors to the product separation stage.
• WS-1002 (Weighing Scale): This scale measures the amount of oil being
added into the system. The label ”Oil” indicates another key component,
potentially for biodiesel production.
• P-1003 (Pump): This pump draws the mixture from the reactors and
likely introduces the added oil.
• Product Vessel: The final product of the process, possibly biodiesel, is
collected in this storage vessel.

4. Instrumentation:
• Circular Symbols: These symbols throughout the diagram represent vari-
ous sensors and instruments, such as pressure gauges, temperature sensors,
and flow meters. These instruments monitor the process conditions and
provide data for control and optimization.

Overall Interpretation:
The P&ID suggests a process involving two reactors operating in parallel, likely
for increased production capacity. The use of ethanol/methanol and oil as feed-
stocks strongly points towards a biodiesel production process, where these re-
actants undergo transesterification to produce biodiesel. The pumps, valves,
and control systems work in coordination to ensure a controlled and efficient
chemical process.

15 Two-stage air purification system

The diagram(as shown in Figure 15) depicts a process flow for air purification,
specifically focusing on the removal of dust and ammonia (NH3) from the air
stream. Let’s break down the system step-by-step:

30
Figure 15: Schematic of a two-stage air purification system utilizing absorption
and adsorption to remove dust and ammonia (NH3).

1. Air Intake and Initial Filtration:

• Air (left side): The process starts with the intake of air, indicated by the
downward arrow labeled ”air.”

• Filter (F): The initial stage involves a filter (F) to remove dust particles
from the incoming air stream.
• Dust Collector: A dust collector is positioned below the filter, capturing
the separated dust particles.

• Sensors (XR11, TR12, XR13): Instruments measure the air humidity

(XR11), temperature (TR12), and NH3 concentration (XR13) before the
air enters the blower.

2. Blower (B) and Flow Control:

• Blower (B): The blower propels the filtered air through the system, pro-
viding the necessary pressure for movement.
• Orifice Flange (OF): This device likely helps regulate and measure the air
flow rate.

• Flowmeter (FR14): The air flow rate is monitored using a flowmeter

(FR14).
• Control Valve: The valve on the line exiting the blower allows for the
regulation of airflow into the next stages.

31
3. Water Injection and Absorption Column (ABS):
• Water Injection: Clean water is injected into the system. The exact point
of injection isn’t explicitly shown, but it’s likely introduced before the
ABS column.

• Absorption Column (ABS): This column, packed with Raschig rings (pack
1), is designed for the absorption of ammonia (NH3) from the air stream.
Water acts as the absorbent, capturing NH3 as the air passes through the
column.
• Sensors (FR15, XR45, XR43): The water flow rate (FR15), air humid-
ity (XR45), and air NH3 concentration (XR43) are monitored after the
absorption column.

4. Heating and Adsorption Column (ADS):

• Heater (H): A heater (H) increases the air temperature before it enters
the ADS column.
• Sensors (TR22, XR31, TR32, XR33): Instruments measure the air tem-
perature (TR22), humidity (XR31), temperature (TR32) again, and NH3
concentration (XR33) before the air enters the ADS column.

• Adsorption Column (ADS): This column is packed with activated carbon

and silica gel (pack 2) and is designed for further purification. This stage
likely removes remaining traces of contaminants and moisture.
• Sensors (XR51, TR52, XR53): The air humidity (XR51), temperature
(TR52), and NH3 concentration (XR53) are measured a final time after
the adsorption column, representing the purified air quality.

5. Clean Air Outlet:

• Dry/Clean Air (top right): The purified air, now dry and cleaned, exits
the system at the top right.

Overall Process:
The diagram illustrates a two-stage purification process. First, dust is filtered
out. Then, a combination of water absorption (in ABS) and adsorption using ac-
tivated carbon and silica gel (in ADS) removes ammonia and dries the air. The
system incorporates various sensors to monitor air and water flow rates, tem-
perature, humidity, and NH3 concentration throughout the purification process.
This allows for effective control and ensures the output air meets the desired
purity standards.

32
Figure 16: P&ID of a process vessel illustrating instrumentation and control for
flow, level, and temperature

16 Process vessel illustration

The image(as shown in Figure 16) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID) of a simple process vessel. Let’s break down the key components:

Central Component:
• Process Vessel: The large, blue rectangle in the center represents the heart
of the system, the process vessel. This is where the main processing or
reaction takes place.

Inlet Lines:
• Main Inlet Line: A horizontal line leads into the left side of the vessel.

• Butterfly Valve: This valve (represented by a symbol with two semi-

circles) allows control of flow into the vessel.
• Temperature Indicator Controller (TIC): The circle labeled ”TIC 300”
indicates a device that measures the temperature of the incoming fluid
and can control it (perhaps by adjusting a heating/cooling system not
shown).
• Secondary Inlet Line:

33
 – Level Switch (LS): The circle labeled ”SL 150” represents a level
switch, likely a high-level alarm, indicating when the liquid level in
the vessel reaches a certain point (150, units unspecified).
– Control Valve: A valve with an actuator (represented by a box on
top) allows for automated control of flow in this line, likely based on
the level switch.

Overhead Lines:
• Overhead Line: A line extends upwards from the top of the vessel.
• Flow Transmitter (FT): Labeled ”FT 100”, this device measures the flow
rate of vapor leaving the vessel.
• Flow Indicator Controller (FIC): Labeled ”FIC 100”, this device displays
the flow rate and likely can control it through an actuator (not shown).
• Control Valve: A valve with an actuator regulates flow in this overhead
line.
• Emergency Vent Line: Another line branches upwards from the vessel’s
top.
• Level Switch (SL): Labeled ”SL 200”, this switch likely acts as a high-level
alarm or safety shutoff for the vent line.
• Vent to Atmosphere: This line is shown with slanted lines indicating a
vent to the outside environment, likely for pressure relief.

Bottom Outlet Line:

• Outlet Line: A line exits the bottom of the vessel.
• Double Block and Bleed Valve: The symbol near the bottom of the vessel
represents a double block and bleed valve configuration, providing extra
safety and isolation for maintenance or draining.
• Level Switch (SL): Labeled ”SL 50”, this switch likely indicates a low-level
alarm or triggers actions if the vessel is nearly empty.

Additional Instrumentation:
• Temperature Transmitter (TT): The circle labeled ”TT 300” near the
bottom suggests a device measuring the temperature of fluid in the vessel.
• Weight Recorder (WR): Labeled ”WR 400”, this device records the weight
of the vessel, likely for inventory or process control purposes.
• Weight Transmitter (WT): Labeled ”WT 400”, this device measures and
transmits the weight signal.

34
Important Notes:
• The dashed lines likely represent instrument signal lines, connecting sen-
sors and controllers.
• The numbers associated with instruments may represent setpoints, alarm
levels, or other operational parameters.
• The specific process and fluids involved are not identified in this diagram.
This P&ID provides a simplified overview of the process vessel’s instrumen-
tation and control systems. To fully understand its function and operation, you
would need additional information about the specific process, chemicals, and
operating conditions.

17 Steam and condensate management

Figure 17: Process fluid heating system P&ID, highlighting instrumentation

and control loops for steam and condensate management.

The image(as shown in Figure 17) represents a Piping and Instrumentation

Diagram (P&ID) for a system designed to heat a process fluid using steam.
Let’s break down the key components and processes:

Process Fluid Flow:

• Cold Process Fluid In: The blue line entering the diagram from the left
represents the cold process fluid that needs to be heated.
• Pump (P-101): The pump (P-101) provides the necessary pressure to move
the cold process fluid through the system.
• Hot Process Fluid Out: The red line exiting the diagram on the right
represents the heated process fluid.

35
Heating System:
• Heat Exchanger: The central rectangular component represents a heat
exchanger. Inside, the cold process fluid is heated indirectly by steam
without directly mixing the two.

• Steam Inlet: The red line entering the top of the diagram is the steam
supply.
• Pressure Reducing Valve (PR-103): This valve reduces the incoming steam
pressure to a level suitable for the heat exchanger.

• Condensate Steam: The blue line exiting the bottom of the heat exchanger
represents the condensed steam that has released its heat to the process
fluid.

Instrumentation and Control:

• Electronic Signals: Represented by red dashed lines, these transmit data
from sensors to controllers, typically using electrical signals.
• Pneumatic Signals: Represented by green dashed lines, these transmit
data and control signals using compressed air.

• Control Room Mounted: This refers to instruments located in a central

control room, allowing operators to monitor and adjust the process.
• Field Mounted: This refers to instruments installed directly on-site near
the equipment they monitor.

Specific Instruments:
• Flow Transmitters (FT): Several ”FT” circles measure flow rates at differ-
ent points in the system, providing data on steam flow, condensate flow,
and process fluid flow.

• Flow Indicator Controllers (FIC): ”FIC” circles indicate devices that dis-
play flow rates and also have the ability to control flow through valves. For
example, FIC-101 likely controls the flow of steam into the heat exchanger.
• Temperature Transmitters (TT): ”TT” circles measure temperatures at
various points, including steam inlet, condensate outlet, and process fluid
inlet and outlet.
• Temperature Indicators (TI): ”TI” circles display temperature readings
but don’t necessarily have control functions.
• Pressure Transmitters (PT): ”PT” circles measure pressure in different
parts of the system.

36
 • Pressure Indicators (PI): ”PI” circles display pressure readings.
• High Select Switch (HS-101): Likely a safety device that triggers an alarm
or shutdown if a specific parameter exceeds a preset limit.
• Motor (M): This represents the motor driving the pump (P-101).

• Flow Control Valve (FCV-101): This valve regulates the flow of cold pro-
cess fluid into the heat exchanger.
• Temperature Control Valve (TCV-102): This valve is field-mounted and
likely controlled by a pneumatic signal. It regulates the flow of condensate
steam, controlling the heat transfer rate.

• Block Valve (HV-102): A manual valve used for isolation and maintenance
purposes.

Overall:
The P&ID shows a well-instrumented system for heating a process fluid using
steam. The diagram provides a visual representation of the equipment, instru-
mentation, and control systems, facilitating understanding and troubleshooting
of the process. The use of both electronic and pneumatic signals suggests a
system with a mix of modern and older technologies.

18 Heat exchange process

The image(as shown in Figure 18) presents a simplified Piping and Instrumen-
tation Diagram (P&ID) of a process likely related to heat exchange or fluid
heating, focusing on the control and instrumentation aspects. Let’s break down
the elements:

Central Process:
• E-101: This represents the main equipment, likely a heat exchanger or a
tank where the primary process occurs. The red zigzag line inside suggests
heating elements or a heating process happening within this vessel.
• Condensate: At the bottom of E-101, a line indicates the output of ”con-
densate,” suggesting condensation takes place within the vessel.

Inputs:
• Steam in: Steam enters the system at the top, likely providing the heat
source for the process.

• Cold Feedstock in: On the left side, a line feeds in ”Cold Feedstock” which
will be heated or processed within E-101.

37
Figure 18: Instrumentation and control schematic for a heat exchange process,
utilizing both pneumatic and electrical signal systems.

• Hot Feed stock out: On the right, a line indicates the output of ”Hot Feed
stock,” likely the heated or processed material exiting the system.

Instrumentation and Control Loops:

The diagram uses standard P&ID symbols and designations to represent various
instruments:

Instrument Types:
• PT: Pressure Transmitter
• TT: Temperature Transmitter
• PAI: Pressure Alarm Indicator (High)
• PI: Pressure Indicator
• FIC: Flow Indicating Controller
• FV: Flow Valve

38
 • FCV: Flow Control Valve
• TY: Temperature Indicator (likely a local gauge)
• TIRC: Temperature Indicating Recording Controller
• TAH: Temperature Alarm High
• TAL: Temperature Alarm Low
• FR: Flow Recorder
• HS: Hand Switch
• M: Motor

Control Signals:
• Red dashed lines: Represent pneumatic signals, typically used for control
in older systems.
• Blue dashed lines: Represent electrical signals, common in modern control
systems.

Control Loops:
• Steam Inlet: A pressure transmitter (PT-103) likely measures steam pres-
sure, with information potentially feeding back to a control system (not
explicitly shown).
• Temperature Control (Pneumatic): A temperature transmitter (TT-102)
on the hot feedstock output sends a pneumatic signal to the Tempera-
ture Indicating Recording Controller (TIRC-102). This controller likely
regulates a valve (not shown) to maintain the desired hot feedstock tem-
perature.
• Temperature Monitoring: TAH-100 and TAL-100 provide high and low
temperature alarms, respectively, likely connected to a monitoring system.
• Flow Control (Electrical): FIC-101, an electrical flow indicating controller,
regulates the cold feedstock input using FCV-101, a flow control valve.
• Level Control: HV-102 and TCV-102 likely represent a level control loop
(possibly for condensate), with the details not fully shown.

Overall:
This diagram illustrates the essential components and control schemes for a heat
exchange or fluid heating process. It highlights the use of both pneumatic and
electrical signals for control and monitoring. The specific function of the system
is not defined, but the diagram effectively communicates the flow of materials
and the associated control mechanisms.

39
19 Heat transfer characteristics of impingement
cooling

Figure 19: Experimental setup for investigating heat transfer characteristics of

impingement cooling with controlled air and water flow.

The image(as shown in Figure 19) appears to be a schematic diagram for

an experimental setup that involves heating air and using it to impinge upon a
plate that is cooled by water. The diagram is divided into two main systems:
the air supply system and the cooling water system.

Air Supply System:

• Air Supply (6 bar): This represents the source of compressed air at 6
bar pressure. The arrow indicates the direction of airflow.
• Check Valve: A check valve ensures air flows only in one direction,
preventing backflow.
• Flow Control Valve (FIC): This valve allows for precise regulation of
the air flow rate.
• Air Heater: A heating element increases the temperature of the air.
• Temperature Indicators (TI): Multiple TI symbols indicate points
where air temperature is measured. The one after the heater likely mea-
sures the heated air, while others before the heater likely monitor the
ambient air temperature.
• Temperature Controller (TIC): This symbol suggests a feedback loop
to automatically adjust the heater’s output to maintain a desired air tem-
perature.

Impingement Plate:
• Impingement Plate: A rectangular box representing the plate where
the heated air will be directed.

40
Cooling Water System:
• Cold Water (10°C, 7 bar): The source of cold water at 10°C and 7 bar
pressure, flowing from left to right.
• Hot Water (45°C, 7 bar): The outflow of water that has absorbed
heat, now at 45°C and 7 bar, flowing from left to right.
• Flow Indicators (FI): These symbols indicate points where water flow
rate is measured. One FI is connected to the cold water line and another
to the line between the plate and hot water outlet.
• Temperature Indicators (TI): TI symbols indicate points where water
temperature is measured. Two are connected to the plate, likely measuring
water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the plate cooling system.
• Check Valves: Multiple check valves in the hot and cold water lines
prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional flow.

Other Elements:
• QI: This symbol near the bottom could represent a flow meter or other
sensor measuring a quantity related to the impingement plate.

Overall:
This diagram illustrates a controlled experiment where heated air is directed
onto a cooled plate. The system allows for precise control of air and water
flow, temperature monitoring, and potentially other measurements to study
heat transfer phenomena related to impingement cooling.

