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Vector Integration

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UNIT-III
VECTOR INTEGRATION

Topic Learning Objectives:

Upon Completion of this unit, students will be able to:

 Understand the fundamentals of the integration of vector point function.

 Solve line, surface and volume integrals.
 Apply Green's Theorem, Stokes' Theorem and Gauss' Theorem in solving engineering
problems.
 Estimate and apply the concepts of solenoidal and irrotational fields to calculate integrals of
vector functions.

Line Integral: Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called line integral.
If 𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a vector point function and 𝐶 is any curve the𝑛 ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is called the vector line
integral. (Tangential line integral or line integral)
NOTE:
1. 𝐶 is a called path of integration.
2. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖̂ + 𝑓2 𝑗̂ + 𝑓3 𝑘̂ then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 𝑑𝑧.
𝐶 𝐶

3. When 𝐶 is a simple closed curve, line integral is denoted by ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ (means the line
integral of 𝐹⃗ taken once around 𝐶 in the anticlock wise direction).
4. If 𝐹⃗ represents force acting on a particle then the line integral ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ represents work
done by a force⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹.
5. If 𝐹⃗ represents the velocity of a fluid then ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ represents circulation of 𝐹⃗ around 𝐶.
6. Condition for 𝐹⃗ to be conservative is ∇ × ⃗F⃗ = 0.
7. If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 0 then ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is independent of path.
Problem 1. If 𝐹⃗ = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂. Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 in 𝑋𝑌 −plane
from (1, 1) to (2, 8).
Solution: Given
𝐹⃗ = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑖̂ − (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 1 to

Consider
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𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (5𝑥 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2
2
∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(5𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4 ] = 35.
1
𝐶 1

Problem 2. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ +
𝑧𝑘̂ along
a) The straight line (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 3).
b) The curve 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 2 − 𝑡 from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1.
c) The curve defined by 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦, 3𝑥 3 = 8𝑧 from 𝑥 = 0 to .
Solution: Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧. ---------- (i)
a) 𝐶 is a straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (2, 1, 3).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
The equation of the line is given by = = =𝑡
2 1 3
We have 𝑥 = 2𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑡
and 𝑡 = 0 to 1 [∵ 𝑡 = 𝑦, 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 1]
then equation (i)
1

⇒ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫{(3(2𝑡)2 )(2𝑑𝑡) + (2(2𝑡)(3𝑡) − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (3𝑡)3𝑑𝑡}

𝐶 0
1 1
2
𝑡3 𝑡2
= ∫(36𝑡 + 8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [36 + 8 ]| = 16.
3 2 0
0

b) Given curve 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = (8𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡

then (i) becomes
1

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫{(3(2𝑡 2 )2 )(4𝑡𝑑𝑡) + (2(2𝑡 2 )(4𝑡 2 − 𝑡) − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 2 − 𝑡)(8𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡}

𝐶 0
1
71
= ∫(48𝑡 5 + 16𝑡 4 + 28𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
5
0
𝑥2 𝑥 3𝑥 3 9
c) Given curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥, 3𝑥 3 = 8𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and
4 2 8 8
x: 0 to 2 then (i) becomes
2
3 𝑥2 𝑥 3 9
∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 ( 𝑥 3 ) − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 }
8 4 2 8 8
𝐶 0

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2
3 5 𝑥 3 27 5
2
= ∫(3𝑥 + 𝑥 − + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 16.
8 8 64
0

Exercise:
1. If⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂, evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ from (0, 0) to (1, 1)
2
(a) along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans:
3
7
(b) along the parabola 𝑦 = √𝑥 Ans: .
12
2. Find the total work done by the force represented by 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑥𝑘̂ in moving a
particle round the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 & 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
3. Find the circulation of 𝐹⃗ around the curve 𝐶, where 𝐶 is the rectangle whose vertices are given
𝜋 𝜋
by (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, ) & (0, ) and 𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑗̂.
2 2

4. If 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂
+ (3𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂ evaluate ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 around a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane
with 𝐴(0, 0) 𝐵(2, 0) and 𝐶(2, 1),
14
(a) In the counter clockwise direction. Ans: −
3

14
(b) What is the value in the opposite direction? Ans:
3

5. Evaluate the line integral ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 2 2

+ 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶: 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒: 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 =
±1 . Ans:0

NOTE: If circulation is "0" then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is irrotational.

