Rectifiers

RECTIFIERS
Introduction
In this chapter, we investigate more on studying the basic rectifiers seen in a
previous chapter. We will study more their concepts and topologies. The objectives
of this course are: to understand the basic types of rectifiers, how do they operate,
and the effects of the load on their operating modes. The course studies single and
three-phase AC-DC converters (Rectifiers).
The rectifiers usually draw highly non sinusoidal current from electric utility
supply, leading to mediocre power factor and so poor efficiency. But, this course
does not investigate on methods for improving power factors.
Important requirements:
The following entities are knowledge requirements for this course:
 Effective RMS value of AC component:
 Output DC power: PDC = VDC . IDC
 Output AC power: PAC = VAC . IAC
 Efficiency:
 Form Factor:
 Ripple Factor:
 Transformer Utilization Factor: Where:
Vs: RMS of transformer secondary voltage

Is: RMS of transformer secondary current (same as the output current)
 Displacement factor: where:
(Displacement angle) is the angle between the fundamental components of
voltage and current.
 Harmonic Factor or Total Harmonic Distortion of the input current:
Where:
Is: the RMS value of the input current
Is1 is the RMS value of fundamental component of the input current
 Input power factor:
 Crest factor of input current:
Notes:
 If Is is purely sinusoidal, Is1 = Is and PF = DF.
DF becomes the impedance angle Ф= tang-1 (ωL/R) for an RL load.
 An ideal rectifier should have:
, VAC = 0, RF = 0, TUF = 1, HF = THD =0, and DF = 1.
Types of loads:
 The load can be one of the following types:
 Resistive (R): L = 0 and E=0
 Inductive-resistive (RL): E=0, R low and L medium
 Inductive voltage sink (RLE): L medium, R and E low. i.e: DC motors,
HVDC bus and battery charging circuit
 Current sink (RLE): L high, R and E low. i.e: DC motors, heavy magnetic
pick ups and relays
 Capacitive-resistive: (RC): L =0
 Voltage sink: C high, R low and L=0. Ie: DC power supplies
1. Single-phase Half-wave Rectifier
1.1. Non-controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier:
Resistive load:
Inductive load:
Capacitive load:
1.2. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier:
=
2. Single-phase Full-wave Rectifier
The single-phase full wave rectifier can be realized with two diodes or four diodes
(bridge). Here, we deal with non-controlled rectifiers, that’s why components are
diodes. For controlled rectifiers, they will changed to thyristors.
2.1. Center-tapped transformer
2.2. Bridge rectifier
FF = 1.11
RF = 48.2 %
2.3. Single-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier
For a highly inductive load, the current (Ia) across this load is taken constant.
3. Three-phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier
VoDC = Vavg =
4. Three-phase Bridge Rectifier
4.1. Uncontrolled three-phase Full-wave Rectifier:
R load:
VoDC = Vavg = =
R-L-E load:
R- C load:
4.2. Three-phase Controlled Full-wave Rectifier
Conclusion
 This chapter has described the techniques of conversion and control from
AC to DC.
 DC voltage from an AC-DC converter can be controlled by the control of
firing angle α
 The single-phase rectifier has high output voltage ripple, and low ripple
frequency.
 The previous limitations of the single-phase rectifier can be overcome by
using polyphase input sources (i.e: three-phase).
 A multi-phase AC-DC converter gives high ripple frequency and thus the
filter requirements in the output circuit are less constraining.
 Single-phase rectifiers are used in low medium applications. High power
applications use three-phase converters
 The presence of line (source side) inductance introduces the commutation
angle constraints and gives rise to an equivalent output resistance
 This resistance is responsible for output voltage drop at a higher load current
 On the input side, it also causes line notching
 The half-wave rectifier has less power switches but requires higher
component stresses
 The full-wave topology has more power switches but it is capable of
handling power with minimum component stresses
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RECTIFIERS

Vs: RMS of transformer secondary voltage

2.2. Bridge rectifier

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