20 Toluene Distillation and Recovery System

The image(as shown in Figure 20) appears to be a process flow diagram (PFD)
illustrating a distillation process likely for the separation of toluene from a feed
stream. Here’s a breakdown:

Main Process Flow:

• Feed: The process begins with a ”Feed” stream entering a tall, cylindrical
vessel labeled ”Tray Column” at an unspecified elevation.
• Tray Column: This vessel is likely a distillation column with trays in-
side (not depicted). ”Steam” is introduced at the bottom of the column,
providing heat for the distillation process.
• Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger: The bottom product of the tray
column flows through a ”Shell and Tube Heat” exchanger, presumably to
cool it down.

41
Figure 20: Process Flow Diagram of Toluene Distillation and Recovery System

• Centrifugal Pump: A ”Centrifugal Pump” then moves the liquid.

• Cooling Water System (CWS): The liquid stream enters a circular
piece of equipment marked ”CWS,” suggesting a connection to a cooling
water system.

• Flow Control Valve (FCV): After the CWS connection, the flow is
regulated by an ”FCV” labeled ”1.”
• Air Cooled Exchanger: The stream then goes through an ”Air Cooled
Exchanger” which further cools it using air. This exchanger is depicted
with fan blades for air circulation.

• Pressure Control (PC): The stream is then routed to a ”PC” labeled

”1”, signifying a pressure control mechanism.
• Accumulator: From the pressure control, the stream flows into a vessel
labeled ”Accumulator” at elevation ”EL 43”.

• Gas to Flare: A dashed line branches off from the accumulator with a
valve, leading to a label ”Gas to flare”. This suggests a venting system
for non-condensable gases.

Secondary Flow Paths:

• Condensate: The top of the Tray Column has an outlet labeled ”Conden-
sate,” suggesting the collection of vapor that condensed back into liquid.
This condensate is pumped away by another ”Centrifugal Pump.”

42
 • Toluene: A separate stream labeled ”Toluene” enters the bottom of the
condensate pump. This implies the addition of fresh toluene to the system,
possibly as a solvent.

Additional Equipment and Details:

• Heaters (H 103 & H 104): A dashed line branches from the accu-
mulator and flows through a ”Level Control Valve” (LCV), labeled ”1,”
then splits to two heat exchangers labeled ”H 103” and ”Cooler H 104”
before returning to the accumulator. This loop appears to regulate the
temperature of the accumulator contents.

• Centrifugal Pumps with Motors: Two additional ”Centrifugal Pumps”

are depicted, each with a ”Motor” alongside, suggesting these pumps are
electrically driven. The output of these pumps merges into a single line.
• High Control Valve (HCV): This merged line passes through a ”HCV”
labeled ”1” before splitting into two streams:
– ”200 gpm to Tank”: Suggesting a significant portion of the flow is
directed to storage.
– ”38 gpm to Process”: This stream is likely routed back into the main
process, possibly as reflux to the Tray Column.

Overall Interpretation:
This PFD illustrates a process likely focused on separating toluene from a
mixture. The process utilizes a distillation column, multiple heat exchang-
ers, pumps, and control valves to achieve the separation and regulate flow and
temperature. The inclusion of ”Gas to flare” suggests handling of volatile com-
ponents, while the secondary toluene stream may indicate its use as a solvent
or a means to enhance the separation process.

21 Gas Vessel with Pressure Control and Safety

Systems
The image(as shown in Figure 21) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID) for a Gas Vessel or Container. Let’s break down the components:

Center:
• Gas Vessel or Container: The central component of the diagram, de-
picted as a gray cylindrical tank. This is where the gas is stored.

43
 Figure 21: P&ID of a Gas Vessel with Pressure Control and Safety Systems

Input/Output Lines:
• I/L Header: This line feeds into the bottom of the vessel. It likely stands
for ”Input Line” and may carry gas intended for storage.
• O/L Header: This line originates from the top of the vessel and likely
stands for ”Output Line”. It carries gas out of the vessel for use.

Valves:
• HV 107: A hand valve located on the I/L Header. It manually controls
the flow of gas entering the vessel.
• HV 105: A hand valve located on a line branching off the top of the
vessel. It allows manual control of gas flow, possibly for pressure relief.

• PCV 103: A Pressure Control Valve located on the O/L header. It

automatically regulates the pressure of the gas exiting the vessel.
• CV 106: A Control Valve located on the O/L header, likely used for
regulating the flow rate of gas leaving the vessel.

• PSV 104: A Pressure Safety Valve (relief valve) connected to a line

branching from the top of the vessel. It automatically opens to vent gas
and prevent overpressure in the vessel.

44
Instruments:
• Control Room Mounted Instruments:
– PI 101: A Pressure Indicator (PI) that displays the pressure inside
the vessel. Its signal is transmitted to the control room.
– PT 101: A Pressure Transmitter (PT) that measures the pressure
inside the vessel and sends an electronic signal to the control room.
• Field Mounted Instruments:
– PI 103: A Pressure Indicator displaying the pressure on the O/L
Header, mounted in the field.
– PT 103: A Pressure Transmitter measuring the pressure on the O/L
Header and sending its signal to the control system.
– PAH 103: A Pressure Alarm High switch. It triggers an alarm in
the field if the pressure in the O/L Header exceeds a set limit.
– PI 108: A Pressure Indicator displaying the pressure on a separate
line, likely connected to the O/L Header. This instrument is also
field mounted.
– PT 108: A Pressure Transmitter measuring pressure on the same
line as PI 108, sending its signal to the control system.
– FT 102: A Flow Transmitter on the I/L Header, measuring the flow
rate of gas entering the vessel.
– FI 102, FAH 102, FAL 102: A Flow Indicator, a Flow Alarm
High, and a Flow Alarm Low, respectively, all located on the I/L
Header. They monitor the flow rate and trigger alarms if the flow is
too high or too low.

To Flare System:
• A line branches off from the top of the vessel and is labeled ”To Flare Sys-
tem”. This indicates a safety mechanism where excess gas or gas released
during emergencies can be safely burned off in a flare stack.

Overall:
• This P&ID provides a clear visual representation of the piping, valves, and
instrumentation used to control and monitor the Gas Vessel or Container,
ensuring safe and efficient operation.

22 Compressor System
The image(as shown in Figure 22) depicts a Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for
a compressor system, likely within an industrial setting. The diagram outlines
the flow of fluids, key equipment, instrumentation, and control elements.

45
Figure 22: Process Flow Diagram of a Compressor System with Suction Knock-
Out Drum, Aftercooler, and Anti-Surge Control

1. Suction Knock Out Drum (V-101):

• This vessel serves as the initial point in the system, likely receiving fluid
from an external source.
• It separates any liquid droplets or impurities from the incoming gas stream,
ensuring clean gas enters the compressor.

• A ”Vent” line at the top allows for venting of accumulated gases.

• Two pressure transmitters (PT) monitor pressure at different points within
the drum.
• Multiple valves (S1, S2) control the inflow and outflow from the drum.

• A Level Controller (LC-101) likely controls the liquid level within the
drum.
• ”B14-RZ17800-4” indicates a specific line or tag number for identification.

2. Compressor (K-101):
• The central component of the system, compressing the incoming gas to a
higher pressure.
• A ”Driver Motor” (M) provides the power for the compressor.

• The compressor has an ”IN” and ”OUT” point for fluid flow.

3. AfterCooler (E-101):
• Positioned after the compressor, this unit cools down the compressed gas,
reducing its temperature.

46
 • The zigzag lines within the aftercooler symbolize cooling elements or tubes.
• ”EM-101” refers to the driver motor for a fan or pump used in the cooling
process.
• A Temperature Controller (TC-101) likely regulates the aftercooler’s cool-
ing capacity.

4. Piping and Valves:

• The diagram shows an intricate network of pipes connecting different com-
ponents.
• Numerous valves (S1, S2, etc.) are present throughout the system, regu-
lating flow direction and isolation.
• The ”IN” and ”OUT” labels on valves indicate the intended direction of
fluid movement.
• Some lines have specific tag numbers (e.g., B14-RZ17801-4) for tracking
and identification.

5. Instrumentation and Controls:

• Pressure Transmitters (PT): Used to measure pressure at various points
in the system.
• Flow Controller (FC-101): Regulates the flow rate of the fluid within the
system.
• Anti-Surge Controller (ASC-101): A critical safety device preventing surge
conditions within the compressor.
• A line labeled ”To Flare/Safe Location” indicates a safety mechanism for
venting excess pressure or unwanted gases.

Overall:
• The PFD provides a visual representation of the compressor system, high-
lighting the fluid flow, key equipment, and instrumentation required for
its operation.
• It helps engineers and operators understand the system’s layout, function-
ality, and safety features.

23 Distillation System
The image(as shown in Figure 23) is a Process Flow Diagram (PFD), which is
a schematic representation of a chemical process, showing the major pieces of
equipment and how they are interconnected. Here’s a breakdown:

47
Figure 23: Process Flow Diagram of a Distillation System with Instrumentation
and Control.

Major Equipment:
– Feed Tank (FT-101): A vertical cylindrical tank where the raw material
(feed) is stored.
– Pump (P-1): Located near the base of the Feed Tank, it moves the feed
into the process.

– Heater: This unit, with an internal heating element, raises the tempera-
ture of the feed.
– Distillation Column (CT-105): A tall vertical column, essential for
separating the feed into different components based on their boiling points.
The internal trays facilitate this separation.

– Condenser (D-105): Cools and condenses the vapor from the top of the
Distillation Column.
– Reflux Drum (D): Holds the condensed liquid from the Condenser.
Some of this liquid is returned to the Distillation Column as reflux, while
the rest is drawn off as product.
– Sample Point (S): Located downstream, it allows for analysis of the
final product.

Process Flow:
– Feed Supply: The feed is drawn from the Feed Tank by Pump (P-1).
– Heating: The feed passes through the Heater, where its temperature is
increased to facilitate separation in the Distillation Column.

48
 – Distillation: The heated feed enters the Distillation Column. Lighter
components vaporize and rise, while heavier components remain at the
bottom.
– Condensation: Vapor from the top of the column is cooled and con-
densed in the Condenser.

– Reflux and Product Collection: The condensed liquid flows into the
Reflux Drum. A portion is returned to the column as reflux to improve
separation efficiency. The remaining liquid is drawn off as product.
– Sample Analysis: A sample of the product is taken at the Sample Point
for quality control.

Instrumentation and Control:

– Flow Transmitters (FT): Measure and transmit flow rates at various
points.

– Temperature Transmitters (TT): Measure and transmit temperature

readings.
– Temperature Controllers (TC): Maintain a desired temperature, likely
in the Heater.

– Pressure Transmitters (PT): Measure and transmit pressure readings.

– Pressure Controllers (PC): Maintain a desired pressure.
– Level Controllers (LC): Control the liquid level, possibly in the Reflux
Drum.

– Valves (V): Used to control the flow of materials and regulate pressure.

Annotations:
– A, B, C: Highlight specific sections of the process for further analysis or
discussion.
– AutomationForum.Cu: Indicates the source or publisher of the dia-
gram.

This PFD provides a clear visualization of the process, allowing engineers

and operators to understand, analyze, and control the system effectively. It can
be used for design, troubleshooting, training, and optimization purposes.

49
 Figure 24: Pipeline Pig Launcher and Receiver Station Schematic

24 Pipeline Pig Launcher and Receiver Station

The image(as shown in Figure 24) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID) illustrating a system for transporting and controlling the flow of a fluid,
likely a gas or volatile liquid, through a pipeline. Here’s a breakdown of its
components and functionalities:

Main Components:
– Pipeline: The central horizontal vessel with a sloping bottom section is
the main pipeline, responsible for carrying the fluid.
– Quick Opening Door: Located on the left end of the pipeline, this
provides access for inspection or maintenance.
– Drip Tray: Positioned below the pipeline, it collects any spills or leaks.

Flow Control Devices:

– Valves (HV, NC): Multiple valves are strategically placed throughout
the system. HV likely represents Hand Valves for manual control, while
NC may stand for Normally Closed valves.

– Pressure Transmitter (PT): Installed at various points, these measure

pressure within the system and provide feedback for control.
– Pressure Gauge (PG): Directly attached to the pipeline, it displays the
pressure at that specific location.

– Temperature Transmitter (XT): These monitor the fluid temperature

at critical points in the system.

50
 – Solenoid Valve (SV): An electrically controlled valve likely used for
automated operations or safety shut-offs.

Auxiliary Lines:
– Kicker Line: Originating from the left side, its purpose might be to
inject a substance or initiate a specific process within the pipeline.
– Balancing Line: Connects the kicker line area to a point further down
the pipeline, possibly for pressure equalization or fluid transfer.

– Bypass Line: Diverts flow around the main pipeline section, allowing for
maintenance or pressure relief.
– Purge Connection: Allows the introduction of a purging fluid, possibly
nitrogen, to clean or inert the pipeline.
– To Flare Lines: Multiple lines lead to a flare stack, where excess or
flammable gases are safely burned off.
– To Pipeline Line: Connects the system to the downstream pipeline
network.
– Closed Drain Drum: Collects any fluids drained from the system, likely
for disposal or treatment.

Other Features:
– PDI: Could stand for Pressure Differential Indicator, monitoring pressure
differences across a filter or other equipment, although its exact location
isn’t clear.
– POT: Its meaning isn’t specified, but it’s connected to the PDI and might
represent a pressure transmitter or other related instrument.
– Vent: Located on the kicker line, it likely releases pressure or gases during
certain operations.

Overall Functionality:
The diagram portrays a sophisticated pipeline system with multiple control and
safety measures. The combination of valves, sensors, and auxiliary lines allows
for precise regulation of fluid flow, pressure, and temperature. Safety features
like the flare and vent lines ensure safe operation even in potentially hazardous
situations.

51
Figure 25: Process Flow Diagram (PFD) of a chemical process featuring a cool-
ing tower, furnace, distillation column, reactors, and associated tanks, pumps,
valves, and instrumentation

25 Chemical process
The image(as shown in Figure 25) depicts a Process Flow Diagram (PFD),
which illustrates the flow of materials and equipment within a chemical process.
Let’s break down the key components:

Equipment:
– CT-105: This is likely a Cooling Tower, suggested by the ”CT” designa-
tion and the drawing resembling a water-cooling tower with fans.
– Tk-10, Tk-12, Tk-14, Tk-16: These are Tanks, indicated by the ”Tk”
label. They are used for storing liquids or gases.
– F-105: This symbol represents a Furnace, as indicated by the ”F” label
and its typical furnace shape. It is used to provide heat to the process.
– C-105: This is a Column, possibly a distillation column, represented by
a tall, cylindrical vessel with internal trays or packing. It is used for
separating components of a mixture.
– D-105: This is a Drum, denoted by ”D”, usually for separating liquid
and gas phases.
– Rx-105, Rx-106: These stand for Reactors, designated by ”Rx.” They
are vessels where chemical reactions take place.