GREEN’S THEOREM

Green’s theorem in the plane transforms a line integral to a double integral in a plane.
Statement:
If 𝑅 is a closed region in XY-plane, bounded by a simply closed curve 𝐶 and if
𝜕 𝜕
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous functions at every point in 𝑅, then
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
.
Proof: Suppose that 𝐶 is a simply closed curve with the property that any line parallel to either
axis meets the curve in at most two points.
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Consider
𝜓(𝑥)
𝑏 𝑏
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜓(𝑥)
∬ (− ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑎 𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑎 𝜙(𝑥)
𝑅 𝑦=𝜙(𝑥)
𝑏
=∫ [−𝑃(𝑥, 𝜓(𝑥)) + 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜙(𝑥))] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜙(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎

⇒ ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐
Similarly,
𝜕𝑄
∬ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑐
𝑅

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∴ ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

Problem 1. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for ∮𝐶 {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} taken around the
boundary of the rectangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (𝑎, 0), (𝑎, 𝑏) and (0, 𝑏).
Solution: We have to verify
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
Consider

∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐4
𝐶

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∮ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶

Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
3
𝑥 𝑎3
∫ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = | = .
3 3
𝑐1 0 0
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎𝑦 3 𝑎𝑏 3
∫ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ −𝑎𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = − | =− .
3 3
𝑐2 0 0
Along 𝐶3 : 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥: 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 0
0 0

2 2 2
𝑥3 𝑎3
∫ {(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦} = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑏𝑥| = − − 𝑏𝑎.
3 3
𝑐3 𝑎 𝑎
Along 𝐶4 : 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0
0

∫ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑐3 𝑏

∴ ∮ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶
3 3 3
𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏2
= − − − 𝑏𝑎 + 0 = −𝑎𝑏 (1 + ) … … (1)
3 3 3 3

Next consider,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 2
𝑦3 𝑏2
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (−𝑦 — 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ [ + 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ ( + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 3 0
3
𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 0
2
𝑏
= −𝑎𝑏 (1 + ) … … (2)
3
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From (1) and (2), Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 2. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for ∫𝑐 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} taken around
the boundary of the finite area in the positive quadrant included between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 & 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 .
Solution: We have to verify
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

∫𝐶 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑐 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦=∫𝐶 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} +

1 2 1

∫𝐶 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦}

2

Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} = ∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥}
𝑐1 0
1 1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2 4
=∫ (2𝑥 3 2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [2 + + ] = .
0 4 3 2 0 3
2
Along 𝐶2 : x= 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦: 1 𝑡𝑜 0
0
∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} = ∫ {(𝑦 2 − 𝑦)2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦}
𝑐1 1
0 0
𝑦4 𝑦3 𝑦2 2
=∫ (2𝑦 3 2
− 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = [2 − + ] =− .
1 4 3 2 1 3

4 2 2
∴ ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = − = . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
3 3 3
𝐶
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Now 𝑃 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ⇒ = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 √𝑦 1 √𝑦
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2

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1 1
𝑦
= ∫ (2𝑥)√𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (√𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑦=0
3 1
𝑦2 𝑦3 2
= 2( − ) = . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
3 3 3
2 0
From (1) and (2), Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 3. Show that area enclosed by a simple closed curve 𝐶 is given by

1
2
∮{𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥}. Using this, find the area bounded by the ellipse with axes 2𝑎 and 2𝑏.
Solution: we have
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = −𝑦 ⇒ = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 ⇒ =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1
∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬(1 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 𝐶 2
𝑅

𝑥2 𝑦2
To find the area of the ellipse, the equation is 𝑎2 + = 1.
𝑏2
In parametric form
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃.
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∮ {𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 (−𝑎 sin 𝜃)} 𝑑𝜃
2 𝐶 2 𝐶
2𝜋
1 1
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫ (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏[2𝜋] = 𝜋𝑎𝑏.
2 2
0

