TS en 13084 1

TÜRK STANDARDI
TURKISH STANDARD
TS EN 13084-1
Temmuz 2007
ICS 91.060.40
ENDÜSTRİYEL BACALAR-SERBEST DURAN-BÖLÜM 1:

GENEL ÖZELLİKLER
Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements
TÜRK STANDARDLARI ENSTİTÜSÜ

Necatibey Caddesi No.112 Bakanlıklar/ANKARA
TÜRK STANDARDLARININ TELiF HAKKI TSE'YE AiTTiR. STANDARDIN BU NÜSHASININ KULLANIM iZNi TSE TARAFINDAN
iSTANBUL TEKNiK ÜNiVERSiTESi'A VERiLMiSTiR. BASILMA TARiHi: 02.12.2015
TSE'DEN iZiN ALINMADAN STANDARDIN BiR BÖLÜMÜ/TAMAMI iLTiBAS EDiLEMEZ, ÇOGALTILAMAZ.
TÜRK STANDARDI
Ön söz
– Bu standard, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü tarafından ilgili Avrupa standardı esas alınarak Türk Standardı
olarak kabul edilmiştir.
TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13084-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2007
ICS 91.060.40 Supersedes EN 13084-1:2000
English Version
Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements
Cheminées autoportantes - Partie 1 : Exigences générales Freistehende Schornsteine - Teil 1: Allgemeine

Anforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 December 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13084-1:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Contents Page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6
4 Performance requirements; general design .......................................................................................8
4.1 Materials .................................................................................................................................................8
4.2 Flue gas considerations........................................................................................................................8
4.2.1 General....................................................................................................................................................8
4.2.2 Design parameters.................................................................................................................................8
4.2.3 Heat flow calculations ...........................................................................................................................9
4.2.4 Flow calculations .................................................................................................................................11
4.2.5 Chemical attack....................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Environmental aspects .......................................................................................................................13
4.3.1 Noise .....................................................................................................................................................13
4.3.2 Temperature .........................................................................................................................................13
4.3.3 Protection against falling ice..............................................................................................................14
4.3.4 Gas tightness .......................................................................................................................................14
4.4 Insulation ..............................................................................................................................................14
4.5 Ventilation.............................................................................................................................................15
4.6 Protective coatings..............................................................................................................................15
4.7 Foundation ...........................................................................................................................................15
4.8 Accessories..........................................................................................................................................15
4.8.1 Access ..................................................................................................................................................15
4.8.2 Lightning protection ............................................................................................................................16
4.8.3 Aircraft warning system ......................................................................................................................16
4.8.4 Additional accessories........................................................................................................................17
5 Performance requirements: Structural design .................................................................................17
5.1 Basic design principles.......................................................................................................................17
5.2 Actions..................................................................................................................................................18
5.2.1 General..................................................................................................................................................18
5.2.2 Permanent actions...............................................................................................................................18
5.2.3 Variable actions ...................................................................................................................................18
5.2.4 Accidental actions ...............................................................................................................................20
5.3 Imperfections .......................................................................................................................................21
5.4 Foundation ...........................................................................................................................................21
5.5 Liner ......................................................................................................................................................21
6 Site activities ........................................................................................................................................21
7 Inspection and maintenance ..............................................................................................................22
8 Instrumentation....................................................................................................................................22
Annex A (normative) Gas flow calculation....................................................................................................23
A.1 Principal features of the method of calculation .................................................................................23
A.2 Parameters related to construction type ............................................................................................23
A.2.1 Roughness ...........................................................................................................................................23
A.2.2 Thermal resistance ..............................................................................................................................23
A.3 Basic values for the calculation .........................................................................................................24
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
A.3.1 Air temperature....................................................................................................................................24