52
 – B-105: This could represent a Blower, given the ”B” label and its fan-like
symbol. It provides air or gas flow within the system.
– EX-105: This is an Exchanger, likely a heat exchanger, indicated by
”EX.” It facilitates heat transfer between different fluids.

Lines:
The lines connecting the equipment represent piping through which the mate-
rials flow. The arrows indicate the direction of the flow.

Valves:
– V-1 to V-7: These are Valves that control the flow of materials within
the piping.

Pumps:
– P-10, P-11, P-12, P-14, P-15: These are Pumps that move liquids
through the system.

Instruments:
Various symbols represent instruments like Flow Transmitters (FT), Pressure
Transmitters (PT), Level Transmitters (LT), Level Controllers (LC), Tempera-
ture Transmitters (TT), and Temperature Controllers (TC). These instruments
monitor and control the process parameters.

Overall Process Flow:

Although the specific chemicals and reactions aren’t identified, we can infer a
general flow of materials:
– Cooling Water Loop: Water from the Cooling Tower (CT-105) is pumped
(P-12) through various pieces of equipment (possibly for cooling or con-
densation) and then returned to the tower.
– Feed from Tank Tk-10: Material is pumped (P-10) from Tank Tk-10
through a Flow Control Valve (FCV) and possibly heated in the Furnace
(F-105).
– Column Separation: The heated material enters the Column (C-105),
where components are separated.
– Reaction: The separated component(s) may go through the Drum (D-
105) and then into one or both Reactors (Rx-105 and Rx-106), where
chemical reactions occur.
– Product Storage: The final product(s) are potentially collected in Tanks
Tk-12 and Tk-14.

53
Purpose of the PFD:
This diagram provides a visual representation of the process, helping engineers
and operators understand the flow of materials, equipment connections, and
instrument locations. It serves as a crucial reference for designing, operating,
and troubleshooting the chemical process.

26 Continuous Biodiesel Production via Trans-

esterification of Soybean Oil

Figure 26: Process Flow Diagram for Continuous Biodiesel Production via
Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol Using Sodium Methoxide Cat-
alyst.

The image(as shown in Figure 26) represents a process flow diagram for the
production of biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol using a sodium methoxide
catalyst. Here’s a breakdown of its components and functionalities:

Main Components:
– Reactor: The central component is a large, cylindrical reactor filled with
diagonal lines indicating a packed bed. This is where the transesterifica-
tion reaction takes place.
– Soybean Oil Tank: A tank labeled ”Soybean oil p2” serves as the source
of soybean oil, the primary feedstock.

54
 – Methanol Tank: A tank labeled ”Methanol” contains the methanol, the
other reactant in the process.
– Biodiesel Output: A line labeled ”Biodiesel” coming out of the bottom
of the reactor indicates the product output.

Flow of Materials:
– Soybean Oil: Soybean oil is pumped (E-7) from its tank (p2), its flow
controlled by valve V4, and enters the reactor.

– Methanol: Methanol is pumped (E-6) from its tank, its flow regulated
by valve V8, and enters the reactor.
– Catalyst: Sodium methoxide catalyst is introduced into the system from
the top (E-8), its flow controlled by valves V1 and V2.

Reaction:
Inside the reactor, the soybean oil, methanol, and catalyst react to produce
biodiesel.

Biodiesel Output:
Biodiesel is collected from the bottom of the reactor.

Process Control and Monitoring:

– Temperature Control: The reactor temperature is controlled by cir-
culating water (Pump 1) through a jacket surrounding the reactor. The
water flow is regulated by valve V11 and its temperature is monitored by
TC2.

– Level Indicators: The levels of soybean oil (LC3) and methanol (LC2)
in their respective tanks are monitored by level indicators.
– Flow Control: Flow controllers (FC1, FC3, FC4, and FC5) are strategi-
cally placed throughout the system to monitor and control the flow rates
of different materials.

– Pressure Control: Pressure indicators (P1 and P2) are used to monitor
the pressure within the system.

Overall:
This diagram illustrates the continuous process of biodiesel production using a
stirred tank reactor. It highlights the key components, the flow of materials,
and the control mechanisms employed to ensure efficient and safe operation.

55
27 Horizontal Pressure Vessel

Figure 27: Process Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) for a Horizon-
tal Pressure Vessel with Safety Venting and Drainage Systems

The image(as shown in Figure 27) is a schematic diagram of a process piping

system, likely for a large vessel or tank. Let’s break down the components:

Central Vessel:
– Primary Component: The central component is a large horizontal ves-
sel, represented by a cylinder with rounded ends.
– Internal Lines: Internal lines suggest possible partitions within the ves-
sel, indicating multiple chambers or a complex internal structure.

Piping & Valves:

– Main Lines: Two main lines run vertically on either side of the ves-
sel, connecting to various points. These lines are likely used for filling,
emptying, or circulating fluid within the vessel.
– Valves: Multiple valves (represented by triangular symbols) are posi-
tioned along the piping system. These valves control the flow and direction
of fluid within the system.
– Check Valves: Several check valves (indicated by valves with a filled-in
triangle) prevent backflow, ensuring fluid moves in one direction only.

Instrumentation:
– Pressure Indicator (PI): Located on the top right line, it measures and
displays the pressure within the system.

56
 – Temperature Indicators (TI): Two temperature indicators are posi-
tioned near the vessel on both upper lines, monitoring the temperature of
the fluid entering or leaving the vessel.
– Unidentified Components (UC): There are two unidentified compo-
nents (UC) labelled ”UC/VENT” and ”UC/DRAIN”. These likely rep-
resent specific devices with venting and draining capabilities but require
further context for precise identification.

Venting & Draining:

– Vent Lines: Several vent lines branch off from the main lines and the
vessel itself. These lines are crucial for releasing pressure, gases, or vapors
from the system to maintain safe operating conditions.
– Drain Lines: Two drain lines are located at the bottom of the diagram,
allowing for the removal of fluids from the system.

Safe Location Line:

A line labeled ”To safe location” branches off from one of the upper lines. This
suggests a connection to a designated area for safely venting or disposing of
fluids or gases.

Overall:
The diagram depicts a sophisticated fluid handling system designed for a large
vessel. The various valves, vents, drains, and instruments indicate a focus on
safety, pressure control, and temperature regulation. The specific function and
nature of the system require further context regarding the type of vessel and
the fluids involved.

28 Car’s electrical system.

The image(as shown in Figure 28) is a black and white wiring diagram for an
automotive electrical system, specifically for a car. It uses standard symbols for
electrical components and lines to represent the flow of electricity.

Power Source:
Battery: The battery is represented by a standard symbol with a + and - sign,
indicating positive and negative terminals. It provides the initial power to start
the car and run electrical components.
Generator: The generator is depicted as a circle with “GEN” inside, con-
nected to the battery. It generates electricity while the engine is running to
recharge the battery and power the car’s electrical systems.

57
Figure 28: Automotive Electrical Wiring Diagram: Illustrating the power distri-
bution and component interconnection within a typical car’s electrical system.

Switches & Controls:

Light Switch: This switch controls various lights, including tail lights, dome
light, and potentially headlights (not explicitly shown).
Horn Button: This controls the horn, activating it when pressed.
Foot Selector Switch: This likely controls the high beam and low beam
settings of the headlights.
Ignition Switch: Labeled “IGN. SW.”, it controls the ignition system that
starts the engine.

Lights & Signals:

Tail Stop: Represents the tail lights and brake lights at the rear of the car.
Dome Light: The interior light of the car.
Plate Light: Illuminates the license plate at the rear of the car.
Beam Light: This refers to the headlights, likely the high beams.
Parking Lamp: A separate light, possibly a marker light or a dim setting
for the headlights used when parked.
Sealed Beam: A type of headlight design, likely the low beam.

58
Other Components:
Current & Voltage Regulator: This regulates the electrical output from the
generator to ensure a stable supply.
Fuel Gauge: This instrument displays the fuel level in the tank.
Ammeter: This instrument measures the flow of electricity in the circuit.
Gas Tank Unit: Represents the fuel tank and related components.
Starter: An electric motor that cranks the engine to start it.
Ignition Coil: Generates the high voltage needed to create a spark in the
spark plugs.
Distributor: Distributes the high voltage from the ignition coil to the spark
plugs in the correct firing order.
Breaker: A circuit breaker designed to protect the electrical system from
overloads.
Horn: The audible warning device.
Junction Block: A central point where multiple wires are connected, sim-
plifying the wiring system.

Wiring:
The diagram shows various lines connecting all the components. The thicker
lines likely represent higher current-carrying capacity. The wiring follows a
logical path, starting from the battery and distributing power to the different
components through switches and fuses.

Overall:
This wiring diagram provides a comprehensive view of a car’s electrical sys-
tem. It illustrates how different components are connected and work together
to power various functions. It is a valuable tool for understanding, troubleshoot-
ing, and repairing the electrical system.

29 Toluene Distillation Unit

The image(as shown in Figure 29) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID) for a chemical process. It shows the arrangement of equipment, piping,
and instrumentation for a specific process unit.

Major Equipment:
T-101: A tall, vertical vessel labeled ”T-101”, likely a distillation column, is
the central piece of equipment. It features horizontal lines indicating trays or
packing inside, suggesting a separation process.

59
Figure 29: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) for a Toluene Distilla-
tion Unit.

E-104: A horizontal vessel labeled ”E-104” is located to the right of T-101.

Its simpler design suggests it could be a heat exchanger or a flash drum.
E-106: Another horizontal vessel labeled ”E-106” is located at the base of
T-101. Similar to E-104, its design suggests it could be a heat exchanger or a
flash drum.
P-102A & P-102B: Two centrifugal pumps labeled ”P-102A” and ”P-
102B” are positioned below E-104. Their placement suggests they handle the
flow of fluids within the system.

Piping:
Lines: The diagram features a network of lines representing pipes of various
sizes. The lines connect the different pieces of equipment and indicate the flow
of fluids.
Line Sizing: Each line includes a label like ”2”/80n 40 CS.” This indicates
the pipe diameter (2 inches), the schedule (80n), and the material of construction
(Carbon Steel).

Instrumentation:
Circles: Circles represent various instruments.
Filled circles: Usually indicate measuring instruments (sensors) like pres-
sure gauges, temperature transmitters, or flow meters.
Open circles: Often represent control valves or actuators.

60
 Arrows: Arrows next to circles indicate the direction of flow or action for
that instrument. For example, an arrow pointing into a circle might represent
a sensor receiving information, while an arrow pointing out of a circle might
represent a valve sending a signal.
Square Boxes: Squares often symbolize controllers or other logical units
that process signals from the sensors and instruct actuators.

Other Features:
Fuel Gas & Toluene: Labels at the top right and bottom right indicate inlets
for ”Fuel Gas” and ”Toluene”, respectively. These are likely the feedstocks or
utilities for the process.
Black Half Circles: Half-black circles near the ”Fuel Gas” and ”Toluene”
lines may represent sources or sinks for these fluids, indicating entry or exit
points for the system.

Overall Process:
While a precise understanding of the process requires further information, based
on the equipment and flow lines, this diagram likely depicts a chemical process
involving separation and possibly reaction. T-101 is likely used to separate
components of a mixture, while E-104 and E-106 may be involved in heating
or cooling streams. The pumps are used to circulate and transfer fluids within
the system. Toluene and Fuel Gas could be the raw materials or energy sources
driving the process.

30 Gas compression system

The image(as shown in Figure 30) depicts a simplified process flow diagram
(PFD) for a gas compression system. Here’s a breakdown of its components
and their functions:

Main Components
Evaporator: This is the starting point of the system where a liquid is converted
into gas. The nature of the liquid and the process involved in evaporation are
not specified in the diagram.
Compressor: The core element of the system, responsible for increasing the
pressure of the gas coming from the evaporator. The arrow on the compressor
indicates the direction of gas flow.
Knockout Drum: A vessel located after the compressor. Its purpose is to
separate any liquid that might have condensed from the gas due to compression.
This ensures that only gas proceeds further downstream.

61
Figure 30: Simplified process flow diagram (PFD) of a gas compression system
with instrumentation for flow, pressure, and temperature monitoring and con-
trol.

Instrumentation & Control

FIC 42: Stands for ”Flow Indicating Controller” with a tag number 42. This
device measures and controls the flow rate of the gas entering the system from
an unspecified source, indicated by the dashed line connecting to the top of the
diagram.
PDT 42: Stands for ”Pressure Differential Transmitter” with a tag number
42. It measures the pressure difference across a component or section of the
pipeline (not clearly shown in the diagram). This information can be used to
infer flow rates or detect blockages.
FV 42: Stands for ”Flow Valve” with a tag number 42. This valve is likely
actuated by FIC 42 to regulate the gas flow entering the system.
FT 42: Stands for ”Flow Transmitter” with a tag number 42. This instru-
ment measures the flow rate of the gas exiting the evaporator and entering the
compressor.
TT 41 & TT 43: Stand for ”Temperature Transmitter” with tag numbers
41 and 43 respectively. TT 41 measures the temperature of the gas at the
compressor outlet, while TT 43 measures the gas temperature after it exits the

62
knockout drum.
TIR 41 & TIR 43: Stand for ”Temperature Indicating Recorder” with
tag numbers 41 and 43 respectively. These instruments record the temperature
readings from their corresponding transmitters (TT 41 & TT 43) over time.
M: Represents a motor that provides power to the compressor.

Pipeline
Solid Lines: Represent pipelines carrying the gas through the system.
Dashed Lines: Indicate connections to external systems or instrumenta-
tion signals, such as the gas inlet controlled by FIC 42 and the pressure signal
measured by PDT 42.

Overall Function
The PFD illustrates a system where gas from an evaporator is compressed and
then sent to a knockout drum to remove any condensed liquids. The instrumen-
tation provides data on flow, pressure, and temperature throughout the process,
allowing for control and monitoring of the system. The specific application and
the nature of the gas are not defined in the diagram.

31 Hot Water Storage System

Figure 31: P&ID of a Hot Water Storage System with Nitrogen Blanketing and
Instrumentation for Pressure, Level, and Temperature Control

The diagram(as shown in Figure 31) illustrates a Piping and Instrumentation

Diagram (P&ID) for a hot water storage system. Here’s a breakdown of the
components:

63
Central Element:
V-100 Hot Water Storage: This is the main component of the system, a
cylindrical tank where hot water is stored.

Input Side:
Hot Water: An arrow indicates the inflow of hot water into the system.
V-1: This is a valve labeled ”V-1” and marked ”N.C.” (Normally Closed).
This valve controls the hot water supply to the tank.
TT 102: This represents a temperature transmitter (TT) with the tag
number 102. It measures the temperature of the incoming hot water.
TIC 102: This represents a temperature indicator controller (TIC) with the
tag number 102, likely linked to TT 102. It allows for monitoring and controlling
the temperature of the hot water.

Top Section:
Nitrogen: A nitrogen line connects to the top of the tank.
PY 101A: This represents a pressure indicator (PY) with the tag number
101A. It monitors the pressure within the tank.
PIC 101: This likely refers to a pressure indicator controller (PIC) with
the tag number 101. It monitors and potentially controls the pressure in the
system.
PY 101B: Another pressure indicator with the tag number 101B, also mon-
itoring tank pressure.
To Vent: This line leads to a vent, allowing for the release of excess pressure
or gases from the system.

