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    Lesson 05

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    Shubham Yadav

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    Lesson 05

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Yadav
    3 views6 pages

    Original Title

    lesson 05

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    3 views6 pages

    Lesson 05

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Yadav

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    IP Addressing and Subnetting

    IP Address Structure

    • IPv4 Address: Consists of 32 bits, divided into four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
    • Subnet Mask: Defines the network and host portions of the IP address. Example:
    255.255.255.0 (/24).
    • CIDR Notation: Represents the subnet mask using a slash (/) followed by the number of bits
    set to 1. Example: /24.

    Subnetting

    1. Determine Subnets: Identify the number of required subnets and round up to the nearest
    power of 2.
    2. Calculate Hosts per Subnet: Use the formula 2n−22^n - 22n−2, where nnn is the number of
    host bits.
    3. Subnet Mask Calculation: Add the number of subnet bits to the network prefix. Example: If
    using a /16 network and needing 4 subnets, add 2 bits: /18.
    4. Identify Subnet IDs: Calculate using the least significant octet. Example: For a /18 subnet
    mask (255.255.192.0), the subnet IDs increment by 64: 172.30.0.0, 172.30.64.0, etc.
    5. Determine Host Ranges: Subtract 1 from the next subnet ID for the broadcast address and
    subtract 2 to find the last host address.

    Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 Addressing

    • Layer 2 (Data Link Layer):


    o MAC Address: Unique identifier for network interfaces.
    o Switching: Uses MAC addresses to forward frames within the same network
    segment.
    o Broadcast Domain: All devices in the same VLAN or switch are in the same
    broadcast domain.
    • Layer 3 (Network Layer):
    o IP Address: Logical address for routing packets between networks.
    o Routing: Uses IP addresses to forward packets between different networks.
    o Routing Table: Contains routes for forwarding packets based on destination IP
    addresses.

    ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

    • Purpose: Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses within the same subnet.


    • Process:
    o ARP Request: Broadcast message to find the MAC address associated with an IP
    address.
    o ARP Reply: The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address.

    IPv4 Address Types

    • Unicast: Single sender to a single receiver.


    • Broadcast: Single sender to all devices in a subnet (address with all host bits set to 1).
    • Multicast: Single sender to multiple interested receivers using a multicast group address.
    • Anycast: Multiple devices share the same IP address; the nearest device receives the packet.

    Private vs. Public IP Addresses

    • Private IP Ranges (RFC 1918):


    o Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
    o Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
    o Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
    • Public IP Addresses: Routable on the Internet and allocated by IANA.
    • NAT (Network Address Translation): Translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses
    for Internet access.

    Reserved and Special IP Address Ranges

    • Loopback Addresses: 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 (commonly 127.0.0.1).


    • Link Local Addresses (APIPA): 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 (used when no DHCP server is
    available).
    • Class D (Multicast): 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255.
    • Class E (Experimental): 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255.
    • Documentation Ranges: 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, 203.0.113.0/24.

    VLANs and Subnet Design

    • VLANs (Virtual LANs):


    o Purpose: Segregate broadcast domains at Layer 2.
    o Configuration: Each port on a managed switch can be assigned a VLAN ID.
    • Subnets:
    o Purpose: Logically divide a network at Layer 3.
    o Subnetting: Aligns with VLAN design to represent distinct IP subnets.
    o Example: VLAN 10 on Switch A might use subnet 10.0.1.0/24, VLAN 20 might use
    10.0.2.0/24.

    IP Addressing for IPv4

    1. Identify the Address Class: Class A, B, C based on the first octet.


    2. Default Subnet Masks:
    o Class A: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
    o Class B: 255.255.0.0 (/16)
    o Class C: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
    3. CIDR Notation: For flexible subnetting, use CIDR (e.g., 192.168.1.0/25).

    Designing an IPv4 Address Scheme

    • Considerations:
    o Number of required subnets.
    o Number of hosts per subnet.
    o Use of valid public or private ranges.
    o Avoid reserved ranges (e.g., loopback, link local).
    o Ensure unique network and host IDs.
    o Plan for future growth.
    Subnet Calculation Example

    1. Network Address: 172.30.0.0/16


    2. Required Subnets: 12 (round up to 16, requiring 4 subnet bits: /20).
    3. Subnet Mask: 255.255.240.0 (/20).
    4. Hosts per Subnet: 212−2=40942^{12} - 2 = 4094212−2=4094 hosts.
    5. First Subnet ID: 172.30.16.0/20.
    6. Host Range: 172.30.16.1 to 172.30.31.254.