Problem 4. Using Green’s theorem in the plane, evaluate ∫𝐶 {(2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦}, 𝐶
is the boundary of the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
Solution: we have
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𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
2 2 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ⇒ = −2𝑦 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1−𝑦 1 1−𝑦
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝑥2
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ [ + 𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 0
𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 0
1
(1 − 𝑦)2
= 2∫( + (1 − 𝑦)𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
0
1
1
= 2 ∫ ( (1 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )) 𝑑𝑦
2
0

1
1 𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦3 2
= 2 [ (𝑦 + − 2 ) + ( − )] = .
2 3 2 2 3 0 3
Problem 5. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the
𝜋 2
triangle enclosed by the lines 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥.
2 𝜋
Solution: we have
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 ⇒ = 1 and 𝑄 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∫ (𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶 𝑅
𝜋 2𝑥 𝜋
2 𝜋 2
2𝑥
= ∫ ∫ (− sin 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(sin 𝑥 + 1)[𝑦]0𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 0
𝜋
2
2
= − ∫(𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2 𝑥2 2 2 𝜋
= − [−𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + ] = − ( + ).
𝜋 2 0 𝜋 4
Exercise:
1. Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝐶 (𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the rectangle,
𝜋 𝜋
whose vertices are (0, 0), (𝜋, 0), (𝜋, ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 2 ). Ans: [2(𝑒 −𝜋 − 1)]
2

2. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the bounded

16
by 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 1 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
5

3. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate ∮𝐶 (𝑥 2 − cosh 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑦) where 𝐶 is the

boundary of the rectangle 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋(cosh 1 − 1)

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Surface Integral

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.

Physical interpretation: The surface integral of a vector function 𝐹⃗ express the normal flux
through a surface.

Note: If 𝐹⃗ represents velocity vector of a fluid, the surface integral represents the rate of flow of
fluid through the surface.

1. The surface integral of a vector point function 𝐹⃗ over a surface 𝑆 is defined as the
integral of normal component of 𝐹⃗ taken over the surface 𝑆.
2. If 𝐹⃗ represents the velocity of a fluid ∯𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 gives the flux across the surface 𝑆.
3. If the flux of 𝐹⃗ across every closed surface 𝑆 in a region 𝑅 is zero. Then 𝐹⃗ is a solenoidal
vector point function in the region 𝑅.
4. If 𝐹⃗ represents gravitational force, electric force or magnetic force in each case ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
gives corresponding flux.

Working Rule:
∇∅
1. For the given surface ∅, find 𝑛̂ = , 𝑛̂ is outward unit normal vector to the surface.
|∇∅|

2. Find 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑌𝑍 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = |𝑛̂.𝑖̂|
, where 𝑖̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑋𝑌 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ̂|
|𝑛̂.𝑘
, where 𝑘̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
5. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑋𝑍 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = |𝑛̂.𝑗̂ |
, where 𝑗̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

NOTE: To evaluate any surface integral, it is convenient to evaluate the double integral of its
projection on 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧, 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥 plane.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂|
𝑆 𝑆 𝑅
where 𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 in 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.

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Problems 1. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 18𝑧𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the part of the 2𝑥 +
3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12, located in first octant (𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution: Given 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 ⇒ + + = 1
6 4 2
Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 12
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
𝑛̂ = = =
|∇∅| √22 + 32 + 62 7
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 36z − 36 + 18y
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (18𝑧𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑘̂ ). ( )=
7 7
Projecting on to any plane (i. e, xy, yz or zx)
Projecting on to plane 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

12−2𝑥 6
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12; 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 6 ; 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 and |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| =
3 7

12−2𝑥
6 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 36z − 36 + 18y 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∫ ∫
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 7 6
𝑆 𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 7
12−2𝑥
6 3
1 12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
= ∫ ∫ (36 − 36 + 18𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
6 6
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
12−2𝑥
6 3 6
12−2𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (36 − 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(36 𝑦 − 12 𝑥 𝑦)| 0 3 𝑑𝑥
6 6
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
6 6
12−2𝑥
3
12 − 2𝑥
= 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 )𝑦| 0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 ) ( − 0) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥=0 0