Output Side:
LG 2: This refers to a level gauge (LG) with the tag number 2. It measures
the water level in the tank.
LT 100: This represents a level transmitter (LT) with the tag number 100.
It transmits the water level data.
LI 100: This represents a level indicator (LI) with the tag number 100,
likely connected to LT 100. It displays the water level.
V-2: A valve labeled ”V-2” and marked ”N.C.” (Normally Closed). This
valve controls the outflow of hot water from the tank to users.
To Users: This arrow indicates the direction of hot water flow to the end-
users.

64
Bottom Section:
Heat Pad: A heat pad positioned under the tank suggests the system has a
heating element to maintain water temperature.

Lines and Symbols:

Solid Lines: Represent piping carrying the process fluids.
Dashed Lines: Represent signal lines for instruments like transmitters,
indicators, and controllers.
Arrows: Indicate the direction of flow for fluids or signals.
Circles: Represent instruments such as pressure indicators, level transmit-
ters, etc.
In conclusion, the P&ID provides a visual representation of the hot water
storage system, outlining the arrangement of pipes, instruments, and other key
components involved in its operation. It’s a simplified, schematic representation
used for design, construction, and maintenance purposes.

32 Vendor-supplied EPA unit

Figure 32: Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) for an industrial process
involving a vendor-supplied EPA unit, utilizing hot oil for heating and regen gas
for process control, with integrated safety features such as partial stroke testing
and SSOP protocols.

The image(as shown in Figure 32) is a detailed piping and instrumentation

diagram (P&ID) for an industrial process. While we can’t tell the exact purpose

65
without more context, it likely involves heating and possibly chemical reactions
using hot oil and regen gas. Here’s a breakdown of the elements:

Central Component:
EPA: This large vessel is the heart of the system. The internal horizontal lines
suggest heating elements or trays. The label ”Vendor” underneath indicates
that this is a specialized piece of equipment.

Fluid Streams:
Hot Oil: Enters from the top left and likely heats the EPA. The various valves
and instruments control its flow and temperature.
Regen Gas: Enters from the bottom left, likely plays a role in regeneration
or purging within the EPA.

Key Features:
Bypass Stack with Silencer: Allows for diverting gas flow away from the
EPA, possibly for safety or process control.
Case Heat Input Set: Two sets of these, suggesting control over heat
input to the EPA’s shell, possibly for different zones.
ToATM: Likely indicates venting to the atmosphere, possibly with pressure
regulation.
Partial Stroke Test: This labeling appears multiple times, indicating ac-
tuators that can be partially opened for testing purposes, ensuring proper func-
tionality.
SSOP: Stands for Safe Start-up Of Plant, indicating safety interlocks or
procedures.

Symbology:
The diagram uses standard P&ID symbols:
Squares: Indicate instruments, such as temperature (TE), pressure (PI),
and flow (FI) transmitters.
Circles: Indicate control valves (PV), actuated valves (XV), or check valves.
Diamonds: Indicate local indicators, such as sight glasses (LG) or level
gauges (LI).
Lines: Represent piping, with arrows showing flow direction.

66
Overall:
This P&ID represents a complex system with numerous control and safety fea-
tures. It highlights the intricate interconnectivity of various instruments, valves,
and processes involved.

33 Distillation Column Control System

Figure 33: Basic Distillation Column Control System with Reboiler Detail.

The image(as shown in Figure 33) shows a process flow diagram (PFD) for a
basic column control system used in chemical or process engineering. It depicts
the flow of materials and control elements involved in a distillation process.
Here’s a breakdown of the key components:

Main Process Equipment:

Feed Tank: A tank that stores the initial raw material (feed) to be processed
in the distillation column.
Distillation Column: The central unit where the separation process takes
place. The feed is heated and vaporized, and components separate based on
their boiling points.
Distillate Receiver: A tank that collects the lighter, more volatile com-
ponents (distillate) that vaporize and rise to the top of the column.
Storage Tank: A tank that stores the separated heavier, less volatile com-
ponents (bottoms) that collect at the bottom of the column.

67
Process Lines and Flow:
Lines: The diagram uses lines to represent the flow of materials between dif-
ferent units.
Arrows: Arrows indicate the direction of material flow.
Feed Line: This line carries the feed from the Feed Tank to the Distillation
Column.
Reflux Line: A portion of the condensed distillate is pumped back into the
top of the column as reflux, which helps improve separation efficiency.
Overheads Line: The line that carries the distillate from the Distillate
Receiver to the Storage Tank.
Bottoms Line: The line that carries the bottoms product from the bottom
of the column to a destination (not shown in the diagram).

Control Elements and Instrumentation:

FC (Flow Controller): Regulates the flow rate of materials in specific lines.
LC (Level Controller): Maintains the desired level of material in tanks.
PC (Pressure Controller): Controls the pressure within specific sections
of the system.
FT (Flow Transmitter): Measures the flow rate of materials in lines.
LT (Level Transmitter): Measures the level of materials in tanks.
PT (Pressure Transmitter): Measures the pressure within the system.
PV (Pressure Valve): A manually or automatically controlled valve used
to regulate pressure.

Reboiler (Outlined in Red):

Steam: The reboiler uses steam to heat the bottom of the distillation column.
This vaporizes a portion of the bottoms product, helping drive the separation
process.
Flow Control (FC): A flow controller regulates the steam flow rate to
control reboiler heat input.
Pressure Control (PC): A pressure controller ensures that the reboiler
operates at the desired pressure.

Overall:
This PFD provides a basic representation of a distillation column control system.
The use of various control elements and instrumentation allows for the regulation
of flow rates, levels, and pressures within the system, ultimately achieving the
desired separation of components in the feed material.

68
34 Material processing system

Figure 34: Process Flow Diagram (PFD) illustrating a material processing sys-
tem, including compression, cooling, pressure boosting, sample extraction, stor-
age, and onward routing to further processing

The image(as shown in Figure 34) depicts a Process Flow Diagram (PFD),
outlining the flow of material within a system, likely within an industrial setting.
Here’s a breakdown of its key components and processes:

Material Flow:
Origin: The process starts with a Rotary Compressor (bottom left), pushing
material into the system.
Initial Treatment: The material enters a vertical vessel (likely a separator)
marked ”TT 01”. Temperature (TT) sensors at points ”TT 02” and ”TT 03”,
along with indicators for level (LT) and pressure (I/P) at ”02”, suggest that this
vessel separates components based on temperature and pressure differences.
Cooling: The material then flows through a large, multi-stage cooling unit
(CT-105). The repeating structure suggests a series of cooling steps, possibly
with counter-flow heat exchange.
Pumping: A pump (P-12) boosts the pressure of the material.
Valves: Two valves (V-2 and V-3) control the flow of the material after it’s
pumped.

Diversion:
The main flow path continues to a storage tank.
A branch leads to a sample point (S) and onwards to a transfer pump,
likely for offloading or further processing.

69
 Storage and Processing: The material enters a storage tank, equipped
with a vent, a drain, and inlet/outlet gate valves. From the tank, material is
sent “To Process,” implying further downstream operations.

Instrumentation and Control:

Sensors: The diagram shows various sensors measuring temperature (TT),
pressure (PT, PC), level (LT), and an unspecified instrument (I/P).
Valves: Gate valves control flow at key points: before the storage tank, at
the tank inlet and outlet, and along the branch to the transfer pump. There’s
also a control valve at the beginning of the storage tank line.
Flow Indicators: Arrows in a distinct color (cyan) clearly indicate the
direction of material flow throughout the system.

Interconnection References:
The top right corner, labeled ”Interconnection References,” highlights the con-
nection point (P-13) for the branch leading to the ”Transfer Pump,” illustrating
how this diagram integrates with a larger system.

Overall:
This PFD provides a concise and informative visual representation of a material
processing system. It clearly outlines the equipment, process steps, instrumen-
tation, and flow paths.

35 Three-Stage Evaporation Process

The image(as shown in Figure 35) is a process flow diagram (PFD), depicting
a system for evaporation and likely separation of components within a fluid.
Here’s a breakdown:

Main Components:
Feed Source (A): This is the starting point of the process, where the raw
material enters the system.
Pump: A pump represented by a zig-zag symbol on the top left line pushes
the feed forward.
Valves: Several valves (symbolized by arrows within squares) are present
throughout the system to control flow.
Pump/Compressor: A second pump or compressor (symbolized by a circle
with an arrow inside) is located on the top line before the PFR.

70
Figure 35: Three-Stage Evaporation Process with Plug Flow Reactor Pre-
treatment

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR): This is a cylindrical vessel where the feed
undergoes a continuous reaction or transformation. The exact nature of the
reaction isn’t specified in the diagram.
Evaporators (3 in total): Three identical evaporators (tall cylindrical
vessels labeled ”EVAPORATOR”) are the heart of the system. These units
facilitate the separation of components through evaporation.
Heat Exchangers: Located beneath each evaporator, a heat exchanger
(symbolized by a box with diagonal lines) provides the necessary heat for the
evaporation process.
Pumps: Pumps (symbolized by circles with arrows inside) are located at
the base of each evaporator to circulate fluid within the system.
Product Streams (B and C): The diagram indicates two potential prod-
uct outlets (B and C). These represent the separated components after the
evaporation process.

Process Flow:
Feed: Raw material from source A is pumped into the system.
Pre-treatment: The feed possibly undergoes pre-treatment or pre-heating
before entering the PFR.
Reaction: Within the PFR, the feed undergoes a continuous process, likely
involving chemical reaction, mixing, or heating.
Distribution: The processed feed is distributed to the three evaporators.

71
 Evaporation: Each evaporator heats the feed, causing a portion to evapo-
rate.
Separation: The evaporated component (vapor) likely rises within the
evaporator and is extracted separately, while the remaining liquid portion is
removed from the bottom.
Products: The separated components are collected as products B and C.

Symbols and Notations:

Circles: Represent process equipment like pumps, compressors, and tanks.
Squares: Represent control elements like valves.
Cylinders: Represent process vessels like evaporators and PFR.
TT: This likely stands for ”Temperature Transmitter,” indicating points
where temperature is monitored.

Overall Interpretation:
This PFD illustrates a process that leverages evaporation to separate compo-
nents from a feed stream. The exact nature of the feed, the reaction within
the PFR, and the final products aren’t defined in the diagram. However, the
diagram clearly presents the flow of materials and the key equipment involved
in this process.

36 solar water heating system

Figure 36: Schematic of a closed-loop, pressurized solar water heating system

with freeze protection and auxiliary heating integration.

72
 The image(as shown in Figure 36) is a schematic diagram illustrating a solar
water heating system.

System Components:
Collector Array: Located at the top left of the diagram, it consists of 42
collector panels with a total area of 40 m² (2.7 m² per panel) tilted at a 42°
angle. This is where sunlight is absorbed and converted into heat.
Collector Bank: This refers to the grouping of the collector panels. The
diagram indicates that the system might include multiple collector banks, as
there’s a connection for ”To Other Collector Banks”.
Flow Setting Valve: This valve controls the flow rate of the heat transfer
fluid between the collector array and the rest of the system.
HX: This represents the heat exchanger, a crucial component that transfers
heat from the fluid heated by the solar collectors to the water stored in the solar
storage tank.
Solar Storage Tank (Pressurized): This tank stores the heated water.
It’s pressurized, ensuring safe and efficient water delivery.
Existing HW Heater Tank: This likely represents a conventional water
heater, serving as a backup system when solar energy alone is insufficient to
meet hot water demands.
Mixing Valve (M): This valve blends hot water from the solar storage
tank and the existing heater tank to achieve the desired output temperature.
Hot Water: The outlet for heated water ready for consumption.
Cold Water: The inlet for cold water that needs to be heated.
Pumps (PM1, PM2, PM3): These pumps ensure the circulation of heat
transfer fluid and water throughout the system.
Air Separator: Removes air from the system to maintain efficiency and
prevent corrosion.
Fill & Drain Lines: Used for filling the system and draining it for main-
tenance.

Instrumentation and Control:

Temperature Sensors (T, TH1, TH2, TH3, TC1, TC2, TH-S): Placed
at various points in the system to monitor temperatures.
Flow Meters (FM1, FM2, FM3): Measure the flow rate of the heat
transfer fluid.
Freeze Temperature Switch (FS1, FS2, FS3): Protect the system from
freezing by activating a circulation pump if temperatures drop too low.
Overtemperature Switch (S1, S2): Safeguards against overheating by
shutting down the system if temperatures exceed a certain limit.

73
Flow Path:
1. The heat transfer fluid is pumped from the solar storage tank to the collector
array.
2. The fluid is heated by solar energy within the collector array.
3. The heated fluid flows back to the heat exchanger.
4. In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred to the water stored in the solar
storage tank.
5. Heated water is delivered to the mixing valve.
6. The mixing valve blends hot water from the solar storage tank with water
from the existing heater tank to achieve the desired temperature.
7. Hot water is then available for use.
This diagram showcases a well-instrumented system with multiple safety
features to ensure efficient and reliable solar water heating.

37 Fluidized Bed Drying Process

Figure 37: Fluidized Bed Drying Process with Integrated Air Handling, Filtra-
tion, and Fines Recovery System

The image(as shown in Figure 37) depicts a schematic diagram of a fluid

bed drying process, showcasing the intricate network of components and their
interconnections.

Material Preparation & Feeding

The process begins with two mixers labeled ”Mixer 1” and ”Mixer 2,” presum-
ably used for preparing the material to be dried. Each mixer has a weight

74
indicator (WT) for measuring the material quantity.
From Mixer 2, the material is pumped through a pipe system that includes
a flow transmitter (FT) for monitoring the flow rate and a check valve (CV) for
controlling the flow direction.
The material then enters a disintegrator, a device designed to break down
large particles into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for better drying.

Fluidized Bed Drying

The heart of the system is the fluidized bed dryer, a large conical vessel.
Before entering the dryer, the material is mixed with heated air from the
”Air heater,” which is monitored by a flow transmitter (FT).
The heated air is introduced into the bottom of the dryer through two inlets.
The ”Inner fluid bed Air heater” provides heated air to the central region,
controlled by a flow transmitter (FT).
The ”Outer fluid bed Air heater” supplies heated air to the outer region,
also with a flow transmitter (FT) for monitoring.
This heated air flow creates a ”fluidized bed” inside the dryer, where the
material particles are suspended and agitated, allowing for efficient heat and
mass transfer.
The drying process involves carefully controlling the temperature and air flow
rates within the dryer, as indicated by the presence of temperature transmitters
(TT) at various points.

Air Handling & Filtration

Clean air is supplied to the ”Inner bed air Fan” and ”Outer bed Air fan” through
HEPA filters, ensuring the purity of the air entering the dryer.
The ”Atomising Air heater” supplies hot air for atomizing the liquid material
before it enters the dryer. This is controlled by a flow transmitter (FT) and a
check valve (CV).
The dryer is equipped with pressure transmitters (PT) at specific locations
to monitor the pressure inside the vessel.

