Venturi Meters

Venturi Meters
The measurement, using a Venturi meter, of incompressible liquids flowing down a pipe
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Contents
1. Introduction 2. Measurement Of Flow. 3. Worked Examples 4. Vertical Venturi Meters. 5. Worked Example 6. Page Comments
Introduction
Venturi Meter are used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe. They consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, which fits into a normal pipe-line
Venturi Meters have the following characteristics: Theoretically They The
there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.
can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the are no moving parts.
meter or its accuracy.

There
Unfortunately
the accurate shape required of the inside of the meter
makes them relatively expensive to manufacture.
Measurement Of Flow.
For a meter with the above arrangements of manometers, the quantity flowing is given by:(1) For the proof of the above equation please click on the red button (2) Applying Bernoulli's equation at stations 1 and 2
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) (7) where
(8) (9) Which can be written as (10) In practice, because of fluid resistance, the actual velocity and consequently actual discharge is LESS than that given by the above equations. A coefficient of discharge is therefore introduced, which usually
lies between 0.96 to 0.99.
In an actual meter it is not be practical for the tubes to be taken straight up as shown, since the pressures would require the use of long tubes. A more practical arrangement is to measure the difference in pressure rather than the absolute values. This is achieved as shown in the following diagram. For the above arrangement the Quantity flowing is given by.
(11) Where the constant K is specific to a particular meter and will include an allowance for a coefficient of discharge. To see the proof of the above equation please click on the red button
(12) (13) (14) (15)
(16)
(17) For any given meter this can be written as (18)
Worked Examples
The solutions to the following examples have been hidden. They can be seen by clicking on the red button.
Example 1
A venturi meter with a 3 in. diameter throat is installed in a 6 in. pipe-line. The pressure at the entrance to the meter is gauge and it is undesirable that the pressure should at any point, fall below Assuming that absolute. for the meter is 0.96 find the maximum flow for (B.Sc. Part 1)
which it may be used. Take the specific weight of the liquid as and atmospheric pressure
To see the solution please click on the red button Applying Bernoulli to an ideal horizontal Venturi meter, i.e. one with no losses
(19)
Re-writing the equation
(20) The quantity of fluid flowing along the pipe (Q)is given by:(21)
(22) From equations (20) and (22)
(23) (24) Thus for an Ideal meter:-
(25) For the actual meter taking into account the of 0.96 (26)
Example 2
Water is discharged from a pit through a 9 in. diameter pipe 200 ft.long, at the output of which is fitted a horizontal venturi meter having a throat diameter of 6 in. and at 60 ft. below the meter. If the barometric pressure corresponds to 34 ft. of water and the absolute pressure at the meter throat is not to fall below 10 ft. of . A constant head of 70 ft. of water (gauge) is maintained at the pipe inlet, which is
water, find the maximum discharge that may be permitted. for the pipe. Under these conditions what would be the difference of level between two columns of a U-tube mercury manometer connected between the inlet and throat of the venturi meter, the connecting tubes above the mercury being full of water. The specific gravity of mercury =13.6 (B.Sc. Part 1) To see the solution please click on the red button.
Applying Bernoulli at A and B
(27) As the pipe is of constant cross section there can be no change in velocity between A and B. It can also be seen that at the Datum the Potential Energy is zero and so substituting in given values to the above equation:-
(28)
(29)
(30) The pressure at A was given 70 ft. gauge which means that it was measured above atmospheric pressure which was 34 ft. The above equation can be therefore written in absolute form as:-
(31) The head in the Venturi meter throat must not fall below 10 ft. of water absolute. As a result H,the reduction in head in the throat of the meter is given by -
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35) (36) (37)
(38)
(39)
(40) If the difference in Mercury levels is h
(41)
(42)
Example 3
The flow of water in a 9 in. pipe connecting two reservoirs is measured by means of a venturi meter situated upstream of a regulating valve, near to the entrance to the lower reservoir and 2 ft. above the level thereof. The pipe is 4000 ft. long and f=0.006. The difference in levels of the reservoirs is 50 ft. which may be assumed to be constant. for the meter is 0.97 and all the losses may be assumed to occur in the convergent portion. The loss in the valve when fully open is 5 times the velocity head. Neglect all other losses. If the pressure at the venturi throat is not to drop more than 10 ft. below atmosphere, what is the minimum throat diameter permissible. (B.Sc. Part 2) To see the solution please click on the red button.
Applying Bernoulli between the entrance and throat of the Venturi -
(43) Where is the loss of head in the convergent portion of the venturi.
(44)
(45) (46)
(47) If there was no head lost in the venturi ideal inlet velocity as :(48) From equation (47) would be zero and writing the
(49) Substituting this value for into equation (48)
(50) Combining equations (49) and (50)
(51) Substituting the above equation into equation (47)
(52)
(53) Substituting in values
(54)
(55) Let be the head lost due to pipe friction between A and B and let be the head lost in the valve. Then applying Bernoulli to the whole pipe length:-
(56)
(57) Bernoulli is now applied between the water surface of the upper reservoir and the throat of the Venturi meter.
(58)
(59)
(60) Dividing equation (60) by (57)
(61)
(62) From which
(63) Since
(64)
Vertical Venturi Meters.

All the examples above and the theory have examined horizontal meters.
The following section considers a meter mounted in the vertical. It will be found that the formulae which have already been proved are equally applicable to vertical meters.
Worked Example
The following example is of a non-horizontal meter
Example 4
A Venturi meter is connected at the main and throat sections by tubes filled with the fluid being metered by a differential mercury manometer. Prove that for any flow the reading is unaffected by the slope of the meter. If the mains diameter is in. and the throat diameter in.
calculate the flow of fuel oil in gals./hr. if its relative density relative to water is 0.8 and the difference of level of the mercury columns is 7 in. Use a direct application of Bernoulli's theorem taking the relative density of mercury to water as 13.6 and the meter coefficient as 0.96 (B.Sc. Part1) To see the solution please click on the red button
Applying Bernoulli
(71)
(72) But for a given flow and are constant
(73) Now the pressures at level XX , in the U-tube are equal and if the subscript m refers to mercury, then;-
(74)
(75) From equations (73) and (75)
(76) Now
(77)
(78) From equations (76) and (78) and substituting values
(79) From which (80)
(81) (82)

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Venturi Meters

Venturi Meters have the following characteristics: Theoretically They The

there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.

can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.

meter or its accuracy.

the accurate shape required of the inside of the meter

makes them relatively expensive to manufacture.

(6) (7) where

lies between 0.96 to 0.99.

(12) (13) (14) (15)

(17) For any given meter this can be written as (18)

Re-writing the equation

(22) From equations (20) and (22)

(23) (24) Thus for an Ideal meter:-

Applying Bernoulli at A and B

(35) (36) (37)

(40) If the difference in Mercury levels is h

Applying Bernoulli between the entrance and throat of the Venturi -

(49) Substituting this value for into equation (48)

(50) Combining equations (49) and (50)

(51) Substituting the above equation into equation (47)

(53) Substituting in values

(60) Dividing equation (60) by (57)

(62) From which

Vertical Venturi Meters.

(72) But for a given flow and are constant

(75) From equations (73) and (75)

(78) From equations (76) and (78) and substituting values

(79) From which (80)

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