CROP SCIENCE MODULE NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PLANT AJMMaceres and MMMaceres Faculty In-Charge/ Learning Facilitator
CRSC 11:PRINCIPLES OF CROP SCIENCE
1st Semester, SY 2023 - 2024 1
What is a Cell? • The basic unit of every living organism
• The smallest structure in the universe
capable of growing and reproduction.
• An autonomous living system capable of
independent existence and propagation.
• Fundamental morphological unit of plant
body.
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Types of Plant Cells Based On Structure
▪ Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus”
▪ Lacking organelles or a nucleus ▪ Cell type found in Domains Bacteria and Archaea
▪ Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus”
▪ Larger than prokaryotic cells ▪ Contain a variety of organelles, including a nucleus ▪ Cell type found only among members of Domain Eukarya
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Robert Hooke – first saw cells -
1665
Robert Hooke (1665)
An English scientist who looked at
slices of cork under a crude compound microscope and saw “a great many little boxes” that he called “cells.” First person to see cells.
“Cell” comes from the Latin word
for “little room.” CROP SCIENCE 1: AJMMACERES CROP and MMMACERES SCIENCE 1
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Early Cell Scientists
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
▪ A Dutch shopkeeper who looked at pond
water using a simple microscope and saw what he called “animalcules.”
▪ Today, we call them single-celled
organisms. CROP SCIENCE 1: AJMMACERES CROP and MMMACERES SCIENCE 1
Developers of Cell Theory
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Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made up of
cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in all organisms.
3. All cells come from cells that
already exist. CROP SCIENCE 1
A plant is a living organism and differs from
animal kingdom: ▪ has rigid cell walls promoting indefinite growth ▪ primary food producer on earth by converting light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis ▪ synthesize organic food materials are from inorganic materials obtained from soil, water, air or from other organisms ▪ Plant cells develop a large central vacuole
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Important functions are:
▪ manufacture, transport and
storage of food ▪ uptake and transport of water ▪ provision of structural strength ▪ suppression of water loss and division to attain new forms
• The plant cell wall provides definite shape, strength, and rigidity • It also provides protection against mechanical stress and physical shocks • It helps to control cell expansion due to the intake of water • It helps in preventing water loss from the cell • It is responsible for transporting substances between and across the cell • It acts as a barrier between the interior cellular components and the external environment CROP SCIENCE 1: AJMMACERES CROP and MMMACERES SCIENCE 1 14
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Three layers of cell wall
1. Primary wall (thin, not rigid, stretched as the
cell grows, layer formed before and during plant cell growth consists of a cellulose microfibril, have primary pit fields, thin areas that transversed by numerous protoplasmic strands called plasmodesmata. 2. Middle lamella (where pectin cements adjacent cells together) 3. Secondary wall (rigid, thick, formed after cell completes growth)
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CYTOPLASM
All living matter of the cell apart from the nucleus
Gel-like material of fluid in which the cell’s organelles and internal membrane system are suspended Distributes substances absorbed from outside and released by the nucleus and other organelles (through cytoplasmic streaming/cyclosis-flowing movement of cytoplasm)
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Cytoplasm consist of the following:
Plasmalemma/ plasma membrane/ cell membrane has selective permeability.
Functions: ▪ Allow some substances to cross easily and completely block substances ▪ Accumulates the ions or the molecules in the cytosol through the action of transport proteins that consume metabolic energy ▪ Coordinates the formation of cell wall microfibrils
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NUCLEUS
▪ Nucleus contain the genetic
information indispensable for the cell life and metabolic function.
▪ Function: Control the activities of the
cell by determining which protein molecules are produced and when they are produced, stores the genetic information.
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• The organizational structure of plants represent a complex system
composed of different levels which can be summarized as follows:
Organelle → Cells → Tissues → Organs →
Systems → Organism/plant → Community A cell contains the different organelles and groups of cells composed the tissues, group of tissues formed organs, group of organs comprise the system and the systems altogether make-up the plant.
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