Exhaust & Fines Recovery

At the top of the dryer, a pipe leads to a ”Cyclone,” a device used to separate
larger, dried particles from the exhaust air stream.
The exhaust air then passes through a ”Bag Filter” for final filtration of fine
particles before being expelled by an ”Exhaust fan.”
The collected fine particles, or ”Fines,” are further processed through a
”Fines Heater” with a flow transmitter (FT) and a check valve (CV) for con-
trolled heating.

75
 Compressed air is injected at specific points in the system, likely for cleaning
purposes or for controlling valve operations.

Sampling & Monitoring

A ”Sampler” is strategically placed to collect samples from the dried material
stream exiting the dryer, allowing for quality control and process monitoring.
This intricate diagram represents a sophisticated system for drying materials
using fluidized bed technology. It involves careful control of temperature, air
flow, and material handling to achieve the desired drying result. The inclusion
of monitoring instruments like flow transmitters, temperature transmitters, and
pressure transmitters allows for precise control and optimization of the process.

38 Flash Gas Compression System

Figure 38: Flash Gas Compression System with Oil Scrubbing and Recycle Loop

The image(as shown in Figure 38) depicts a simplified process flow diagram
for a flash gas compression system, likely found in oil and gas processing. Let’s
break down the components and flow:
1. Gas Inlet and Cooling:

76
 • Gas: The process starts with a gas inlet (left side) introducing the
”flash gas,” likely containing lighter hydrocarbons, into the system.
• Cooler: The gas passes through a cooler, where a cooling medium
(likely water or a refrigerant) absorbs heat from the gas, lowering
its temperature. This is indicated by the arrows labeled ”Cooling
Medium” entering and exiting the cooler. The ”Temp Control” circle
suggests a temperature sensor and control mechanism to regulate the
cooling process.
• Control Valve: A control valve after the cooler regulates the flow
rate of the cooled gas.

2. Flash Gas Scrubber:

• Flash Gas Scrubber: This is a vertical cylindrical vessel where the
cooled gas undergoes separation. It’s likely designed to remove any
liquid droplets (like oil) entrained in the gas stream.
• Oil Separation: Oil, denser than the gas, settles at the bottom of
the scrubber, indicated by the downward arrow labeled ”Oil.”
• Level Control: A ”Level Control” mechanism monitors and main-
tains the desired liquid level within the scrubber.
3. Oil Removal and Recirculation:

• Pump: An electrically driven pump (labeled ”Electricity” and ”Pump”)

draws oil from the bottom of the scrubber.
• Control Valve: Another control valve regulates the flow of oil exit-
ing the pump.
• Recycle Valve: The oil stream splits: a portion is likely recycled
back to the process (indicated by the line leading upwards to the
”Recycle Valve”), while the other portion may be sent for further
processing or storage (not shown in the diagram).
4. Gas Compression:
• Gas Outlet: The relatively clean gas exits the top of the flash gas
scrubber and is directed towards the compressor.
• Flash Gas Compressor: This is the heart of the system, driven by
a motor.
• Motor: The motor converts electrical energy (”Electricity”) into
mechanical energy (”Mechanical Energy”) via a rotating shaft.
• Shaft: The shaft transmits rotational power from the motor to the
compressor.
• Compressed Gas Outlet: The compressed gas exits the system at
the right side of the diagram.

77
 In Summary: This system takes a stream of flash gas, cools it, separates
out entrained liquids, and then compresses the gas, likely for transportation,
storage, or further processing. The system incorporates multiple control ele-
ments (valves, level control, temperature control) to ensure efficient and safe
operation.

39 Lube Recombination Cooling System

Figure 39: Lube Recombination Cooling System P&ID

The image(as shown in Figure 39) provided is a technical drawing, specifi-

cally a Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID), for a system likely related
to industrial cooling. It details the arrangement of equipment, piping, instru-
mentation, and controls involved in the process.
Main Components:
• E-234-070(A/B): This appears to be the central component labeled as
”LUBE RECOMBINATION WATER COOLER”. It likely houses a heat
exchanger or similar device responsible for cooling the ”lube recombina-
tion” process water.
• E-234-080: This is identified as the ”LUBE RECOMBINATION AIR
COOLER”. It likely functions as a secondary cooling system, possibly for
air used in the recombination process.
• E-234-015(A): This component is labeled without a specific description
but seems to involve filters and possibly a heat exchanger based on the
symbols used.

78
Piping and Valves:
• The diagram depicts an intricate network of pipes, represented by solid
lines, connecting the various components. These pipes carry the process
fluids and coolants.
• Numerous valves are shown along the piping, indicated by symbols like
”gate valve”, ”globe valve”, and ”check valve”. These valves control the
flow and direction of the process fluids.
Instrumentation:
• The diagram includes various instrumentation symbols, such as:
– Pressure gauges: Circular symbols with ”PI” inside, indicating pres-
sure measurement points.
– Temperature gauges: Circular symbols with ”TI” inside, indicating
temperature measurement points.
– Flow meters: Symbols with ”FI” inside, indicating flow rate mea-
surement points.
– Level indicators: Symbols with ”LI” inside, indicating level measure-
ment points.
Control System:
• The diagram hints at a control system with symbols for ”start”, ”stop”,
”emergency stop”, and ”normal” functionalities.
• There are connections to external control panels, labeled as ”P-234...”,
indicating remote operation and monitoring capabilities.
Notes Section:
• The right-hand side of the diagram contains a ”NOTES” section with
instructions and specifications:
– It emphasizes safety measures, such as the use of handrails and safety
glasses.
– It provides specific details on valve configurations and operation.
– It outlines the connection and labeling of cables for proper identifi-
cation.
Overall Interpretation:
• This P&ID provides a detailed blueprint of a complex industrial cooling
system. While the exact nature of the ”lube recombination” process is
not explicitly stated, the diagram clearly illustrates the flow of fluids,
the arrangement of cooling equipment, and the various safety and control
measures implemented. This level of detail is crucial for understanding,
operating, and maintaining such industrial systems.

79
40 Feed Gas Interchange Cooler System

Figure 40: P&ID of Feed Gas Interchange Cooler System (E-231-0302-H)

The image(as shown in Figure 40) provided is a technical drawing, specifi-

cally a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID), for a system labeled ”E-
231-0302-H.” The diagram depicts the layout of pipes, instruments, and equip-
ment involved in this specific process.
1. Title and Identification:
• The drawing title is ”FEED GAS INTERCHANGE COOLER”, indicating
the primary function of the system.
• The system is identified as ”E-231-0302-H” at the top.

• There’s a reference to a ”SEA WATER SUPPLY” system (E27-3-100-060)

towards the bottom right.
2. Process Data:
• The upper right corner lists ”NOTES” that provide additional information
about the system, referencing specific drawings for more details.

• The drawing includes process data like:

– DUTIES: Operating parameters and conditions of the system.
– DESIGN DATA: Information about pressure, temperature, and ma-
terial composition.

3. Components and Equipment:

80
 • Vessels/Tanks: The drawing shows two large cylindrical vessels (likely
heat exchangers or coolers) labeled ”E-231-0302-01/02.”
• Piping: Extensive network of pipes with various sizes and connections
depicted by lines. Arrows on the lines indicate the direction of flow.

• Valves: Different types of valves (e.g., gate valves, globe valves) are rep-
resented by symbols controlling the flow within the system.
• Instruments: A variety of instruments like pressure gauges (circles with
”PI” inside), temperature indicators (”TI” inside circles), and flow meters
are shown connected to the piping and vessels.

• Other Symbols: Various other symbols representing components like

filters, strainers, and control valves are present throughout the diagram.
4. Line Numbers and Tags:
• All components and pipelines have unique identification numbers and tags.
For example, ”P-231-0302-10030-F-4” refers to a specific pipe section.
These tags are essential for tracking and referencing components during
maintenance and troubleshooting.
5. Notes and Callouts:
• Numerous ”NOTE” boxes scattered across the drawing provide specific
instructions, requirements, or additional information related to the com-
ponents or processes. These notes are crucial for understanding the intri-
cacies of the system’s operation.
Overall: This P&ID offers a detailed visualization of the ”FEED GAS
INTERCHANGE COOLER” system. It enables engineers and technicians to:

• Understand the layout and interconnection of components.

• Trace the flow of materials through the system.
• Identify control points and instrumentation for monitoring and control.

• Perform troubleshooting and maintenance activities efficiently.

Without specific knowledge of the system’s function and the meaning of spe-
cialized symbols, it is challenging to provide a more in-depth interpretation of
the processes happening within this particular system. However, the informa-
tion presented above offers a general understanding of the diagram’s content
and purpose.

81
 Figure 41: Seal Gas Processing and Compression System

41 Seal Gas System

The image(as shown in Figure 41) provided appears to be a technical drawing
or schematic, likely for a process system in an industrial setting. The language
used in the text labels is Russian.
General Layout
• The diagram shows a complex network of pipes, valves, and other equip-
ment. It uses symbols and labels to represent different components and
their functions.
• Pipes: Represented by solid lines, these carry the process fluid. Different
thicknesses may indicate varying pipe diameters.
• Valves: Symbolized by various shapes (e.g., circles, rectangles with ar-
rows), valves control the flow of the process fluid.
• Text Labels: Provide information about specific components, processes,
and parameters.
• Arrows: Indicate the direction of flow within the system.
• Equipment: Specialized components like compressors are labeled with
descriptions like ”SEAL GAS TO GAS COMPRESSOR UNIT”.

• Numerical Values: Numbers likely represent measurements such as pipe

diameters or flow rates.
Process Flow

82
 • While a precise understanding requires expertise in the specific indus-
try, it appears the diagram illustrates a system for handling and process-
ing ”seal gas”. The terms ”SEAL GAS FROM FUEL AND SEAL GAS
PACKAGE” suggest the gas originates from some sort of fuel process-
ing or containment system. The gas then flows through various pipes,
valves, and ultimately towards ”COMPRESSOR UNITs” (K-04/01A and
K-04/01B).
Annotations:
• Several sections of the diagram are highlighted in red and labeled ”TYPE
V25”. These likely indicate specific types of valves or equipment crucial
to the system.
Language Barrier:
• The use of Russian in the text labels limits detailed interpretation without
translation.
Overall:
• This schematic represents a complex process system involving the han-
dling and processing of seal gas. Understanding the precise functions and
interactions of all components requires further context and expertise in
the relevant field.

42 Film casting process

The image(as shown in Figure 42) depicts a schematic diagram of a film casting
process, outlining the flow of materials and key equipment involved in producing
a continuous film or sheet.
Let’s break down the diagram step-by-step:

1. Raw Material Preparation:

• Film Cooling Tower: Two towers are shown, labeled ”AETS04V-
4UA4-7HE” and ”AETS04V-4UA3-7HE”, supplying cooled water,
likely used for temperature control during the process.
• Feeding: The starting material, likely a polymer in pellet or powder
form, is fed into the system.
• Compressed air: Compressed air plays a role throughout the pro-
cess, likely used for material conveying, pressure regulation, and pos-
sibly for drying or cooling.
2. Extrusion and Melt Preparation:
• V1-V42: These labels likely represent valves that control the flow
of materials and air.

83
Figure 42: Schematic diagram of a film casting process, outlining the flow of
molten polymer from extrusion to final winding

• F1-F40: These labels likely denote flow meters that monitor the rate
of material and air flow.
• CV-01: This could be a control valve regulating the flow of the raw
material.
• S-01: This tank likely represents an extruder, where the raw material
is heated, melted, and homogenized into a viscous liquid.
• G-01: This is a gear pump, responsible for creating a consistent and
controlled flow of the molten polymer exiting the extruder.

3. Film Casting:
• EDIT-01: This appears to be the die, a crucial component where
the molten polymer is extruded through a narrow, precisely shaped
opening to form a continuous sheet.
• Die-Plug: This component helps to shape and control the flow of
the molten polymer as it exits the die.
• Cast roll: This chilled roller solidifies the molten polymer film into
a solid sheet.

84
 • Oil: An oil bath is often used to control the temperature and surface
finish of the cast roll.
• V-01 to V-20: These likely represent valves regulating air pressure
and cooling water flow to the cast roll.
• G-02, G-03: These could be additional gear pumps involved in the
cooling system or possibly in the oil bath circulation.
4. Film Treatment and Finishing:
• Treatment pot: The solidified film may undergo additional treat-
ments within this unit, such as surface modification, coating, or dry-
ing.
• Deviation: This likely refers to a mechanism to control the film’s
lateral movement and ensure it travels along the desired path.
5. Winding and Collection:
• Timer: A timer is used to control the duration of processes or signal
specific actions.
• Wind: This represents the final winding unit where the finished film
is rolled up for storage and transport.

Additional Notes:
• The ”waste to cooling tower” arrow indicates that excess heat generated
during the process is dissipated by cooling towers.

• The numerous valves and flow meters suggest a high degree of control over
the process parameters to ensure consistent film quality.
Overall, this diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the film cast-
ing process, highlighting the interconnected equipment and steps involved in
transforming raw materials into a continuous film product.

43 Multi-stage process
The image(as shown in Figure 43) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID), a detailed engineering drawing used in the process industry to illustrate
the interconnection of process equipment and instrumentation.

Key Elements:
• Symbols: The diagram uses standardized symbols to represent various
components, including:

– Equipment: Vessels (V-100, V-101, etc.), tanks (T-100, T-101),

pumps (P-101), heat exchangers (H-101), and more.

85
Figure 43: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) for a multi-stage pro-
cess with integrated instrumentation and control

– Piping: Lines representing the flow of fluids.

– Fittings: Valves, elbows, tees, and other components that control
or modify the flow.
– Instrumentation: Gauges, transmitters, controllers, and other de-
vices for monitoring and controlling the process.
• Flow Arrows: Arrows indicate the direction of fluid flow through the
pipes.
• Lines: There are two main types of lines:
– Piping Lines: Solid lines representing pipes carrying process fluids.
– Signal Lines: Dashed lines representing electrical or pneumatic sig-
nals transmitted between instruments and control systems.

Process Flow (Simplified):

While a complete understanding requires specialized knowledge, we can deduce
a basic process flow:
• Feed: The process starts with a ”FEED” line entering the system, likely
originating from an external source.
• Vessels and Tanks: The feed goes through a series of vessels (V-100, V-
101) and tanks (T-100, T-101) where various processes might occur (e.g.,
mixing, heating, cooling, separation).

86
 • Heat Exchangers: Heat exchangers (H-100, H-101) are used to regulate
the temperature of the process fluid.
• Pumps: Pumps (P-101) provide the necessary pressure to move the fluid
through the system.

• Outputs: The processed fluid eventually exits the system through multi-
ple output lines, labeled as ”BOTTOMS” and going to ”EXISTING DRN”
and ”STORAGE TANK”.

Instrumentation and Control:

The various instruments (represented by circles, squares, and other symbols)
are used to:

• Measure process variables: Pressure (P), temperature (T), flow rate

(F), and level (L).
• Control valves: Valves regulate the flow of fluids based on signals from
controllers.

• Transmit signals: Transmitters send information about process vari-

ables to controllers.

Overall Purpose:
The P&ID provides a comprehensive visual representation of the process, en-
abling engineers to:

• Understand the system’s functionality.