A.3.2 Outside air pressure............................................................................................................................24
A.3.3 Flue gas ................................................................................................................................................24
A.3.4 Gas constant ........................................................................................................................................25
A.3.5 Density of outside air ..........................................................................................................................26
A.3.6 Specific heat capacity .........................................................................................................................26
A.3.7 Correction factor for temperature.......................................................................................................26
A.3.8 Flow safety coefficient ........................................................................................................................26
A.4 Determination of temperatures ..........................................................................................................27
A.4.1 Flue gas temperatures ........................................................................................................................27
A.4.2 Coefficient of cooling..........................................................................................................................27
A.4.3 Heat transmission coefficient ............................................................................................................27
A.4.4 Internal heat transfer coefficient........................................................................................................28
A.5 Density of flue gas...............................................................................................................................29
A.6 Flue gas velocity..................................................................................................................................29
A.7 Pressure at entry of flue gas into chimney ........................................................................................30
A.7.1 Calculation of pressure.......................................................................................................................30
A.7.2 Theoretical draught available due to chimney effect ........................................................................30
A.7.3 Pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube.............................................................................30
A.7.4 Flue friction coefficient ........................................................................................................................31
A.7.5 Individual resistance coefficient .........................................................................................................31
A.7.6 Change in pressure due to change of velocity ..................................................................................31
A.7.7 Pressure caused by sudden interruption of the flue gas stream (Implosion) .................................31
A.8 Minimum velocity .................................................................................................................................32
Annex B (informative) Site activities .............................................................................................................37
B.1 Execution..............................................................................................................................................37
B.2 Programming and coordination of works .........................................................................................37
B.3 Site safety.............................................................................................................................................37
B.4 Local conditions ..................................................................................................................................38
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................39
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Foreword
This document (EN 13084-1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 297 “Free- standing
industrial chimneys”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by August 2007.
This document supersedes EN 13084-1:2000
This document is part 1 of a package of standards as listed below.
 EN 13084-1, Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements
 EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys - Part 2: Concrete chimneys
 EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution
 EN 13084-5, Free-standing chimneys - Part 5: Material for brick liners - Product specifications
 EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys - Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution
 EN 13084-7, Free-standing chimneys – Part 7: Product specifications of cylindrical steel fabrications for
use in single wall steel chimneys and steel liners
 EN 13084-8, Free-standing chimneys – Part 8: Design and execution of mast construction with satellite
components
Additionally applies:
 EN 1993-3-2, Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures – Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys –
Chimneys
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard deals with the general requirements and the basic performance criteria for the design
and construction of all types of free-standing chimneys including their liners. A chimney may also be considered
as free-standing, if it is guyed or laterally supported or if it stands on another structure.
Chimneys attached to buildings have to be structurally designed as free-standing chimneys in accordance with
this European Standard when at least one of the following criteria is met:
 the distance between the lateral supports is more than 4 m;
 the free-standing height above the uppermost structural attachment is more than 3 m;
 the free-standing height above the uppermost structural attachment for chimneys with rectangular cross
section is more than five times the smallest external dimension;
 the horizontal distance between the building and the outer surface of the chimney is more than 1 m.
Chimneys attached to free-standing masts are considered as free-standing chimneys.
The structural design of free-standing chimneys takes into account operational conditions and other actions to
verify mechanical resistance and stability and safety in use. Detailed requirements relating to specialized
designs are given in the standards for concrete chimneys, steel chimneys and liners.
NOTE In other parts of the series EN 13084 rules will be given where chimney products in accordance with EN 1443
(and the relating product standards) may be used in free-standing chimneys.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels
EN 1418, Welding personnel - Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld
setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials
EN 1443, Chimneys - General requirements
EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys – Part 2: Concrete chimneys
EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys – Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution
EN 13084-5, Free-standing chimneys – Part 5: Materials for brick liners - Product specifications
EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys – Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution
EN 13084-7, Free-standing chimneys – Part 7: Product specifications of cylindrical steel fabrications for use in
single wall steel chimneys and steel liners
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
EN 13084-8, Free-standing chimneys – Part 8: Design and execution of mast construction with satellite
components
EN 1990, Eurocode – Basis of structural design
EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings
EN 1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
EN 1993-3-2, Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys - Chimneys
EN 1998-6, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys
EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality
requirements (ISO 3834-2:2005)
EN ISO 14731, Welding co-ordination - Tasks and responsibilities (ISO 14731:2006)
EN ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules
(ISO 15607:2003)
EN ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding
procedure specification - Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1:2004)
EN ISO 15610, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification
based on tested welding consumables (ISO 15610:2003)
based on previous welding experience (ISO 15611:2003)
EN ISO 15612, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification by
adoption of a standard welding procedure (ISO 15612:2004)
based on pre-production welding test (ISO 15613:2004)
procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys (ISO 15614-
1:2004)
procedure test - Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys (ISO 15614-2:2005)
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
windshield
structural shell designed for load bearing purposes and to protect the flue from wind actions
NOTE It may also function as a flue.
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
3.2
lining system
total system, if any, which separates the flue gases from the windshield. This comprises a liner and its supports,
the space between liner and windshield and insulation, where existing
3.3
liner
structural membrane of the lining system
3.4
accessible space
space between windshield and liner that is designed for entry by personnel
3.5
spoiler
device attached to the surface of a chimney with the objective of reducing cross wind response
3.6
protective cap
cap at the top of the chimney which covers the space between windshield and liner
3.7
climbing sockets
threaded sockets inserted in the concrete windshield to enable climbing dogs to be attached to the surface
3.8
down draught
negative pressure on the lee-side of the chimney top, which can cause the flue gases to be drawn down
3.9
guyed chimney
chimney, the stability of which is ensured by guy ropes
3.10
intransient heat flow
flow of heat, where the temperature of each point does not change with time
3.11
transient heat flow
flow of heat, where the temperature changes with time
3.12
positive pressure
pressure inside the liner which is greater than the pressure outside the liner
3.13
negative pressure
pressure inside the liner which is lower than the pressure outside the liner
3.14
flue gas
gaseous products of combustion or other processes, including air, which may comprise of solids or liquids
3.15
concrete chimney
chimney, the windshield of which is made of concrete
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
3.16
steel chimney
chimney, the windshield of which is made of steel
4 Performance requirements; general design
4.1 Materials
Materials shall conform to the appropriate CEN or ISO standards. Where no such standards exist, other
materials may be used if their properties are well defined and their suitability has been proven. This proof shall
take account of the mechanical, thermal and chemical loads.
For concrete and steel chimneys as well as for liners see EN 13084-2, EN 13084-4, EN 13084-5, EN 13084-6,
EN 13084-7, EN 13084-8 and EN 1993-3-2.
4.2 Flue gas considerations
4.2.1 General
Thermal and flow calculations shall be carried out to ensure that the flue gases will be conveyed from the
combustion appliance to atmosphere taking into account the effects of the flue gases on the environment and
the safety in use. However, the effect of the flue gases concerning the pollution with gaseous and particle
components is not the subject matter of this standard.
To carry out these calculations, design parameters as stated in 4.2.2 are required. These also apply to the
assessment of chemical attack on those structural elements which are in contact with flue gases.
4.2.2 Design parameters
The following design parameters shall take into account the various operating conditions during normal and
defined abnormal operations:
a) nature of chimney operation, whether continuous, intermittent or occasional;
b) planned frequency of shut-downs for internal inspection and maintenance;
c) composition of the flue gases and concentrations of chemicals in the flue gases deleterious for the
chimney;
d) concentration of dust and particularly of abrasive dust in the flue gas;
e) mass flow of each flue gas stream;
f) flue gas temperature at entry of each flue gas duct into chimney;
g) range of maximum acid dew point temperatures of the flue gases;
h) admissible or required pressure at entry of flue gas ducts into chimney;
i) altitude of the site and any special local topographic features (e.g. nearby hills, cliffs);
j) maximum, average and minimum outside temperature;
k) maximum, average and minimum atmospheric pressure;
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
l) maximum, average and minimum humidity of the ambient air;
m) relevant design parameters used for appliances (for example boiler) to which the chimney is connected.
4.2.3 Heat flow calculations
Temperatures in the flue gas carrying tube, in thermal insulating layers and in the windshield shall be
determined. The drop in the temperature of the flue gases as they pass up to the outlet shall be calculated.
Values for thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient may be taken from Table 1 and Table 2
respectively. Values for materials not included in these tables or values differing from these, may be taken if
their source is referenced.
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Table 1 — Thermal conductivities for building materials

Thermal
Bulk density Temperature
conductivity
Material Description ρ T
3 λ
kg/m °C
W/(m⋅K)
Concrete 2400 2,1
1000 0,47
1200 0,59
1400 0,72
Lightweight concrete
1600 0,87
1800 0,99
2000 1,20
1800 0,81
Brickwork 2000 0,96
2200 1,00
Acid resistant brickwork 1,2
800 200 0,18
800 400 0,19
Brickwork of diatomaceous 800 600 0,21
clay 500 a 200 0,09
400 0,10
500 a 600 0,11
500 a
20 0,05
Cellular glass 130 200 0,09
300 0,12
50 0,038
100 0,045
150 0,053
200 0,064
90 250 0,076
300 0,090
400 0,122
500 0,168
Mineral wool 600 0,230
resistant up to 750 °C
50 0,039
100 0,046
150 0,053
200 0,061
125 250 0,070
300 0,080
400 0,105
500 0,140
600 0,180
Structural steel and
weather resistant structural 7850 60
steel
X5CrNi18-10 7900 15
X6CrNiTi18-10 7900 15
X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 7980 15
Stainless steel
X2CrNiMo17-12-2 7950 14
X2CrNiMo18-14-3 7980 15
X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 8000 14
NOTE Where no values for bulk density and temperature are given, the thermal conductivity λ may be
assumed as independent of these values.
a Shall only be used as insulation.
10
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
a
Table 2 — Heat transfer coefficients
Heat transfer coefficient
Zone α
2
W/(m ⋅K)
b
Inner surface of the liner 8+w
In case of accessible space between windshield and liner:
 outer surface of the liner 8
 inner surface of the windshield 8
In case of non-accessible space between windshield and liner:
 outer surface of the liner:
 temperature > 80 °C; 20
 temperature ≤ 80 °C 12
 inner surface of the windshield 8
c
Outer surface of the windshield 24
a
These values are approximate values which lead to sufficiently accurate results for flue gas carrying tubes with
an interior diameter of more than 1 m.
b
w is the mean flue gas velocity in m/s. A detailed calculation of α is given in Annex A.
c 2
For verification of the suitability of the materials as regards temperature a value α = 6 W/(m ⋅K) shall be taken.
4.2.4 Flow calculations
Flow calculations shall include calculations of pressure conditions inside the flue gas carrying tube and of flow
velocity. They have to take into account the density of the flue gases and of the ambient air as well as energy
losses, such as directional losses, losses due to friction and due to the joints.
If flue gas can permeate through the liner, for example in a brickwork liner, no positive pressure is allowed
during normal operation conditions.
NOTE The start up pressure is not a normal operating condition in accordance with this European Standard.
The calculation should be carried out in accordance with Annex A. In the case of chimneys with a height of
less than 20 m, the calculation may be carried out in accordance with EN 13384-1, provided that the
conditions given in that standard apply.
4.2.5 Chemical attack
Chemical attack of the structural elements in contact with flue gases can occur by condensation of different
flue gases to acid, for example sulphuric or hydrochloric acid polluted by chlorides or fluorides. Depending on
the nature and period of time of the attack the chemical effect is graded into:
1) low;
2) medium;
3) high;
4) very high.
The chemical attack of flue gases containing SO3 is graded according to Table 3 depending on the period
during which the temperature of the liner wall falls below the acid dew point. Periods during which the
installation is out of service are to be disregarded when determining the operating hours.
11
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
3
Table 3 applies to flue gases containing 50 mg/m of SO3. In the case of other values of SO3 concentration,
the operating hours given in Table 3 vary in inverse proportion to the SO3 content. If the SO3 content is not
known, a 2 % conversion of SO2 into SO3 may be assumed unless other values can be proven.
For other flue gases, the level of chemical attack shall be determined by other methods.
The temperature of the acid dew point of flue gases containing water vapour (H2O) and sulphur trioxide (SO3)
can be taken from Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Temperature of the acid dew point, TADP, of flue gases containing water vapour (H2O) and
sulphur trioxide (SO3)
3
Table 3 — Chemical attack due to flue gases containing 50 mg/m of SO3
a
Operating hours per year
Degree of Parts of the chimney protected by
Liner face in contact with flue gas
chemical attack the liner
TADP > 150 °C TADP ≤ 150 °C TADP > 150 °C TADP ≤ 150 °C
Low < 10 < 30 < 50 < 150
Medium 10 to 50 30 to 150 50 to 250 150 to 750
b
High 50 to 1 000 150 to 3 000 250 to 5 000 750 to 15 000
b
Very high > 1 000 > 3 000 > 5 000 > 15 000
a
During which the temperature of the attacked component is below the acid dew point of the flue gases
which are in contact with that component.
b rd
Only for interpolation purposes (see 3 paragraph of 4.2.5), however, in no case more than 8760 h
(1 year).
12
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
The presence of chlorides or fluorides in the flue gas condensate can radically increase corrosion rates.
Estimation of the corrosion rate in these circumstances depends upon a number of complex factors and
would require the advice of a corrosion expert in each individual case.
In the absence of such advice,

