Chapter 11 Hre Notes

CHAPTER 11: FAILURES, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION
Highway Failures
The types of transportation that needed a civil engineer to maintain and rehabilitate is highway and
railway.
Highway failure
The four major types of failure on highway road are:
 Cracking
 Surface deformation
 Disintegration
 Surface defects
Cracking
- Pressure from cars but mostly due to water getting in to tiny cracks thus, making the cracks
bigger.
Surface deformation
- It is the result of weakness in one or more layers of the pavement.
Disintegration
- Breaking up into small, loose pieces.
Surface defects
- Related to problems in the surface layer.
Highway Maintenance and Rehabilitation

Includes preserving, repairing, and restoring a highway. In order to:
o preserve the road in its original form.
o To provide user safety.
o Convenient travel along the route.
Highway Maintenance includes:

 physical maintenance (sealing, patching, filling joints, etc.)
 Traffic service activities (painting pavement marking, removing grass, etc.)
 Rehabilitation (restoring or betterment of roadway such as resurfacing)
Types of Maintenance:
 Surface maintenance
 Roadside and drainage maintenance
 Shoulder and approaches maintenance
 Traffic service
Surface Maintenance
o Periodic re-shaping of the road surface to ensure proper drainage and traffic passage.
Roadside and Drainage Maintenance
o Clearing and cleaning of drains
o Re-shape line drain
o Clear manhole and underground pipes
o Erosion repair
Shoulder and approaches maintenance
o Obstruction washed onto the shoulders should be removed.
o Vegetation control.
Traffic Services
o Installation of signs
o Repair of traffic signals
o Pavement markings
Failures and Maintenance of Railways

Why do railway tracks need regular maintenance?
- Railways are prone to massive number of loads coming from various railway vehicles and are
also exposed into different types of natural phenomenon. That may result into abrasion,
deformation, damage of relevant parts, change of geometry size etc.
- Therefore, it is necessary to carry out regular maintenance as the working hours increase in
order to ensure the quality of the railways and the probity of the equipment.
 Derailment
- the action of a train or trolley car leaving its tracks accidentally.
The reason behind the derailment of railway vehicles:

 Human error and negligence are the third most common cause of train derailment. It can
include speeding, not obeying safety signs, not communicating with the operator, vandalism,
violating switching or main line rules, track switches having been incorrectly set, or the driver in
poor physical condition.
How to maintain and prolong the service life of railway tracks?

1.Rail Grinding
- This consist of grinding machines traveling along the track with grinding stones, which are
rotating stones or stones oscillating longitudinally, to abrade the surface of the rail. Rail
grinding is conducted to correct rail corrugations, fatigue, and metal flow and to re-profile the
rail.
2.Rail Replacement
- This may be conducted to upgrade the track to a higher gauge rail or to replace the same
gauge rail due to defects, wear or derailment damage.
3.Tamping
- It is conducted to correct longitudinal profile, cross level and alignment of track. A number of
sleepers at a time are lifted to the correct level with vibrating tamping tines inserted into the
ballast.
4.Track Stabilization
- Track stabilizers vibrate track in the lateral direction with a vertical load to give controlled
settlement. Tamping and compacting ballast underneath sleepers reduces the lateral
resistance of the track. Track stabilization can restore the lateral resistance to the original
level.
5.Ballast Injection (stone blowing)
- Ballast injection, or stone blowing, is conducted to correct longitudinal profile. The process
introduces additional stones to the surface of the existing ballast bed, while leaving the stable
compact ballast bed undisturbed.
6.Sleeper Replacement
- In almost all types of sleeper defects, remedial action is not possible and the sleeper requires
replacement. Defective sleepers can result in the rail losing the correct gauge which can cause
rolling stock derailments.
 In general, maintenance of railway tracks is to take periodic repairing, mainly including periodic
updating, periodic comprehensive maintenance, regular inspection, and key repairing of the
track.

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CHAPTER 11: FAILURES, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION

Highway Maintenance and Rehabilitation

Highway Maintenance includes:

Failures and Maintenance of Railways

The reason behind the derailment of railway vehicles:

How to maintain and prolong the service life of railway tracks?

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