• Design and implement the process.
• Troubleshoot and maintain the system.
• Ensure safe and efficient operation.

44 Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment

The image(as shown in Figure 44) depicts a simplified process flow diagram
for a wastewater treatment plant, specifically showcasing the activated sludge
process. Let’s break down the different components:

1. Influent and Pre-treatment:

The diagram starts with ”Screened Effluent” entering the system. This im-
plies that the raw wastewater has already undergone preliminary treatment like
screening to remove large debris.

87
 Figure 44: Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagram

2. Aeration Tank #1:

This is the heart of the activated sludge process.

• The screened effluent flows into this tank, represented by a rectangular

box with a light blue fill.
• Aeration: Two ”Air Inlet” points are shown connected to ”Blowers”
(represented as grey circles with black centers). Blowers push air into
the aeration tank, providing the necessary oxygen for the microorgan-
isms (activated sludge) to thrive and break down organic matter in the
wastewater.
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Measurement: Two circular nodes labeled
”AIT 1” and ”AIT 2” with ”DO” above them suggest sensors measuring
dissolved oxygen levels within the aeration tank. Maintaining optimal DO
is crucial for the biological treatment process.
• Mixed Liquor: The contents of the aeration tank are called ”Mixed
Liquor”, comprising wastewater and activated sludge.

3. Clarifier #1:
• The mixed liquor exits the aeration tank and enters ”Clarifier #1”, rep-
resented as a trapezoidal box with a light blue fill.
• Sedimentation: In the clarifier, the mixed liquor undergoes sedimenta-
tion. Activated sludge, heavier than water, settles to the bottom, forming
a sludge blanket.
• Clarified Effluent: The clearer treated water at the top of the clarifier
is referred to as ”Treated Effluent”.

88
 • Sludge Removal: A circular node labeled ”h1” at the bottom center
of the clarifier could represent a sensor or a control point related to the
sludge level or removal process.

4. Sludge Management:
• Return Activated Sludge (RAS): Two pumps labeled ”RAS Pump
#1” and ”RAS Pump #2” draw settled activated sludge from the bottom
of the clarifier and return it to the aeration tank. This ensures a sufficient
concentration of active microorganisms in the aeration tank for efficient
treatment.
• Waste Activated Sludge (WAS): Two pumps labeled ”WAS Pump
#1” and ”WAS Pump #2” remove a portion of the settled activated sludge
from the clarifier. This ”Waste Activated Sludge” is sent for further treat-
ment or disposal, preventing excessive sludge buildup in the system.

5. Flow Direction:
Black arrows throughout the diagram indicate the direction of flow for wastew-
ater, air, and sludge within the system.
In summary, the image illustrates a simplified activated sludge process for
wastewater treatment. It highlights key components such as the aeration tank,
clarifier, sludge return, and waste sludge removal, demonstrating the essential
steps for removing pollutants and producing treated effluent.

45 Pig-Sphere Launcher
The image(as shown in Figure 45) is a detailed engineering diagram for a Process
and Instrument Diagram (P&ID) for a pig/sphere launcher, labeled as V-3001.

Central Component:
• V-3001: The central component is a large vessel labeled ”V-3001” and
designated as the pig launcher. It has dimensions of 9FT/11.5” ID and a
pressure rating of 150/1430 BARG.

Piping and Connections:

• Incoming Lines: Several pipelines feed into the launcher from the left
side of the diagram. These are labeled with alphanumeric codes indicating
their origin in other drawings (e.g., FROM DWG-001-04) and their size
and material (e.g., 2”-40H-59014-S9A).
• Outgoing Line: A prominent pipeline labeled ”12”-PG-30021-D9A-P”
extends from the right side of the launcher and leads to another drawing,
indicated by ”TO DWG-001-09.”

89
Figure 45: P&ID of Pig-Sphere Launcher V-3001, detailing piping, instrumen-
tation, and hydraulic connections for pipeline maintenance operations

• Pigging Tee: A ”Pigging Tee” is connected to the main pipeline near

the launcher.

Valves and Instruments:

• Valves: Numerous valves are represented throughout the diagram, each
with a unique identifier (e.g., XZLL 30015-A). Valve types likely include
gate valves, globe valves, check valves, and possibly others.
• Instruments: Labels like ”HS 30015-A” likely represent instruments like
pressure sensors, temperature gauges, or flow meters.

Hydraulic Supply/Return:
• A hydraulic system is connected to the launcher, with lines labeled ”HY-
DRAULIC SUPPLY” and ”HYDRAULIC RETURN.” This system is likely
used for operating valves and other equipment.

Diagram Information:
• Title: The diagram is titled ”PROCESS & INSTRUMENT DIAGRAM
PIG/SPHERE LAUNCHER.”

• Revision and Date: Spaces are provided for revision number, date, and
initials, allowing for version control and tracking changes.
• Drawing Number and Job Number: Specific identifiers for the draw-
ing and the overall project are indicated.

90
 • Scale: The scale of the diagram is ”AS NOTED,” meaning the dimensions
are not necessarily to scale and may be exaggerated for clarity.

Overall Interpretation:
This P&ID illustrates the complex piping, instrumentation, and connections
involved in the operation of a pig/sphere launcher. ”Pigs” and ”spheres” are
devices used in pipelines for cleaning, inspection, and other maintenance activ-
ities. This launcher is likely part of a larger pipeline system, and the diagram
provides a visual representation of its specific components and their interrela-
tionships.

46 Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power

Plant

Figure 46: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant with
CO2 Capture

The diagram(as shown in Figure 46) illustrates a complex system, likely an

industrial process involving combustion, power generation, and gas processing.
Let’s break it down into key sections:

Power Generation Cycle:

• Advanced Supercritical Boiler: The heart of the system where coal is
combusted to generate high-pressure (HP) steam.

• HP Turbine (HP): High-pressure steam drives this turbine to generate

power.

91
 • Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine (IP): Steam from the HP tur-
bine is further utilized to power an intermediate pressure turbine.
• Low Pressure (LP) Turbine (LP): The final stage of steam expansion
for power generation, utilizing low-pressure steam.
• Condenser: Low-pressure steam from the LP turbine is cooled and con-
densed back into water.
• LP Pump: Pumps the condensed water back to the boiler through a
series of heaters.
• HP Pump: Increases the pressure of the water before it enters the boiler.
• Heaters (HP Heater, LP Heater): Improve efficiency by preheating
the water using steam bled from the turbines (marked as ”1 - IP steam
bleed”).

Fuel & Air Supply:

• Coal: The fuel source fed into the system.
• Mill: Grinds the coal into a fine powder for efficient combustion.
• Air Separation Unit (ASU): Produces oxygen (for combustion en-
hancement) and nitrogen (for system purging).
• Oxygen: Enriched oxygen is supplied to the boiler to enhance combustion
efficiency.
• Air: Air is drawn into the system and mixed with oxygen for combustion.
• ID Fan: Provides the draft to pull air and flue gas through the system.

Gas Processing:
• Generator: Not explicitly shown what is being generated, but it likely
involves the combustion products and could be producing synthesis gas
(syngas).
• Gas / Gas Heater: Heats the gas leaving the generator.
• Primary Recycle & Secondary Recycle: Portions of the gas are re-
cycled back into the system, likely for process optimization.
• ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator): Removes particulate matter from
the gas stream.
• FD / Recycle Fan: Circulates gas through the recycle loops.
• Gas Cooler & Water Removal: Cools the gas and removes condensed
water.

92
 • CO2 Purification: Removes carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the gas stream.
• Gas Dryer: Further removes moisture from the purified CO2 .
• CO2 Product for Compression: Clean and dry CO2 ready for com-
pression and potential further utilization.

Startup Systems:
• Stack (Start Up): A separate stack used during system startup.
• Air Intake (Start Up): An alternate air intake used during startup.

Numbered Labels:
• 1-4: Refer to the different stages of feedwater heating within the LP
heater, utilizing different sources of heat (IP steam bleed, heat from ASU,
CO2 compressor stage heating, and flue gas feedwater heating).
• 2: Marks the output of oxygen from the ASU.
• 3: Indicates a connection related to heat recovery from CO2 compression,
possibly used for feedwater heating.

• 4: Marks the air intake used for system startup.

• 5: Represents the compressed CO2 product output.

Overall Interpretation:
This diagram depicts a sophisticated industrial process that integrates power
generation with gas processing. The exact nature of the process can be further
inferred by knowing the specific industry or application this diagram represents.

47 Amine-based Gas Sweetening Process

The image(as shown in Figure 47) depicts a Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for a
gas treatment system, likely designed for removing acidic components from a raw
gas stream. The process involves several unit operations, including absorption,
regeneration, and condensation.

Gas Treatment Section:

• 501 Raw gas: This represents the untreated gas entering the system.
• 502: This line likely represents a vent or pressure relief for the KO drum
(508).

93
 Figure 47: Amine-based Gas Sweetening Process Flow Diagram

• 508 KO drum: This vessel acts as a knockout drum, separating any

liquid droplets entrained in the raw gas. The separated liquid exits the
bottom of the drum.
• 507: This line carries the gas from the KO drum (508) to the water wash
drum (506).

• 506 Water wash drum: This vessel uses fresh water (505) to remove
initial impurities from the gas stream.
• 503: This line carries the partially treated gas from the water wash drum
(506) to the absorber (511).
• 504 Treated gas: This line represents the final treated gas exiting the
system.

Absorption Section:
• 511 Absorber: This is the primary gas treatment vessel where acidic
components are absorbed into a solvent. The absorber is likely a packed
column to enhance gas-liquid contact.
• 512: This line, controlled by valve V3, carries the rich solvent (laden with
absorbed acidic components) from the absorber (511) to the flash vessel
(513).

Solvent Regeneration Section:

• 513 Flash vessel: This vessel allows dissolved gases in the rich solvent
to flash off, reducing pressure and preparing the solvent for regeneration.

• 514 To incineration: The flashed gases, rich in acidic components, are

sent to an incinerator for disposal.

94
 • 510, 524 Cooler, 515, V4: The partially regenerated solvent is cooled
and then pumped (E-23) through a control valve (V4) to the regenerator
(522).
• 516, 523: This line represents the regenerated lean solvent (clean solvent)
flowing back to the absorber (511).

• 522 Regen.: This is the regenerator, where the absorbed acidic compo-
nents are stripped from the solvent. It is likely a distillation column, using
heat to separate the acidic components.
• 521, E-19, 520: The overhead vapor from the regenerator is condensed
(518) and then sent to incineration (519). The pump (E-19) circulates
cooling water through the condenser (517, 518).

Overall Interpretation:
This PFD illustrates a comprehensive system for treating a raw gas stream to
remove acidic components. The process involves multiple stages, including ini-
tial washing, absorption, solvent regeneration, and disposal of the concentrated
acidic components. The diagram showcases the interconnectedness of various
unit operations and highlights the flow of gas and solvent throughout the system.

48 High-Pressure Catalytic Reaction

Figure 48: Process Flow Diagram of a High-Pressure Catalytic Reaction with

Subsequent Cooling and Gas-Liquid Separation

The image(as shown in Figure 48) represents a process flow diagram (PFD)
illustrating a chemical process, likely a reaction followed by separation. Let’s
break down the diagram step-by-step:

95
Feed and Air Inlet:
• The process starts with two inlets: ”FEED” and ”AIR.”
• The ”FEED” stream is pumped into the system by a ”Pump” (labeled
”PUP”) operating at a pressure range of 10 to 220 bar. This suggests the
feed might be a liquid at high pressure.
• The ”AIR” stream is compressed by a ”COMP” (compressor) before en-
tering the system, indicating it is gaseous.

Mixing and Heat Exchange:

• The ”FEED” and ”AIR” streams are combined in a ”MIXER” unit, likely
for homogenization before the reaction.
• Stream ”S2” (mixed feed and air) then flows into a ”HEX” (heat ex-
changer). Here, it potentially exchanges heat with another stream (likely
”S3”), the purpose of which is not explicitly shown in the diagram. This
step could be preheating the feed or recovering heat from another part of
the process.

Reaction:
• Stream ”S4” (preheated feed and air mixture) enters a ”HEATER,” raising
its temperature to the reaction conditions of 150°C to 320°C. This precise
temperature control suggests a critical role in the reaction kinetics.
• Stream ”S5” (now at reaction temperature) flows into a ”RSTOC” (likely
a reactor). The reactor’s design, with internal vertical lines, suggests a
packed bed reactor, possibly containing a catalyst to facilitate the reaction.

Cooling and Pressure Reduction:

• Stream ”S6” (reactor effluent) passes through a ”COOLER,” lowering its
temperature before further processing.
• The cooled stream (S8) then goes through a ”VALVE.” This valve is cru-
cial for reducing the pressure from the high reactor pressure to 3 bar,
necessary for the subsequent separation step.

Separation:
• Stream ”S9” (cooled and depressurized) enters a ”SEP” (separator), which
is likely a flash drum or a similar vessel for gas-liquid separation.

• The top product, labeled ”OFFGAS,” is vented out, indicating it’s mainly
gaseous byproducts or unreacted components.

96
 • The bottom product, labeled ”TREFF” (likely for treated effluent), is
drawn out, representing the desired liquid product separated from the gas
phase. This stream is at 140°C and 3 bar.

Streams and Labels:

• Each stream is labeled with an ”S” followed by a number (S1, S2, etc.)
for tracking material flow.
• Boxes represent unit operations (mixer, heater, reactor, etc.).
• Arrows indicate the direction of flow.

Overall Process:
• This PFD depicts a process involving:
– Mixing of feed and air
– Preheating and reaction in a controlled temperature range
– Cooling and pressure reduction
– Separation of desired product from gaseous byproducts
• Without additional information about the specific chemicals involved, it’s
challenging to determine the exact nature of the reaction and products.
However, the PFD provides a clear overview of the process steps and
equipment involved.

49 Crystallization System
The image(as shown in Figure 49) is a technical drawing, specifically a Piping
and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID), for a crystallisation system. It depicts
the arrangement of equipment, piping, instrumentation, and controls involved
in a chemical process for crystallizing a substance.

Key Elements
Equipment:
• SC-01: This is the central piece of equipment, likely a crystallization ves-
sel or reactor. It’s depicted with internal components suggesting stirring
mechanisms and heating/cooling elements.
• GC-02: This is a tall, slender vessel likely representing a gas scrubber or
condenser, used to treat the exhaust gas from the process.
• MK-01 S and MK-01 A: Two identical vessels, possibly representing
storage tanks or feed tanks for reactants or solvents involved in the crys-
tallization process.

97
Figure 49: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) for a Crystallization
System.

• MP-02 S and MP-02 A: These are most likely pumps responsible for
transferring liquids within the system, potentially feeding reactants into
SC-01 or moving the slurry containing crystals.

Piping:
• The diagram shows an intricate network of pipelines connecting the various
pieces of equipment. Different line styles (solid, dashed) indicate different
types of fluids, e.g., process fluid, cooling water, vent gas. Arrows on the
lines depict the direction of flow.