 the degree of chemical attack may be considered as "low", if the temperature of chimney components in
contact with flue gas is below acid dew point for periods of less than 25 h per year and the
3 3
concentrations of HCl ≤ 30 mg/m and HF ≤ 5 mg/m ;
 the degree of chemical attack shall be considered as "very high", regardless of temperature and
exposure time, if halogen concentrations at 20 °C and 1 bar pressure exceed the following limits:
3
 hydrogen fluoride: 300 mg/m ;
3
 elementary chlorine: 1300 mg/m ;
3
 hydrogen chloride: 1300 mg/m .
Condensing flue gas conditions occurring longer than 10 h per year downstream of a flue gas
desulphurization system shall be classified as causing "very high" chemical attack.
While a chimney may generally be at a temperature above acid dew point, care shall be taken to prevent
small areas being subjected to local cooling and therefore being at risk of localised acid corrosion. Local
cooling may be due to
 air leaks;
 fin cooling of flanges, spoilers or other attachments;
 support points;
 down draught effects at the top of the chimney.
Chemical attack can also occur if, for example, dry flue gases become moist at the chimney top as a result of
atmospheric influences and affect the inside or outside of the chimney or if the flue gases passing up towards
the top or during start-up of the installation cool down to such an extent that condensation occurs.
4.3 Environmental aspects
4.3.1 Noise
The noise produced from the chimney shall not exceed permissible noise levels. Under normal conditions this
requirement is met if the velocity of the flue gases at the chimney top is less than 25 m/s. In exceptional
cases, for example if the flue gas fan is situated in the chimney, or if the velocity is more than 25 m/s, it has to
be proven that the permissible noise level is met.
4.3.2 Temperature
The temperature of the outer surfaces of chimney areas that can be contacted by people, due to the
temperature of the flue gases and based on ambient temperature values taken from official data, shall meet
one of the following conditions:
a) temperature shall not exceed 50 °C,
b) temperature increase shall not exceed 10 K.
If this requirement is not met a protective device shall be installed to prevent unintentional contact with the
chimney wall.
The maximum temperature of adjacent combustible materials shall not exceed 85 °C when related to an
ambient temperature of 20 °C. The distance between the outer surface of the chimney and the combustible
material shall be chosen accordingly.
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
The temperature of the air within an accessible space between windshield and liner shall meet one of the
following conditions:
a) temperature of the air shall not exceed 40 °C;
b) temperature increase due to the temperature of the flue gases shall not exceed 10 K.
4.3.3 Protection against falling ice
If the possibility cannot be excluded, that ice can form at the chimney or at parts of the chimney, provision
shall be made that no damage can be caused by falling ice. This can be achieved for example by protective
devices or by heating equipment.
4.3.4 Gas tightness
Chimneys with positive pressure in normal operating conditions shall be gastight and shall be conform to the
specifications on gas tightness given in EN 1443.
4.4 Insulation
A valid insulation system has the following purpose:
a) it reduces the thermal gradient and, therefore, the thermal stress in the liner material.
b) it reduces the heat loss of the flue gases as they flow upwards, within the flue gas carrying tube. This has
the following advantages:
 it reduces the temperature drop of the flue gases as they progress up the chimney. This is important in
the case of flue gases whose entry temperatures are close to acid dew point, where cooling could result
in acid deposition or smutting.
 it increases the available thermal lift.
c) it reduces the thermal gradient and thermal stress in the windshield.
In selecting the insulation system, the following characteristics shall be taken into account:
i) its structural stability, long term. It is important that the insulation material does not sag, exposing
uninsulated surfaces;
ii) its thermal conductivity;
iii) its performance and integrity at the temperatures it will be subjected to in service;
iv) the acid resistance and moisture absorption of the insulating material and its supports. This is important in
brickwork liners, as limited quantities of flue gas can permeate through the liner, condensing as they pass to
the cool side of the insulation;
v) its accessibility.
The thermal insulating material shall be incombustible.
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
4.5 Ventilation
It may be useful to provide a ventilated air space between liner and windshield. The purposes of this air
space are:
 to help eliminate flue gases which may have leaked through the liner due to diffusion or to positive
pressure conditions;
 to reduce the partial vapour pressure of the sulphur oxides of any flue gas that may have leaked through
the liner, thereby reducing its acid dew point and minimizing deposition of acid on vulnerable surfaces;
 to allow access for maintenance and inspection into an air space large enough for this purpose.
The ventilation shall be operative at all times. Where an accessible space is provided, its efficacy shall be
verified by thermal and flow calculations.
A clear path shall be provided for vertical passage of the air through the total or sectional height of the air
space. This requires provision of adequately sized openings through corbels or slabs supporting sectional
liners or in the windshield respectively.
4.6 Protective coatings
Generally, chimneys have to be protected against corrosion or chemical attack by means of protective
coatings. A distinction shall be made between attack by the flue gases and attack by environmental
conditions.
Attack by the flue gases happens at
 the interior surface of the flue gas carrying tube;