    Key Terms and Concepts

    • Broadcast Domain: Network segment where a broadcast packet is forwarded to all devices.
    • Collision Domain: Network segment where data packets can collide with each other.
    • Switch: Network device that forwards frames based on MAC addresses.
    • Router: Network device that forwards packets based on IP addresses, used to connect
    different networks.
    • Default Gateway: The router's IP address that acts as an access point for traffic
    destined for other networks.
    • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): Protocol for automatically assigning
    IP addresses to devices on a network.

    2. Calculate the Subnet Mask:


    o Original network prefix: /16
    o Add subnet bits: /16 + 4 = /20
    o Subnet mask: 255.255.240.0 (/20)
    3. Calculate Hosts per Subnet:
    o Total bits for hosts in a /20 subnet: 32 - 20 = 12
    o Number of hosts per subnet: 212−2=40942^{12} - 2 = 4094212−2=4094
    (subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses)
    4. Identify Subnet IDs:
    o Increment for subnets: 212=40962^{12} = 4096212=4096 addresses per
    subnet
    o Subnet IDs (increasing by increments of 4096):
    ▪ 172.30.0.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.16.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.32.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.48.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.64.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.80.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.96.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.112.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.128.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.144.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.160.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.176.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.192.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.208.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.224.0/20
    ▪ 172.30.240.0/20
    5. Determine Host Ranges:
    o For each subnet, the first usable IP address is the subnet ID + 1, and the last
    usable IP address is the address before the next subnet ID - 1.
    o Example for the first subnet (172.30.0.0/20):
    ▪ Network address: 172.30.0.0
    ▪ First usable IP: 172.30.0.1
    ▪ Last usable IP: 172.30.15.254
    ▪ Broadcast address: 172.30.15.255

    Summary of Subnet Design

    • Network Address: 172.30.0.0/16


    • Subnet Mask: 255.255.240.0 (/20)
    • Number of Subnets: 16
    • Hosts per Subnet: 4094
    • Example Subnet:
    o Subnet ID: 172.30.0.0/20
    o Host Range: 172.30.0.1 - 172.30.15.254
    o Broadcast Address: 172.30.15.255

    Key Terms and Concepts (Continued)

    Broadcast Domain:

    • Definition: A network segment in which any broadcast sent by a device is heard by all
    other devices in the same segment.
    • Example: All devices in the same VLAN or connected to the same switch.

    Collision Domain:

    • Definition: A network segment where data packets can collide with each other if sent
    simultaneously.
    • Example: All devices connected to a single Ethernet hub.

    Switch:

    • Definition: A network device that uses MAC addresses to forward frames at the data
    link layer (Layer 2).
    • Function: Reduces collision domains by creating a separate collision domain per
    switch port.

    Router:

    • Definition: A network device that forwards packets based on IP addresses at the


    network layer (Layer 3).
    • Function: Connects different networks and routes traffic between them.

    Default Gateway:

    • Definition: The IP address of a router that acts as an access point for traffic to exit the
    local network.
    • Function: Provides a way for devices in a network to communicate with devices in
    other networks.

    Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):

    • Definition: A protocol for dynamically assigning IP addresses to devices on a


    network.
    • Function: Simplifies IP address management by automatically assigning and
    managing IP addresses.

    Network Address Translation (NAT):

    • Definition: A method used by routers to translate private IP addresses to a public IP


    address for accessing the Internet.
    • Function: Conserves public IP addresses and provides an additional layer of security
    by hiding internal IP addresses.

    IP Addressing for IPv4:

    • Identify the Address Class:


    o Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 (8-bit network prefix)
    o Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 (16-bit network prefix)
    o Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 (24-bit network prefix)
    • Default Subnet Masks:
    o Class A: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
    o Class B: 255.255.0.0 (/16)
    o Class C: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
    • CIDR Notation:
    o For flexible subnetting, use CIDR (e.g., 192.168.1.0/25).

    Designing an IPv4 Address Scheme

    Considerations:

    1. Number of required subnets.


    2. Number of hosts per subnet.
    3. Use of valid public or private ranges.
    4. Avoidance of reserved ranges (e.g., loopback, link-local).
    5. Ensuring unique network and host IDs.
    6. Planning for future growth.

    • Network Address Translation (NAT): Method used by routers to translate private IP


    addresses to a public IP address for Internet access. Subnetting Example

    Scenario: You need to design a subnetting scheme for a network with the address
    172.30.0.0/16, requiring 12 subnets.

    1. Determine the Number of Required Subnets:


    o Required subnets: 12
    o Round up to the nearest power of 2: 16 (2^4)
    o Number of subnet bits required: 4
    2.

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