Instrumentation and Controls:

• Valves: Numerous valves of different types (gate, globe, check) are rep-
resented throughout the diagram. These control the flow of fluids within
the system.
• Sensors and Instruments: The diagram includes symbols for various
instruments like pressure gauges, temperature sensors, flow meters, and
level indicators. These instruments monitor the process parameters and
provide information to the control system.
• Control System: Although the control system itself isn’t explicitly
shown, the presence of instruments suggests an automated system is used
to control the crystallization process by adjusting flow rates, temperatures,
pressures, etc.

98
Overall Process Flow
• While a precise description of the process requires additional information,
the P&ID suggests a general sequence:
– Reactants or solutions are pumped into the crystallization vessel (SC-
01).
– The crystallization process takes place within SC-01, likely involving
controlled cooling or evaporation.
– Gaseous byproducts are vented and treated in the scrubber (GC-02).
– The crystal slurry is transferred out of SC-01 for further processing,
such as filtration or drying.

Additional Information
• The diagram includes annotations, such as ”Vapour flow” and ”Gas pres-
sure”, that offer hints about the nature of the process.
• Numerical values next to some lines likely represent pipe diameters, aiding
in understanding the scale of the system.
• The bottom right corner contains details about the project, including the
company name, drawing number, and revision information.

This technical drawing provides a detailed overview of the equipment and

process flow involved in a crystallization system, serving as a crucial blueprint
for engineers and operators responsible for designing, installing, and operating
the system. However, further context and specific details about the chemical
process are needed for a complete understanding of the diagram.

50 Two-stage separation system with parallel

separators
The image(as shown in Figure 50) presents a schematic process flow diagram
(PFD) for a system involving two separators, E-1302A and E-1302B. Here’s a
breakdown of the components and flow:

Input:
• Test Separator V-1201: Serves as the initial separation stage, feeding
into both E-1302A and E-1302B.
• Production Separator V-1101: Provides an additional input to E-
1302A and E-1302B.
• Heating Medium System: Supplies heat to both separators, potentially
for temperature control or enhanced separation.

99
Figure 50: Two-stage separation system with parallel separators (E-1302A and
E-1302B) featuring temperature and level control for enhanced process effi-
ciency.

Separators:
E-1302A:

• Input: Receives feed from Test Separator V-1201, Production Separator

V-1101, and the Heating Medium System.
• Instruments: Equipped with:
– Three Temperature Indicators (TI): TI-13802A, TI-13803A, TI-13805A.
– Three Pressure Indicators (PI): PI-13802A, PI-13803A, PI-13805A.
• Outlet: Output flow is regulated by a control valve, BOV-13201A, before
heading to the 2nd Stage Separator V-1401. A pressure relief valve, SDV-
57501A, provides overpressure protection.

E-1302B:
• Input: Similar to E-1302A, receives input from Test Separator V-1201,
Production Separator V-1101, and the Heating Medium System.
• Instruments: Mirroring E-1302A, it has:

– Three Temperature Indicators (TI): TI-13802B, TI-13803B, TI-13805B.

– Three Pressure Indicators (PI): PI-13802B, PI-13803B, PI-13805B.
• Outlet: Output is controlled by BOV-13201B and protected by SDV-
57501B before moving to the 2nd Stage Separator (LCV) (LCV-12101).

100
Output:
• 2nd Stage Separator V-1401: Receives the processed output from E-
1302A.
• 2nd Stage Separator (LCV) (LCV-12101): Receives the processed
output from E-1302B.

Valves:
• TV-13351A: Controls the flow of the Heating Medium System into E-
1302A.
• TV-13351B: Controls the flow of the Heating Medium System into E-
1302B.
• LV-13100S-1: A level control valve potentially regulating liquid levels
within E-1302A.

• LV-13100S-2: A level control valve potentially regulating liquid levels

within E-1302B.

Overall:
The diagram depicts a two-stage separation process where the initial separation
occurs in either Test Separator V-1201 or Production Separator V-1101. The
partially processed stream then enters either E-1302A or E-1302B for further
separation, aided by temperature control from the Heating Medium System.
Each separator has extensive instrumentation for monitoring pressure and tem-
perature. Finally, the refined output moves to designated 2nd Stage Separators
for final processing.

51 Reactor Nozzle Seal (RNS) Cooling System

The provided image(as shown in Figure 51) is a Piping and Instrumentation Di-
agram (P&ID), likely from a nuclear power plant, depicting the Reactor Nozzle
Seal (RNS) cooling system.

System Purpose:
The diagram shows two separate cooling loops (labeled A and B) designed to
remove heat from the Reactor Nozzle Seals. These loops help maintain the seals
at an optimal temperature, preventing damage and ensuring reactor safety.

101
Figure 51: Reactor Nozzle Seal (RNS) Cooling System P&ID, featuring redun-
dant loops with heat exchangers, pumps, and safety features in accordance with
ASME Section III Class.

Major Components:
• RNS Heat Exchangers: Two heat exchangers (A and B) act as the
heart of the system, transferring heat from the RNS loop to a separate
cooling system (likely the Component Cooling System (CCS) indicated on
the diagram).
• RNS Pumps: Two centrifugal pumps (A and B) circulate the coolant
through the loops, ensuring consistent heat removal from the RNS.

• SFS Cask Loading Pit: Source of heat, likely where spent fuel casks
are loaded and generate heat.
• CVS: Containment Vent System, potentially receiving heat removed by
the RNS system.

• RCS Hot Leg: Reactor Coolant System Hot Leg, suggesting a connection
to the primary reactor cooling system.

Valves:
Numerous valves are represented throughout the system. They are labeled with
specific designations (e.g., RNS-PL-V055), allowing for isolation, flow control,
and pressure relief within the loops.

Instruments:
The diagram includes instruments like pressure gauges (P) and motor operators
(M) to monitor and control the system’s operation.

102
Flow Paths:
Loop A:
• Starts at the SFS Cask Loading Pit,

• Flows through the RNS Heat Exchanger A,

• Circulated by RNS Pump A,
• Connects to the CVS.
Loop B:

• Similar to Loop A,
• Starts from a different connection point at the SFS Cask Loading Pit,
• Flows through RNS Heat Exchanger B,

• Circulated by RNS Pump B,

• Connects to the CVS.

Make-up Connection:
A dedicated line with a valve (RNS-PL-V012) exists to add coolant to the system
as needed.

Safety Considerations:
• Relief Valve: Included in the line connecting to the CVS to prevent
overpressure situations.
• ASME Code Section III Class: This notation indicates that the sys-
tem’s design and construction adhere to strict safety standards outlined
by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for nuclear
components.

Additional Information:
• PXS IRWST: Penetration X Sump in the In-containment Refueling Wa-
ter Storage Tank. These tanks are used for emergency core cooling. The
connections to PXS IRWST suggest a possible interface for emergency
cooling or backup heat removal.
• DVI: Division, potentially indicating a connection point to another sys-
tem or area.

• IRC/ORC: Inside Reactor Containment and Outside Reactor Contain-

ment, respectively, highlighting boundaries within the nuclear power plant.

103
 In conclusion, the diagram provides a detailed representation of a crucial
cooling system in a nuclear reactor. It demonstrates the complexity and em-
phasis on safety inherent in nuclear power plant designs.

52 Alkaline electrolyzer system for hydrogen pro-

duction

Figure 52: Schematic diagram of an alkaline electrolyzer system for hydrogen

production, depicting oxygen purification, electrolyte circulation, and hydrogen
purification processes.

The image(as shown in Figure 52) is a schematic diagram showcasing an

alkaline electrolyzer system for hydrogen production. The diagram is divided
into three main sections: Oxygen Purification, Lye Circulation, and Hydrogen
Purification.

Oxygen Purification (left)

• Oxygen Supply: Oxygen (O2) is supplied as the input.

• Compressor: The oxygen is compressed to a higher pressure.

• Oxygen Purification: The compressed oxygen undergoes purification
to remove impurities.
• Demister: A demister removes any liquid droplets from the oxygen
stream.

• Control Valve: A control valve regulates the flow of oxygen.

104
 • Heat Exchanger: The purified oxygen passes through a heat exchanger,
potentially for preheating.

Lye Circulation (center)

• Water Supply: Water (H2O) is supplied as the input.
• Water Purification: The supplied water undergoes purification to re-
move impurities.
• Feed Water Pump: A pump circulates the purified water within the
Lye Circulation loop.
• Circulation Pump: Another pump helps circulate the electrolyte (Lye)
within the loop.
• Heat Exchanger: Two heat exchangers are present within the Lye Cir-
culation loop, likely for temperature regulation of the electrolyte.

• Lye Filter: The electrolyte passes through a filter to remove any solid
particles.
• Gas/Lye Separator + Tank: This unit separates the generated gases
(Hydrogen and Oxygen) from the electrolyte and stores the electrolyte.

• Control Valve: A control valve regulates the flow of electrolyte from the
separator to the electrolyzer.
• Alkaline Electrolyzer Stack Unit: This is the heart of the system
where water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. It consists
of an anode (+) and a cathode (-) where the electrochemical reactions
occur.
• Rectifier: This unit converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC) to power the electrolyzer.
• Power Supply: This unit provides the AC power required for the recti-
fier.
• Cooler: A cooler helps maintain the desired temperature within the Lye
Circulation loop.

Hydrogen Purification (right)

• 3-Way Valve: This valve directs the flow of hydrogen, allowing for vent-
ing or further processing.
• Demister: A demister removes any liquid droplets from the hydrogen
stream.

105
 • N2 + venting: Nitrogen gas (N2) is used for purging and venting within
the hydrogen purification system.
• Hydrogen Purification: This section refers to the overall process of
purifying the produced hydrogen.
• Deoxidizer: A deoxidizer removes oxygen traces from the hydrogen stream.
• Dryer: A dryer removes moisture from the purified hydrogen.
• Buffer: A buffer tank stores the purified hydrogen.
• Control Valve: A control valve regulates the flow of hydrogen from the
buffer tank.
• Compressor: A compressor compresses the purified hydrogen to a higher
pressure.
• H2: This represents the final output of the system, purified and com-
pressed hydrogen gas.
The system utilizes various pumps, valves, filters, and heat exchangers to
ensure efficient operation and the production of high-purity hydrogen. The
diagram highlights the complex flow of fluids and gases throughout the system,
demonstrating the intricate workings of an alkaline electrolyzer system.

53 Batch Reactor System

Figure 53: P&ID of a Batch Reactor System with Integrated Temperature Con-
trol and Parallel Processing Units

The image(as shown in Figure 53) appears to be a Process and Instrumenta-

tion Diagram (P&ID) for a chemical or industrial process. Here’s a breakdown
of the components and their possible functions:

106
Main Process Area (Beige Background)
• B-0-1: This is most likely a reactor vessel. It is a large, cylindrical con-
tainer with a rounded top and bottom, indicating it’s designed to handle
pressure.

• E-0-1: This is an agitator or mixer inside the reactor vessel (B-0-1).

This suggests the process inside the reactor requires mixing or stirring of
materials.
• M-0-1 & M-0-2: These are pumps, likely centrifugal pumps, used to
move fluids through the process. M-0-1 appears to be responsible for
recirculating fluid within the reactor or introducing new material. M-0-2
could be used to extract product or byproduct from the reactor.
• HIC 0-4, 0-6, 0-7: These are Hand Indicating Controllers. They are
likely associated with the temperature sensors (TI) and are used to man-
ually adjust process parameters like temperature or flow.

• UC 0-3: This is most likely a User Control, indicating a point where an

operator can interact with the process.
• TI 0-5: This represents a Temperature Indicator, measuring the temper-
ature at a specific point in the process, possibly the outlet of the reactor.

Valves
• V-0-1: A valve, possibly a control valve, used to regulate the flow of
materials in the process.

• Other valves: There are several other unmarked valves indicated by

right-angle symbols, which could represent various types of valves (gate,
globe, check valves) for controlling flow direction.

Peripheral Systems (Blue, Green, and Purple Backgrounds)

These appear to be three separate but identical systems (F1R1, F2R1, F3R1)
that interact with the main process.
Each System Contains:
• TI: Temperature Indicator.

• FI: Flow Indicator.

• HIC: Hand Indicating Controller.
• UC: User Control.
• YC: Level Controller - Possibly indicates a level sensor for a tank or vessel
not shown.

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Valves and Heat Exchangers
• V-1-1, V-2-1, V-3-1: Control valves regulating flow.
• H-1-1, H-2-1, H-3-1: Heat exchangers. These are used to either heat
or cool the process fluids.

Process Lines and Connections

• The lines connecting the components represent pipes or tubing used to
transport fluids and materials.

• Arrows indicate the direction of flow within the pipes.

• T and N labels: These likely represent points where the temperature (T)
and flow (N) of the process fluids are measured.

Overall Process
It’s difficult to determine the exact process without more context. However, a
possible scenario is that:
• Raw materials are fed into the reactor (B-0-1).

• The materials are mixed using the agitator (E-0-1).

• The temperature is controlled and monitored using the TI and HICs.
• The reaction product is then passed through the three peripheral systems
(F1R1, F2R1, F3R1) for further processing, potentially involving heat-
ing/cooling, filtration, or other treatments.

54 Continuous Reactor System

The image(as shown in Figure 54) depicts a simplified process flow diagram of
a chemical or industrial system. Let’s break it down:

Components
• raw-1 and raw-2: These represent the two raw materials entering the
system.

• hex-1: This likely represents a heat exchanger, responsible for heating or

cooling the raw material ”raw-1.”
• v-3: A valve controlling the flow of ”raw-2” into the system.
• TC: A temperature controller, connected to ”v-3” with a dashed line,
indicating it controls the valve based on temperature readings.

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Figure 54: Continuous Reactor System with Temperature-Controlled Feed and
Product Separation

• mix-1: This designates a mixing point where ”raw-1” (after passing

through ”hex-1”) and ”raw-2” are combined.
• r-1: The central component is a reactor vessel (represented by the cylin-
drical tank). The hatched area inside suggests a packed bed or a catalyst
zone within the reactor.

• LC: A level controller, monitoring and maintaining the liquid level inside
the reactor ”r-1.”
• v-1 and v-2: Two valves controlling the outflow from the reactor.
• split-1: This box likely represents a splitter or separator unit, separating
the reactor output into two streams.
• prod-1: The desired product stream exiting the system.
• prod-2: A secondary product or byproduct stream.
• FC: A flow controller, probably regulating the flow rate of ”prod-2” and
possibly linked to ”v-2.”

Process Flow
• Incoming raw materials: Raw materials ”raw-1” and ”raw-2” enter the
system.
• Heating and mixing: ”raw-1” is heated/cooled in ”hex-1,” while the
flow of ”raw-2” is temperature-controlled by ”TC” and ”v-3.” Both streams
combine at ”mix-1.”

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 • Reactor: The mixed stream enters the reactor ”r-1,” where a reaction
occurs, potentially facilitated by a catalyst or packing within the reactor.
The level within the reactor is maintained by ”LC.”
• Separation: The reactor output is controlled by valves ”v-1” and ”v-2”
and then enters ”split-1” for separation.

• Products: The separated streams exit the system as ”prod-1” (likely

the main product) and ”prod-2” (possibly a byproduct or a stream with
unreacted components). The flow rate of ”prod-2” is regulated by ”FC.”