 the exterior surface of the chimney and the access facilities such as ladders, platforms and their fixings
exposed to the flue gas trail;
 all exterior surfaces exposed to the flue gases of adjoining chimneys.
Bearing the intended use in mind, protective coatings shall be chemically and thermally resistant,
impermeable to liquids and adequately resistant to diffusion and to ageing.
4.7 Foundation
The foundation shall be protected against thermal and chemical effects. If condensation is to be expected, the
upper surface of the foundation shall be sloped and provided with a coating which is acid-resistant and
impervious to liquids.
It may be useful to provide a space between the liner and the foundation and to design it in such a way that
this space can be entered and ventilated.
4.8 Accessories
4.8.1 Access
Chimneys of more than 5 m height above a structurally accessible level (for example a roof of an adjacent
building) shall be provided with an access system from this level to the top with the purpose of allowing
inspection and maintenance of the following particular items:
 aircraft warning lights, if any (see 4.8.3);
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
 instrumentation (thermocouples, flue gas analyzers, opacimeters, manometers, etc.), if any (see
Clause 8);
 lightning conductor system, if any (see 4.8.2);
 chimney cap.
The access system, however, shall allow the inspection of other critical items such as:
 outside of the windshield: an integrated facility to support a "sky-climber" may be useful - mainly in the
upper part of the chimney - where there will be a local heavier chemical attack and where a day-time
painting can be required (see 4.8.3);
 flue openings;
 drainage system, if any;
 dynamic vibration absorber;
 erection joint.
The access system shall be installed on the outer windshield surface in case of chimneys with non accessible
space and - preferably - on the inner windshield surface in case of chimneys with accessible space. It may
consist of permanent ladders or climbing sockets to which ladders may be attached.
In the case of tall and important chimneys the access system may be integrated with a lift (usually rack and
pinion type).
Permanent access systems inside the flue gas carrying tube are not permissible in case of chemical attack.
4.8.2 Lightning protection
Chimneys generally shall be provided with a lightning protection system, and all metallic parts of the structure
(ladders, platforms, iron caps etc.) shall be connected to the down conductors. Steel chimneys, however, can
be considered as continuous metal structures and thus can be used as their own lightning protection system.
In case of steel chimneys without continuous conductivity additional appropriate measures have to be
provided.
Lightning earth protection should consist of metal rods or strips or a combination of both.
The point at which the earth tape connects to the chimney should be accessible.
If the chimney passes into a building it may be earthed at this point by bonding it to the building's lightning
protection circuit.
Chimneys supported by guy ropes shall have the upper ends of the guy ropes bonded to the chimney and the
lower ends earthed.
A stayed chimney shall be bonded to its stays. If there will be horizontal or vertical movement between the
stay and the chimney, an expansion loop shall be provided.
In areas where high temperatures are likely to occur in the subsoil, for example in the neighbourhood of brick
kilns, the earth rods or earth strips may have to be installed at a distance from the chimney where the ground
is not likely to be dried out.
A chimney standing upon bare rock requires special consideration for its lightning protective system and
expert advice should be sought.
4.8.3 Aircraft warning system
If required by local civil or military aviation authorities, chimneys shall be provided with aircraft warning lights
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or day-time warning facilities or both. Day-time warning facilities are such as the painting of the upper part or
even of the total height. Painting, particularly for the upper part, shall guarantee an adequate chemical
protection of the structure.
In the case of chimneys with non accessible space, warning lights should be connected to the railing of
circumferential platforms; if platforms are not fitted the lights should be attached to the windshield. For
chimneys with accessible space the warning lights should be located on the outside of the windshield through
openings accessible from the internal platforms.
4.8.4 Additional accessories
It may be necessary to provide other items such as:
 telephone system;
 chemical washing system;
 cranes and hoists to lift maintenance parts and equipment;
 drainage system for rain as well as for draining possible condensate from liner(s) from the relevant levels
to the waste systems at the base;
 access and inspection openings;
 dynamic vibration absorber.
5 Performance requirements: Structural design
5.1 Basic design principles
The following basic design principles are in accordance with EN 1990. They shall also be applied analogously
to materials not covered by the respective European Standards.
Chimneys are to be designed for stability and serviceability at their final state as well during construction
phases. This includes verification of resistance and of overall stability against overturning.
Unless otherwise stated in the following clauses, reference shall be made to the relevant basic standards for
structural analysis, particularly to the respective Eurocodes.
Limit state theory shall be applied.
The limit states are classified into
 ultimate limit states;
 serviceability limit states.
At ultimate limit state the design value of the effect of actions such as internal force, moment, stress or strain,
Ed, shall not exceed the corresponding design value of the resistance, Rd.
Ed ≤ Rd
At serviceability limit state it shall be verified, that
Ed ≤ Cd
where:
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Ed is the design value of the action effect, for example displacement;
Cd is a nominal value of certain structural design properties related to the design effects of actions
considered.
The design values for actions are derived from the characteristic values of the actions specified in 5.2,
multiplied by the partial safety factor γF.
The design values of the resistances, Rd, may be derived from the characteristic values of the relevant
structural properties, as material properties or geometrical data, taking into account a partial safety factor γM.
Second order effects shall be taken into account if the increase of the relevant moments or internal forces
due to deformations calculated from first order theory exceeds 10 %.
5.2 Actions
5.2.1 General
The following actions shall be taken into account in the design of chimneys:
 permanent actions;
 variable actions:
i) imposed loads;
ii) wind actions;
iii) internal pressure;
iv) thermal effects;
 accidental actions:
v) seismic actions;
vi) explosions and implosions;
vii) impact.
5.2.2 Permanent actions
The permanent actions shall include the estimated weight of all permanent structures and elements, such as
fittings, insulation, dust loads, clinging ash, present and future coatings and other loads. Selfweight shall be
determined according to EN 1991-1-1.
A maximum and a minimum permanent action shall be determined for the calculation of stresses taking into
consideration different construction phases.
5.2.3 Variable actions
5.2.3.1 Imposed loads

2
The characteristic value of imposed loads for the design of platforms shall be taken as 2 kN/m , unless
prevailing conditions are likely to give rise to greater loads.
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
5.2.3.2 Wind actions
5.2.3.2.1 General
Wind loads act on the external surfaces of a chimney as a whole and on accessory components. Besides the
drag forces due to the gusty wind acting in general in the wind direction, forces due to vortex shedding may
cause cross vibrations of a chimney.
Other wind actions, for example due to uneven wind pressure distribution (ovalling) or interference effects
have to be taken into consideration if they are relevant.
The wind actions mentioned above are essentially dynamic. The wind actions on slender and flexible
structures such as chimneys can only be determined by dynamic calculation or by application of static
equivalent loads. Methods for the determination of these dynamic wind actions are given in EN 1991-1-4.
5.2.3.2.2 Wind loads in the direction of wind
Wind loads in the wind direction shall be determined in accordance with EN 1991-1-4 based on the basic
wind velocity, vb, of the respective site for a statistical return period of 50 years and on the factors cDIR and
cSEASON both to be assumed equal to 1,0.
Orographic influences on the wind velocity, for example for chimneys at exposed locations, such as hills or
near escarpments in otherwise relatively flat terrain, shall be taken into account.
The influence of the terrain roughness on the wind velocity shall be taken into account.
NOTE It is recommended to use only categories 0, I and II of EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 4.1.
Force coefficients cF for chimneys with cross-sections other than those given in EN 1991-1-4 may be
determined by wind-tunnel tests taking account of the variation of mean wind velocity with height and of the
turbulence as appropriate to the terrain of the site or they may be taken from relevant publications based on
such tests.
Vibration effects caused by the gusty nature of the wind shall be taken into account in accordance with EN
1991-1-4.
5.2.3.2.3 Vortex shedding
Chimneys may be subjected to vortex shedding vibrations. Methods of calculating the vibration amplitudes
are given in EN 1991-1-4.
Vortex shedding need not be considered for chimneys the Scruton number of which exceeds the value of 25
(for the determination of the Scruton number see EN 1991-1-4). This value is not applicable to chimneys
positioned in a row or a group.
5.2.3.2.4 Other wind actions
Uneven wind pressure distribution around the circumference of a circular cylinder produces bending moments
in vertical cross sections of the windshield. The design value Md of the maximum positive as well as negative
moment may be calculated according to the following formula:
2
Md = ± cM × qd(z) × d(z) (1)
where:
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
qd(z) is the design value of the velocity pressure at height z of the chimney;
d(z) is the diameter of the cross-section at height z of the chimney.
6
cM = 0,125 for Re ≤ 2 × 10
7
cM = 0,095 for Re ≥ 10 (Interim values may be interpolated)
Re is the Reynold's number in accordance with EN 1991-1-4
Due to vortex excitation, ovalling vibration of the shell, particularly near the top of the chimney, may occur.
For the calculation of these vibrations see EN 1991-1-4.
Other nearby structures may cause interference vibrations. This mainly applies to chimneys arranged in a row
or a group. Calculation methods for some arrangements are given in EN 1991-1-4. In other cases wind tunnel
tests may be needed.
5.2.3.3 Internal pressure
Negative and positive pressure shall be taken into account as actions.
5.2.3.4 Thermal effects
Thermal stresses in the liner and in the windshield due to differences in temperature between the inner and
outer surface of the respective walls shall be determined at the maximum flue gas temperature and the
lowest outside temperature to be expected at site considering a statistical return period of 50 years.
For purposes of verifying the thermal stability of building materials, the maximum outside temperature to be
expected at site considering a statistical return period of 50 years has to be assumed.
Circumferential variations in temperature due to uneven flow shall be taken into account.
Additional effects may be caused by transient heat flow.
When a chimney or chimney components are restrained from adopting a distorted shape in response to
differential expansion, resulting stresses have to be taken into account. These stresses can be high, when a
liner or a single unlined chimney carries flue gases from two or more sources at significant different
temperatures or if a single side entry source introduces flue gases at very high temperatures. In addition, the
resulting differential temperature will introduce secondary thermal stresses. Typical cases of such restraint
are to be found in certain liners as well as in laterally supported and guyed chimneys.
5.2.4 Accidental actions
5.2.4.1 Seismic actions
The determination of seismic actions shall be carried out in accordance with EN 1998-6.
NOTE Seismic actions are normally not significant for steel chimneys.
5.2.4.2 Explosions and implosions
Internal explosions can occur due to the presence of soot or explosive flue gases in the chimney. The
possibility of explosions inside the chimney has to be estimated in particular in cases where the flue gases
derive from gaseous combustibles.
The pressure caused by implosions (sudden interruption of the flue gas stream) shall be determined in
accordance with A.7.7.
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Eventual actions due to external explosions shall only be considered in special circumstances.
5.2.4.3 Impact
If actions from impact cannot be excluded, they shall be taken into account.
5.3 Imperfections
Effects resulting from inaccuracies have to be taken into consideration.
Unless detailed investigation of the effects of solar radiation and construction tolerances are made, these
effects may be taken into account together by assuming a total inclination of the axis of the chimney from the
vertical of 1/500.
In addition account shall be taken of any expected deviations of the structure from plumb resulting from
irregular settlement of the foundations or from changes in the support conditions, for example in the event of
mining subsidence.
5.4 Foundation
Under the characteristic value of the wind load the joint between foundation and ground shall not open to
more than the central axis of the foundation slab.
Temperature differences between windshield and foundation due to different exposure to atmospheric
conditions and the differential in thermal inertia shall be taken into consideration.
5.5 Liner
The liner shall be capable of expanding in both vertical and horizontal directions without any adverse effect
on windshield, support and liner. If a chimney has more than one liner, the individual liners shall be able to
expand vertically and horizontally independently.
The influence of the deformations of the liner support on the movements of the liner has to be taken into
consideration.
6 Site activities
Site construction shall be initiated only after completion of necessary written and drawn project documents,
where all the essential chimney structural and non structural components are defined.
Site works shall be carried out only by companies with competent management, experienced staff and labour,
which can demonstrate the ability to complete such works successfully.
For steel chimneys the following applies:
 The manufacturer shall be approved for compliance with the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO
14731 and EN ISO 15607. The welders shall be coded in accordance with EN 287-1 and/or EN 1418.
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
 Approved welding procedures in accordance with EN ISO 15609-1, EN ISO 15610, EN ISO 15611, EN
ISO 15612, EN ISO 15613, EN ISO 15614-1, EN ISO 15614-2 series shall be used.
 All butt welds shall be full penetration and continuous.
 All welding shall be in accordance with EN 1993-3-2.
Further information on site activities is given in Annex B.
7 Inspection and maintenance

Chimneys shall be inspected regularly by a specialist. The intervals between two inspections should preferably
be not more than two years. A written report shall contain recommendations for maintenance and repair.
8 Instrumentation
If required, chimneys shall be designed to incorporate appropriate facilities for the purpose of continuous or
intermittent installation of instruments dedicated to the environmental monitoring. Monitoring may include
 pressure conditions;
 gas flow velocity;
 gas flow temperature;
 oxygen;
 nitrogen oxide;
 sulphur oxide;
 particles in suspension.
Platforms with sufficient clearance for personnel and for access to equipment should be constructed. These
platforms should be located at a chimney height within the range of five times the diameter from the flue gas
entrance section and three times the diameter from the exhaust top section of the chimney.
The platforms should have a clear and easy vertical access, whenever possible through staircase or elevator.
Instrumentation platforms should be equipped with electrical power and lighting. Compressed air, safety
equipment or telephone would be useful.
Provision should be made for test ports with seals and covered openings to permit the installation of in-
strumentation. When continuous monitoring is required, appropriate devices should be provided to allow
transmission of the information to the control centre.
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Gas flow calculation
A.1 Principal features of the method of calculation

The gas flow calculation serves to determine the pressure conditions inside the flue gas carrying tube, from
entry of the flue gas to the top of the chimney. This necessitates the calculation of the progress of the
temperature change in the flue gas carrying tube. If the parameters vary over the length of the chimney, the
calculation should be carried out section by section.
A.2 Parameters related to construction type
A.2.1 Roughness
The mean value of roughness, r, of the surfaces of commonly used construction materials in contact with the
flue gases may be taken from Table A.3. The mean value of roughness of other construction materials shall be
verified, for example by acknowledged literature or measurements.
A.2.2 Thermal resistance
The thermal resistance of the individual layers shall be calculated taking into account the thermal conductivity of
the liner walls and windshield walls as well as the insulation. The thermal resistance of enclosed air layers is
given in Table A.5.
2
The thermal resistance, 1/Λ, in m K/W is determined approximately in accordance with Equation (A.1):
1  Dh  D h,n + 1 
 = y × ∑  × ln  
 (A.1)
Λ 
n  2 x λ n  h,n 
D
where:
y is the coefficient of form,
= 1,0 for circular and oval cross-sections
= 1,1 for square and rectangular cross-sections up to a side ratio of 1:1,5;
Dh is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m;
th
Dh,n is the hydraulic diameter related to the inside of the n layer of the wall construction, in m;
th
λn is the thermal conductivity of the material of the n layer of the wall construction at operating temperature
in W/m K, see Table 1.
The values for the thermal conductivity of the commonly used construction materials are given in Table 1.
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
A.3 Basic values for the calculation
A.3.1 Air temperature
The calculation shall be performed for the highest and lowest outside air temperatures to be expected while the
chimney is in operation.
A.3.2 Outside air pressure
The outside air pressure pL, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.2):
p L = p L 0 × e(- g × z ) / ( RL × T L )
(A.2)
where:
pL0 is the outside air pressure at sea level = 101 325 Pa at 15 °C;
2
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9,81 m/s ;
RL is the gas constant of air, in J/kg K, see Table A.1;
TL is the outside air temperature, in K;
z is the height above sea level at half chimney height, in m.
A.3.3 Flue gas
The flue gas is composed principally of the components given in Table A.1. Table A.1 contains the values
needed for further calculations.
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EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Table A.1 — Gas data

Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Water Sulfur Air, dry
Type of gas dioxide dioxide
(N2) (CO2) (O2) (H2O) (SO2)
Molar mass
M 28,0134 44,0098 31,9988 18,0153 64,0590 28,9627
kg/kmol
Molar standard volume
Vmn 22,403 22,261 22,392 22,414 21,856 22,400
3
m /kmol
Standard density
ρ 1,2504 1,9770 1,4290 0,8038 2,9310 1,2930
3
kg/m
Gas constant
R 296,66 187,63 259,58 461,50 126,56 287,10
J/(kg ⋅ K)
Dynamic viscosity
η 1,667 1,370 1,926 0,922 1,170 1,724
-5
10 Pa⋅s
Sutherland constant
102,0 270,0 126,0 641,0 462,0 -
C
Critical temperature
Tk 126,2 304,2 154,6 647,3 430,8 132,5
K
Specific heat capacity
cp 1038,7 816,5 914,8 1492,0 1740,0 1004,0
J/(kg ⋅ K)
Thermal conductivity
0,212
λ 0,024 0,015 0,024 0,033 0,024
fluid
W/(m ⋅ K)
A.3.4 Gas constant
The gas constant of the flue gas, R, is calculated from Equation (A.3):
R = ∑ X i x Ri (A.3)
where:
Xi is the content by mass of component i;
Ri is the gas constant of component i according to Table A.1.
The value R for some important fuels for scheduled operation without condensation is given in Table A.2.
Table A.2 — Gas data for various fuels
Carbon Water Gas Specific heat Water
Fuel dioxide constant capacity dew point
(CO2) (H2O) R cp TWDP
% by volume % by volume J/(kg⋅ K) J/(kg⋅ K) °C
Natural gas H 12,0 18,5 299,4 1 101 58,7
Natural gas L 11,8 18,3 299,2 1 099 58,4
Domestic heating oil EL 15,4 13,3 287,6 1 060 51,8
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
A.3.5 Density of outside air

3
The density of the outside air, ρL, in kg/m , is calculated from Equation (A.4):
pL
ρL = in kg/ m3 (A.4)
RL × T L
where:
pL is the outside air pressure, in Pa, see A.3.2;

RL is the gas constant of the air, in J/kg K, see Table A.1.
A.3.6 Specific heat capacity
The specific heat capacity, cp, of the flue gas is calculated from Equation (A.5):
cp = ∑ X i × cpi (A.5)
where:
Xi is the content by mass of component i;

cpi is the specific heat capacity of component i according to Table A.1.
The value cp for the most important fuels for scheduled operation without condensation is given in Table A.2.
A.3.7 Correction factor for temperature
The correction factor SH in Equation (A.9) serves to take into account the influence of the temperature instability
inside the flue gas carrying tube on the cooling down of the flue gases and consequently on the theoretical
draught available due to chimney effect. Both the thermal resistance of the chimney determined for intransient
operating conditions and the heat transfer coefficient on the outside surface of the chimney shall be corrected to
enable the cross section of the flue gas carrying tube to be calculated also for a transient mode of operation
which exists for example for all heating appliances with On/Off control, using the equations that apply to
intransient operating conditions.
The correction factor is dependent principally on the mode of operation of the heating appliance and the type of
construction of the chimney. Where no precise analyses are carried out, the correction factor SH for heating
appliances with On/Off controls may be taken as 0,5, with continuous operation, SH = 1,0.
A.3.8 Flow safety coefficient
The purpose of the flow safety coefficient, SE, is to cover the following unwanted irregularities in the operation
and design of the chimney:
 deviations from the assumed resistance coefficients ζ;
 deviations from the assumed excess air in the flue gases;
 secondary air entrance to flue gas in the connecting flue pipe or flue gas carrying tube;
 deviation from the specified mean roughness of the inner wall of the flue gas carrying tube;
 deviation from the specified thermal resistance of the chimney walls;
 dimensional deviations in the internal cross section of the flue gas carrying tube;
 deviations from the assumed atmospheric influences.
The flow safety coefficient, SE, shall be taken as 1,1.
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
A.4 Determination of temperatures
A.4.1 Flue gas temperatures
The mean flue gas temperature, Tm, in K, is calculated from Equation (A.6):
T e -TL
T m = TL + × (1 - e-K ) (A.6)
K
The flue gas temperature at the top of the chimney, T0, in K, is calculated from Equation (A.7):
T 0 = T L + (T e - T L ) × e
-K
(A7)
where in the Equations (A.6) and (A.7):

K is the coefficent of cooling, see A.4.2;
Te is the flue gas temperature at entry of flue gas into chimney, in K.
A.4.2 Coefficient of cooling
The coefficient of cooling, K, is calculated from Equation (A.8):

U ×k×H
K= (A.8)
m × cp
where:
U is the internal circumference of the flue gas carrying tube, in m;
2
k is the heat transmission coefficient at the actual material temperatures, in W/m K, see A.4.3;
H is the effective chimney height, in m;
m is the mass flow of flue gas, in kg/s;
cp is the specific heat capacity of flue gas, in J/kg K, see A.3.6.
A.4.3 Heat transmission coefficient

2
The heat transmission coefficient, k, in W/m K, is calculated from Equation (A.9):
1
k= (A.9)
1   1  Dh 
+ SH ×   + 
αi   Λ  Dha × α a 
where:
2
αi is the heat transfer coefficient for the inner surfaces in contact with flue gas, in W/m K, see A.4.4;
2
αa is the external heat transfer coefficient for the outer surface of the windshield, in W/m K, see Table 2;
SH is the correction factor for temperature instability, see A.3.7;
2
1/Λ is the thermal resistance, in m K/W, see A.2.2;
Dha is the hydraulic diameter related to the outer surface of the windshield, in m.
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
A.4.4 Internal heat transfer coefficient

2
The internal heat transfer coefficient, αi, in W/m K, for the inner surfaces in contact with flue gas is calculated
from Equation (A.10):
λ A × Nu
αi = (A.10)
Dh
where:
λA is the thermal conductivity of flue gas, in W/m K, see Equation (A.11);
Nu is the Nusselt number, see Equation (A.12);
Dh is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m.
The thermal conductivity of the flue gas, λ A is dependent on the mean flue gas temperature Tm and is
calculated with sufficient accuracy from Equation (A.11):
λA = 0,00455 + 0,000065 × Tm (A.11)
where:
Tm is the mean flue gas temperature in K, see Equation (A.6).
The mean Nusselt number Nu over the chimney height is calculated from Equation (A.12):
0,67
 Ψ    D 
0,67 
Nu =   × 0,0214 × ( Re0,8 - 100 ) × Pr 0,4 ×  1 +  h   (A.12)
 Ψ smooth    H  
This equation may only be used when the following conditions are met:
2 300 < Re < 10 000 000 and
 Ψ 
  < 3 as well as
 Ψ smooth 
0,6 < Pr < 1,5)
where:
ψ is the flue friction coefficient for hydraulically rough flow, see A.7.4;
ψsmooth is the flue friction coefficient for hydraulically smooth flow (r = 0), see A.7.4;
Re is the Reynolds number, see Equation (A.14);
Pr is the Prandl number, see Equation (A.13);
H is the effective chimney height, in m.
The Prandl number, Pr, is calculated from Equation (A.13):
η × cp
Pr = (A.13)
λA
The Reynolds number Re is calculated from Equation (A.14):
w m × D h × ρm
Re = (A.14)
η
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TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)