Overall
The diagram illustrates a process involving the controlled mixing of raw mate-
rials, a reaction within a reactor, and the subsequent separation of products.
The specific chemical processes and the nature of the products are not defined
in the diagram.

55 Distillation column

Figure 55: Process flow diagram for a distillation column with multiple feed
streams, product streams, and control loops

The image(as shown in Figure 55) depicts a process flow diagram (PFD)
of a distillation process. The main component of the process is a distillation
column (labeled ”col”) with internal trays. Here’s a breakdown of the process
flow, following the arrows from left to right:

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Feed Streams
• Raw Material: Three separate streams of ”raw” material enter the sys-
tem.
• Hexane (hex): At least two streams of hexane are introduced at different
points.

Mixing and Pre-Heating

• Heater (hex): One hexane stream passes through a heater.

• Temperature Control (TC): A temperature controller monitors and

adjusts the heat supplied to the hexane.
• Mixer (mix): The heated hexane combines with another raw material
stream, creating a mixed feed.

• Flow Control (FC): A flow controller regulates the flow rate of the
mixed feed.
• Heater (hex): A second hexane stream is heated separately.
• Temperature Control (TC): Another temperature controller monitors
and adjusts the heating of this second hexane stream.

Distillation Column
• Column (col): Inside the column, the feed mixture and the second
heated hexane stream are fed at different points. The feed mixture is
separated into its components based on their boiling points through a
process of repeated vaporization and condensation.

Overhead Product
• Condenser (cond): The vapor at the top of the column is cooled and
condensed.
• Separator (sep): A separator collects the condensed liquid.
• Level Control (LC): A level controller maintains the liquid level within
the separator.

• Flow Control (FC): A flow controller regulates the flow of the conden-
sate.
• Split: The condensed overhead product is split into two streams:

– One stream is sent out as ”prod” (product).

– The other stream is recycled back to the column.

111
Bottom Product
• Split: The liquid at the bottom of the column is split into two streams:
– One stream is sent out as ”prod” (product).
– The other stream enters a sub-process:
∗ Heater (hex): The stream is heated.
∗ Level Control (LC): The liquid level in the heater is controlled.
– The heated stream is then sent out as ”prod” (product).

Additional Control
• Flow Control (FC): Three additional flow controllers are used at differ-
ent points to regulate flows within the system.
• Pressure Control (PC): A pressure controller is located near the top
of the column to maintain the pressure in the system.

Dashed Lines
• The dashed lines represent control signals, connecting the various instru-
ments (FC, LC, PC, TC) to the valves or equipment they control.

In essence, this PFD illustrates a continuous distillation process used to

separate a raw material into multiple product streams using heat, pressure, and
the principle of different boiling points. Hexane likely plays a role as a solvent
or extraction agent within the process.

56 MEG Distillation System

The image(as shown in Figure 56) presents a simplified process flow diagram
(PFD) for a distillation column, likely used for separating Monoethylene Glycol
(MEG) from a mixture containing Diethylene Glycol (DEG) and Triethylene
Glycol (TEG).

Key Components and Processes

• MEG Distillation Column: The central element of the diagram. It’s a
tall, cylindrical vessel where the separation of MEG from DEG and TEG
occurs through distillation.
• Reboiler: Located at the bottom of the column, this unit uses steam
to heat the mixture. This vaporizes the MEG, facilitating its separation
from the less volatile DEG and TEG.

112
Figure 56: Simplified PFD of a MEG Distillation System for separating MEG
from DEG and TEG

• Reflux Drum: Positioned at the top, this drum collects the condensed
MEG vapor. A portion of this condensate is returned to the top of the
column as reflux, which enhances the separation process.

• Cold Water In: Cold water is supplied to a series of heat exchangers

(likely condensers) at the top of the column, presumably to condense the
rising MEG vapors.
• Cold Water Out: The warmed cooling water exits the system after
absorbing heat from the MEG vapor.
• To Vacuum: A line connects the top of the column to a vacuum system.
Applying a vacuum lowers the boiling point of the mixture, allowing for
distillation at lower temperatures.
• Steam In: Steam enters the reboiler, providing the energy required for
heating the mixture in the distillation column.
• Steam Out: Condensate from the reboiler steam exits the system.
• MEG: Monoethylene glycol, the desired product of the distillation, is
collected from the reflux drum.

• DEG + TEG: Diethylene glycol and Triethylene glycol, the less volatile
components, are collected from the bottom of the column.
• C: A controller, likely involved in monitoring and controlling the process
parameters, is connected to the column.

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 • TT: Temperature transmitters are installed at various points on the col-
umn, providing temperature readings for process control.

Overall Process
The mixture is fed into the distillation column. Heat from the reboiler vaporizes
the MEG, which rises through the column. The cooling water in the condensers
causes some of the MEG vapor to condense and collect in the reflux drum. A
portion of this condensed MEG is returned to the top of the column, while the
rest is withdrawn as product. The less volatile DEG and TEG remain at the
bottom of the column and are removed separately.
This PFD provides a basic overview of a MEG distillation system. It high-
lights the major equipment and flows involved in the process but omits details
about specific operating conditions, flow rates, and internal components of the
column.

57 Solvent Transfer System

Figure 57: Solvent Transfer System with Level and Pressure Control

The image(as shown in Figure 57) is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

(P&ID) illustrating a solvent transfer system from Unit 1 to Unit 3 via a buffer
tank (T001). Here’s a breakdown of the elements:

Tank (T001)
• Solvent Input: Solvent enters the tank from Unit 1 through nozzle N1.
The flow is regulated by a control valve (01-100-PE-N), which can adjust
the flow rate between 1% and 100%.
• Solvent Output: Solvent exits the tank through nozzle N3 and flows
towards Unit 3. The flow is controlled by a pump (P001) and a control
valve (02-100-PE-N) that operates similarly to the input valve.

114
 • Level Control: The tank’s liquid level is monitored by a level transmitter
(L0012) tagged with ’AL,’ indicating an alarm will trigger if the level falls
too low.
• High-Level Alarm: A separate high-level switch (L0011) tagged ’SH’
(Signal High) is also present, triggering an alarm if the level becomes too
high.
• Nozzles: Additional nozzles are depicted: N2, N4, N5, and N6. Their
exact purpose is not specified but likely serve functions like venting, drain-
ing, or instrumentation connections.
• Manway (M1): This allows for physical access to the tank’s interior,
presumably for inspection or maintenance.

Pump (P001)
• Centrifugal Pump: The pump (P001) is represented by a circle with
vanes, indicating it’s likely a centrifugal type.
• Motor (M): The pump is driven by a motor, signified by the ’M’ symbol.
• Check Valves: Two check valves (100/50) are installed on the pump’s
suction and discharge sides. These valves prevent backflow and ensure
solvent moves in the intended direction.

Pressure Control
• Pressure Action (PA): A pressure relief valve (PA) set at 6 barg is
connected to the tank. It automatically opens if the pressure exceeds 6
barg, venting the excess pressure to maintain safe operating conditions.
• Pressure Indicator (PI): A pressure indicator (PI0013) is positioned
downstream of the relief valve. This instrument provides a visual indica-
tion of the pressure in the system.

Control System
• Discrete (D): A ’D’ tag on a dashed line connecting the pressure indica-
tor to the high-level switch suggests a discrete control signal or interlock.
This could mean that a high-pressure reading combined with a high level
might trigger a specific control action or shutdown.

Overall
The P&ID showcases a system designed for safe and controlled transfer of sol-
vent between processing units. The diagram highlights various instruments and
control mechanisms that ensure the tank operates within safe pressure and level
limits.

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58 Cryogenic Oxygen Production Process

Figure 58: Cryogenic Oxygen Production Process Flow Diagram

The image(as shown in Figure 58) depicts a detailed process flow diagram,
likely for a cryogenic or industrial gas separation system. Here’s a breakdown
of the components and flow:

Central Components
• RHX: The central, rectangular component labeled ”RHX” is likely the
main heat exchanger. It has a ”WARM END” and ”COLD END,” sug-
gesting it’s involved in temperature regulation or heat transfer within the
system.
• TURBINE: Adjacent to the RHX, a component labeled ”TURBINE”
suggests the presence of an expansion turbine, commonly used to extract
energy from the system, potentially driving other processes.
• HPC & LPC: These labels likely represent ”High-Pressure Compressor”
and ”Low-Pressure Compressor.” Compressors are essential for pressuriz-
ing the gas within the system.

Process Lines
• Thick Solid Lines: These represent the primary flow path for the process
fluid. They connect the various components, indicating the direction of
flow.

116
 • Thin Solid Lines: These are likely control lines for instrumentation or
auxiliary fluids.
• Dashed Lines: These often denote signal lines for transmitting data from
sensors or controllers.

Symbols
• Circles: Circles containing letters represent various types of instruments,
likely sensors and controllers:

– FT: Flow Transmitter – Measures flow rate in the pipeline

– FE: Flow Element – A component of the flow measurement system
– AT: Temperature Transmitter – Measures temperature
– AE: Temperature Element – A component of the temperature mea-
surement system
– PT: Pressure Transmitter – Measures pressure
– PIC: Pressure Indicator Controller – Controls pressure
• Valves: Valves are used to regulate flow within the system. Different
types of valves may be present:

– Globe Valves: The valves with the spherical top are likely globe valves
for flow control.
– Check Valves: Valves with an arrow inside indicate flow direction,
likely check valves preventing backflow.

Other Components
• VAPORIZATION: A box labeled ”VAPORIZATION” suggests a sec-
tion dedicated to changing the state of the process fluid from liquid to
gas.

• LOX STORAGE: This box likely represents a storage tank for liquid
oxygen (LOX), which may be used in the process or produced as an output.
• Waste N2: A line labeled ”WASTE N2” indicates that nitrogen gas is a
byproduct of the process and is vented.
• O2 PURITY: The presence of this label suggests that oxygen is either
a key component of the process or a desired product, and its purity is
monitored.

117
Overall Interpretation
This diagram illustrates a complex system involving temperature manipulation,
pressure changes, and potentially chemical separation. The presence of a turbine
suggests energy recovery, and the various instruments and control lines point
to a highly automated process. The exact purpose of the system would depend
on the specific fluids and the overall context. It could be related to oxygen
production, liquefaction of gases, or another cryogenic process.

59 Multiple Hearth Sludge Incineration System

Figure 59: Multiple Hearth Sludge Incineration System Schematic

The image(as shown in Figure 59) depicts a schematic diagram for a sludge
incineration process, specifically focusing on a multiple hearth furnace. Here’s
a breakdown of the key elements and flow:

Sludge Handling & Feeding

• Sludge: The raw sludge, possibly from wastewater treatment, enters the
system from the top left. It passes through a vacuum filter to remove
excess water, optimizing combustion.
• Feed Conveyor: The dewatered sludge is transported by a conveyor into
the top of the furnace.

• WT: A weight indicator (WT) likely monitors the amount of sludge being
fed.

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Multiple Hearth Furnace
• Furnace: The central, tall structure represents the multiple hearth fur-
nace. It is numbered 1 through 7, indicating the different levels or hearths
within the furnace.
• Rabble Arms: Each hearth has rotating arms called ”rabble arms,”
depicted by the lines extending into the furnace. These arms stir the
sludge, promoting even heating and combustion.
• Drive: At the bottom of the furnace, a mechanism labeled ”Rabble Arm
Drive” powers the rotation of these arms.

Combustion & Air Supply

• Sludge Combustion Air Fans: Located at the bottom left, these fans
provide the air required for burning the sludge.
• Burner Combustion Air Fans: At the bottom right, these fans sup-
ply air for a separate burner, likely used for preheating the furnace or
maintaining temperature.
• Odorous Air: A separate air intake for ”odorous air” suggests that po-
tentially smelly off-gases from the process are captured and directed into
the furnace for combustion.

Ash Handling
• Ash: As the sludge burns, it leaves behind ash. The ash falls to the
bottom hearth (7) and is then directed to an ”Ash Slurry Tank.”
• Ash Pumps: Pumps move the ash slurry out of the tank to its final
disposal point, likely an ”Ash Lagoon.”

Instrumentation & Control

• Temperature (TT): Numerous circular symbols labeled ”TT” indicate
temperature sensors throughout the furnace, providing data for process
control.
• Other Sensors: Other symbols represent various instruments:
– ZI: Level indicators
– WI: Weight indicators
– SP: Set point controllers
– FIC: Flow indicators/controllers
– LSH, LSM, LSL: Level sensors (high, medium, low) in the ash slurry
tank

119
 • Pressure Control: The system has pressure sensors and a connection to
a ”Pressure Controller,” regulating overall pressure within the furnace.
• Off-gas Handling: Off-gases from the combustion process are routed
through ductwork (top right) labeled ”To Off Gas Handling.”

Overall Process
The diagram illustrates a carefully controlled process: Sludge is fed into the top
of the furnace, dried, and then burned in the presence of controlled airflow. The
resulting ash is collected and pumped away, while the exhaust gases are treated
separately. Sensors throughout the system monitor key parameters, allowing for
adjustments to maintain efficient and environmentally responsible operation.

60 Gas Compression and Separation System

Figure 60: Process Flow Diagram of a Gas Compression and Separation System
with Anti-Surge Protection

The image(as shown in Figure 60) is a Process Flow Diagram (PFD), illus-
trating the major equipment and flow paths of a gas compression and treatment
system. Let’s break down the key components:

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Gas Source and Initial Treatment
• Leftmost Vessel (Labeled ’1’): Likely the source of the gas, possibly
a separator or storage tank.
• XM 402/412: Measurement points for monitoring parameters such as
pressure, temperature, or flow.
• FR: Flow Recorder, measuring the gas flow rate.
• PT: Pressure Transmitter, measuring gas pressure at various points.

Compressor Section
• U-KB401: Primary gas compressor.
• To 2nd Off Gas Compressor U-KB401: Secondary compressor for
further gas compression.

• Master Load Sharing Controller in U-KB401: Control system for

optimizing load distribution between compressors.
• M: Motor driving the compressor.
• PC: Pressure Controller.

Separator Vessels
• U-D8401: Separator vessel to remove liquids (condensate) from com-
pressed gas.

• U-D8402: Another separator, potentially at a different pressure stage.

• LC, LD, DP: Level Controller, Level Detector, and Differential Pressure
Transmitter on separators.

Anti-Surge Protection
• Anti-Surge Labels: Anti-surge control loops to prevent damaging com-
pressor instability.
• AS: Anti-Surge Valve, adjusting flow to prevent surge.

Other Components
• HC: Hand Control Valves for manual operation.
• To U-KB401 Suc. Throttle: Suction throttle valve controlling gas flow
into the compressor.

121
 • To U-C8100/U-C8200/U-C8300: Connections to other units or con-
sumers of compressed gas.
• U-A8400 (Note 1): Likely a heat exchanger or cooler for cooling the
compressed gas.

• NF: Normal Flow direction indicators.

• CD: Condensate Drain from separator U-D8401.

Overall Process
The diagram illustrates a system where gas is compressed, treated to remove
condensate, and potentially cooled before being sent to other units. Anti-surge
protection and load-sharing control ensure safe and efficient operation.

122