wm is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A..6;
η is the dynamic viscosity, in Pa s, see Equation (A.16);
3
ρm is the mean density of flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5;
cp is the specific heat capacity of flue gas, in J/kg K, see A.3.6;
λA is the thermal conductivity of flue gas in W/m K, see Equation (A.11).
The dynamic viscosity, ηi, in Pa s, for the individual gas i at the actual temperature is calculated from Equation
(A.15):
C
1+
T 273
ηi =η0i × × (A.15)
273 273
1+
C
where:
η0i is the dynamic viscosity at 0 °C, in Pa s;
C is the Sutherland constant, see Table A.1;
T is the actual temperature, in K.
The dynamic viscosity, η, in Pa s, for the gas mixture at actual temperature is calculated from Equation (A.16):
Y 1 × η 1 M 1 × T k1 + Y 2 × η 2 M 2 × T k2 + ... +
η= (A.16)
Y 1 × M 1 × T k1 + Y 2 × M 2 × T k2 + . . . +
where for the individual gas i:
ηi is the dynamic viscosity at actual temperature, in Pa s;
Yi is the content by volume;
Tki is the critical temperature, in K, see Table A.1;
Mi is the molar mass, in kg/kmol, see Table A.1.
A.5 Density of flue gas

3
The mean density of the flue gas, ρm, in kg/m , is calculated from Equation (A.17):
PL
ρm = (A.17)
R ×Tm
where:
PL is the outside air pressure, in Pa, see A.3.2;
R is the gas constant of the flue gas, in J/kg K, see A.3.4;
Tm is the mean flue gas temperature in K, see Equation (A.6).
A.6 Flue gas velocity

The mean flue gas velocity, wm, in m/s, is calculated from Equation (A.18):
m
wm = (A.18)
A × ρm
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EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
where:
m is the mass flow of flue gas, in kg/s;
2
A is the clear cross-section of the flue gas carrying tube, in m ;
3
ρm is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5.
A.7 Pressure at entry of flue gas into chimney
A.7.1 Calculation of pressure
The pressure at entry of the flue gas into the chimney, Pz, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.19):
Pz = -PH+PR (A.19)
where:
PH is the theoretical draught available due to chimney effect in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.2;
PR is the pressure resistance in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.3.
A.7.2 Theoretical draught available due to chimney effect
The theoretical draught available due to chimney effect, PH, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.20):
PH = H × g × (ρL-ρm) (A.20)
where:
2
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9,81 m/s ;
3
ρL is the density of outside air, in kg/m , see A.3.5;
3
ρm is the mean density of flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5.
A.7.3 Pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube
The pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube, PR, in Pa, is calculated from Equations (A.21) and (A.22):
PR = SE × PE + SEG × PG (A.21)
 H  ρm
PE =  Ψ ×
 Dh
+ ∑ζ
n
n
 × 2
 2 wm

(A.22)

PE is the pressure resistance due to friction and form resistance of the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa;
PG is the difference in pressure due to change of velocity in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.6;
SE is the flow safety coefficient, see A.3.8;
SEG is the flow safety coefficient for difference in pressure due to change of velocity;
for PG ≥ 0, SEG = SE applies
for PG < 0, SEG = 1,0 applies
ψ is the flue friction coefficient, see A.7.4;
ζn is the individual resistance coefficient, see A.7.5;
3
ρm is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5;
30
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
wm is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A.6.
A.7.4 Flue friction coefficient
The flue friction coefficient, ψ, is calculated for different roughness with sufficient accuracy from Equation (A.23).
1  2,51 r 
= - 2 × log  + × 0,269  (A.23)
ψ  
 Re × ψ D h 
where:
r is the roughness of the inner wall of the flue gas carrying tube, see Table A.3, in m;
Re is the Reynolds number, see Equation (A.14).
A.7.5 Individual resistance coefficient
The sum of the individual resistance coefficients of the chimney, Σζn, is dependent on the cross-sectional and
directional changes inside the flue gas carrying tube (see Table A.4). The individual resistance coefficient for the
cross-sectional extension at the top of the chimney shall not be taken into account, nor shall the change in
pressure due to a change of velocity at this point be considered.
A.7.6 Change in pressure due to change of velocity
The change in pressure due to change of velocity, PG, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.24):
ρ2 ρ1
PG = × w22 - × w12 (A.24)
2 2
where:
3
ρ1 is the density of the flue gas before the change of velocity, in kg/m ;
3
ρ2 is the density of the flue gas after the change of velocity, in kg/m ;
w1 is the velocity of the flue gas before the change of velocity, in m/s;
w2 is the velocity of the flue gas after the change of velocity, in m/s.
The mean values for the corresponding sections may be substituted for the densities and velocities before and
after a change of velocity.
A.7.7 Pressure caused by sudden interruption of the flue gas stream (Implosion)
A sudden interruption of the flue gas stream will cause negative or positive pressure. This depends on the
duration of shut down.
If the duration of shut-down is less than 1 s, the value shall be determined by Equation (A.25).
∆P0 = ρm × wm × cs in Pa (A.25)
31
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
where:
3
ρm is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5;
wm is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A.6;
cs is the velocity of sound in the flue gas, in m/s.
If the duration of shut-down exceeds 10 s, the fluctuation in pressure may be neglected.

If the duration of shut-down exceeds 1 s but is less than 10 s, a precise check shall be carried out or the value
for a duration of shut-down of less than 1 s shall be applied.
A.8 Minimum velocity

A minimum velocity of the flue gas at the chimney top should be maintained in order to ensure the applicability
of the equations given in this annex. This minimum velocity, wmin, in m/s, as given in Equation (A.26) also limits
penetration of secondary air of the top of the chimney.
AM
wmin = f g × 4 (A.26)
Ao
where:
fg is the reference value for the minimal velocity = 0,5 m/s;
2
AM is the clear cross-section of the flue gas carrying tube at the top of the chimney, in m ;
2
A0 is the reference value = 0,01 m .
Table A.3 — Mean roughness of liner materials

Roughness r a
Liner material
m
welded steel 0,001
aluminium 0,001
glass, plastic 0,001
sheet metal, rabbeted 0,002
pre-cast concrete blocks 0,002
brickwork made of bricksb 0,005
sheet metal, corrugated 0,005
a These design values only apply to clean surfaces.
b For brickwork of shaped radial bricks with a joint thickness of less than 5 mm a roughness
of 0,002 m may be assumed.
32
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Table A.4 — Individual resistance coefficient for some forms

(Interpolations between the given parameters are permissible)
Geometric
No Forms ζ-values
measurements
Ld/Dh ≥ 30 30 > Ld/Dh ≥ 2

Straight angle form
1 angle γ in °
10 0,1 0,1
30 0,2 0,3
45 0,3 0,4
60 0,5 0,7
90 1,2 1,6
2 90° arc R / Dh
0,5
0,75 1,0 1,2
1,0 0,4 0,5
1,5 0,25 0,3
2,0 0,2 0,2
0,2 0,2
3 60° arc R / Dh
0,5
0,75 0,6 0,6
1,0 0,3 0,3
1,5 0,2 0,2
2,0 0,2 0,2
0,1 0,1
33
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Table A.4 (continued)

Geometric
No Forms ζ-values
measurements
90° deflection Number of segments

a = 2⋅R⋅tan(α/2)
4 2×45° 3×30° 4×22,5°
a / Dh
1,0 0,4 0,25 0,17

1,5 0,3 0,18 0,13
2,0 0,3 0,17 0,12
3,0 0,35 0,19 0,13
5,0 0,4 0,20 0,15
Mass
flow ζ-values
5 90° branch and 45° junction ratio
γ = 90° m2 / m3 ζ2-3 ζ1-3
0,0 -0,92 0,03

A3 / A2 = 1,0 0,2 -0,38 0,20
0,4 0,10 0,35
0,6 0,53 0,47
0,8 0,89 0,56
1,0 1,20 0,62
γ = 45°
m2 / m3 ζ2-3 ζ1-3
0,0 -0,92 0,03

A3 / A2 = 1,0 0,2 -0,42 0,16
0,4 -0,04 0,17
0,6 0,22 0,06
0,8 0,35 -0,18
1,0 0,35 -0,53
34
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Table A.4 (continued)
Geometric
No Forms ζ-values
measurements
Formula for calculating the individual resistance coefficients at junctions
2 2  2  -1   -1
   m2   
ζ 2-3 = - 0,92 1 -
m2  -   1,2  A3 cos γ - 1 + 0,8 1-  A3   - 1-  A3   × A3 cos γ  +  2 -  A3   × m2 1 - m2 
  A2 
               
 m3   m3     A2     A2   A2    2 
A m3  m3 
5
2 2   -1    -1
 m   m2     m2 
ζ 1-3 = 0,03 1- 2  ×   1 + 1,62  A3 cos γ - 1 - 0,38 1-  A3    ×  2 -  A3   × m2 1 - 
     A2      A2   m3
 m3   m3    A2       m3 
A2 / A1
0,4
6 Reducer, straight form 0,6 0,33
0,8 0,25
0,15
with rounded lead-in edge
ζ=0
Reference velocity: w2
A1 / A2
7 Enlargement, straight form 0
0,2
0,4 1,0
0,6 0,7
0,8 0,4
1,0 0,2
0,1
0
35
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
Table A.4 (concluded)
Geometric
No Forms ζ-values
measurements
A2 / A1 γ = 30° γ = 60° γ = 90°

Reducer, angle form
8
0,10 0,05 0,08 0,19
0,25 0,04 0,07 0,17
0,45 0,05 0,07 0,14
1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2
Table A.5 — Thermal resistance (1/Λ)n in m K/W of enclosed layers of air
th
(n layer of the wall construction, concentric radial clearance, vertically arranged), dependent on the
thickness d of the layer of air and the surface temperature T of the heat-emitting wall
dn in m
T in °C
0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
40 0,123 0,147 0,153 0,152 0,150
100 0,087 0,101 0,101 0,100 0,099
150 0,065 0,075 0,075 0,074 0,074
200 0,050 0,055 0,055 0,055 0,054
th
NOTE The effective thermal conductivity λn of an enclosed layer of air (n layer of the wall construction), in W/m K,
is calculated with the values given above from the following equation:
Dh,n  Dh,n + 2 d n 
λn = y × ln  

 1  Dh,n 
2 
 Λ n
where:
y is the form coefficient:
= 1,0 for round and oval cross-section
= 1,1 for square and rectangular cross-section up to a side-ratio of 1 : 1,5
Dh,n is the hydraulic diameter of the inside of the layer, in m;
 1 2
  is the thermal resistance of the layer of air, in m K/W; see values given above
 Λ n
dn is the thickness of the layer of air, in m.
36
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Site activities
B.1 Execution
Works should commence only after a proper, complete and approved project is in the possession of the
responsible site personnel. Setting out of the works should be carried out and subsequently verified. The
contractor should be prepared to provide statistics relating to the major progress parameters of the works
including personnel and material means.
The characteristics of the equipment and workmanship to be used should comply with the expectations
forecast. The equipment to be used should be subject to testing and certification for the works before
commencing the site works. The personnel on site should wear safety equipment and the site areas should
be illuminated properly, particularly during the night shift operations.
Before being used, materials should be stored in such a way that they are properly protected against weather
and harmful influences and should, if necessary, be given proper curing when they have been installed.
Materials should be installed in accordance with the supplier's instructions, unless the relevant standards
specify otherwise in this respect.
During the works constant attention should be paid to the weather conditions especially wind and
temperature. Appropriate devices for controlling the chimney shape and verticality should be used.
Temporary warning lights and lightning protection should be mounted during construction of the chimney, if
necessary.
B.2 Programming and coordination of works

The works should be subject to a detailed programme containing all activities to be performed, key date to be
met for the job and reference to the different specialities and supplies, duly coordinated. The programme
should be subject to modification and updated whenever required.
B.3 Site safety

The contractor's site activities should be governed by the safety site rules which should contain references to
safety codes and standards. Especially, rules have to address:
 industrial hygiene;
 work safety including escape and rescue plans;
 fire safety;
 accident prevention.
37
EN 13084-1:2007 (E) TS EN 13084-1 : 2007-07
B.4 Local conditions

A detailed plan should be drawn showing the location of the chimney to be constructed, the site installations
for both personnel and equipment, parking lots for material storage, definition of the access routes to be used
during the works.
The plan should include precise information regarding the location of power, illumination, telecommunications,
water sewage, compressed air and other facilities and networks required to perform the site works.
38
EN: 2007-07
TS EN 13084-1 13084-1:2007 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 13384-1, Chimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 1: Chimneys serving one
appliance
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TÜRK STANDARDI

ENDÜSTRİYEL BACALAR-SERBEST DURAN-BÖLÜM 1:

Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements

TÜRK STANDARDLARI ENSTİTÜSÜ

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13084-1

ICS 91.060.40 Supersedes EN 13084-1:2000

Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements

Cheminées autoportantes - Partie 1 : Exigences générales Freistehende Schornsteine - Teil 1: Allgemeine

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 December 2006.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

A.3.1 Air temperature....................................................................................................................................24

This document supersedes EN 13084-1:2000

This document is part 1 of a package of standards as listed below.

 EN 13084-1, Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements

 EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys - Part 2: Concrete chimneys

 EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution

 EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys - Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution

 the distance between the lateral supports is more than 4 m;

Chimneys attached to free-standing masts are considered as free-standing chimneys.

EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels

EN 1443, Chimneys - General requirements

EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys – Part 2: Concrete chimneys

EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys – Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution

EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys – Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution

EN 1990, Eurocode – Basis of structural design

EN ISO 14731, Welding co-ordination - Tasks and responsibilities (ISO 14731:2006)

3 Terms and definitions

NOTE It may also function as a flue.

4 Performance requirements; general design

4.2 Flue gas considerations

4.2.2 Design parameters

a) nature of chimney operation, whether continuous, intermittent or occasional;

b) planned frequency of shut-downs for internal inspection and maintenance;

d) concentration of dust and particularly of abrasive dust in the flue gas;

e) mass flow of each flue gas stream;

g) range of maximum acid dew point temperatures of the flue gases;

h) admissible or required pressure at entry of flue gas ducts into chimney;

j) maximum, average and minimum outside temperature;

k) maximum, average and minimum atmospheric pressure;

l) maximum, average and minimum humidity of the ambient air;

4.2.3 Heat flow calculations

Table 1 — Thermal conductivities for building materials

4.2.4 Flow calculations

4.2.5 Chemical attack

In the absence of such advice,

4.3 Environmental aspects

4.3.3 Protection against falling ice

4.3.4 Gas tightness

A valid insulation system has the following purpose:

 it increases the available thermal lift.

c) it reduces the thermal gradient and thermal stress in the windshield.

ii) its thermal conductivity;

The thermal insulating material shall be incombustible.

4.6 Protective coatings

Attack by the flue gases happens at

 the interior surface of the flue gas carrying tube;

 aircraft warning lights, if any (see 4.8.3);

4.8.2 Lightning protection