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6
12 − 2𝑥
= 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 24.
3
0

Problem 2. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑗̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the surface of the plane 2𝑥 +
𝑦 = 6 included in the I octant cut by 𝑧 = 4.
Solution: Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
𝑛̂ = = =
|∇∅| √4 + 1 √5
2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ 2y + 2x
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (𝑦𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑗̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂). ( )=
√5 √5
Projecting on to 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, we get
1
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂| = ; 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 3 and 𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 4
√5

Now consider
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂|
𝑆 𝑅
3 4 3 4
2y + 2x 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ ∫ = ∫ ∫(2(6 − 2x) + 2x) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
√5 1
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
√5
3 4 3 4

= ∫ ∫(12 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (12 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 108.

𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0

Problem 3. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ where 𝑆 is the surface of the
cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 included in the first octant between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 5.
Solution: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is a right circular cylinder with base circle as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, 𝑧 =
0 and generates parallel to 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16
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∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑥𝑖̂ + 2𝑦𝑗̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇∅ 2𝑥𝑖̂ + 2𝑦𝑗̂ 2(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂) 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂
𝑛̂ = = = = =
|∇∅| √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 2√(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) √16 4
𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ xz + xy
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ ). ( )=
4 4

Projecting on to plane 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

5 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 xz + xy 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑦
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 ∵ |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| =
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂| 4 4
𝑆 𝑅 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 4
5 4 5 4
xz xz
= ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑦 √16 − 𝑥 2
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0
5 4 4 5
x
= ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 90.
√16 − 𝑥 2
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
Exercise:
1. Find the surface integral over the parallelepiped 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3 when 𝐴⃗ =
2𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 33.
2. If 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑑2 and 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑧𝑘̂ , evaluate
2𝜋𝑑 3
∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
3. If 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the surface of the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 in the first octant
bounded by the planes 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 6, show that ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 132.

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Gauss divergence theorem

(Relation between surface and volume integrals)

Statement: If 𝑉 is the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 and 𝐹⃗ is a vector point function
having continuous derivatives, then

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉,
𝑆 𝑉
where 𝑛̂ is the unit normal drawn to 𝑆. (𝑛̂ → outward unit normal i.e, normal vector away from the
surface)

Problem 1. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ taken over the
suface of the cube bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2 and the coordinate planes.
Solution: We have to verfy that

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝑆 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠3 𝑠4 𝑠5 𝑠6
where 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 are the six faces of the cube.

∴ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆 𝑆
For 𝑺𝟏 (𝐷𝐵𝐸𝐺) which is parallel to 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 its equation is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑛̂ = 𝑖 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.

Here 𝑛̂ = 𝑖, (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧 (remaining are zero).

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) ∙ 𝑖̂ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑆1 𝑆1

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2 2 2 2 2
𝑧𝑦 2
(8
= ∫ ∫ − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [8𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫[16 − 2𝑧] 𝑑
2 0
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑧=0
2 2
2𝑧
= [16𝑧 − ] = 32 − 4 = 28.
2 0

For 𝑺𝟐 (𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐵) which is 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑦 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑗 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥.

2 2

∬ ((𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 0

3 2
∵𝑦=0
𝑆2 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

For 𝑺𝟑 (𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐵) which is 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑧 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑘 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.

2 2

∬ ((𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫(−𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3 2
∵𝑧=0
𝑆3 𝑦=0 𝑥=0

For 𝑺𝟒 (𝑂𝐶𝐹𝐴) which is 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑥 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑖 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆4
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
= ∫ ∫ −(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0
2 2 2 2
𝑧 𝑦
= [ ] [ ] = 4.
2 0 2 0

For 𝑺𝟓 (𝐺𝐹𝐴𝐷) which is parallel to 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2, 𝑛̂ = 𝑗̂ & 𝑑𝑠 =

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆5
2 2 2 2 2 2

= ∫ ∫ −2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −2𝑥 2 (2) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = −4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 =

𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
3 2
𝑥 8 64
= −4 [ ] [𝑧]20 = −4 × × 2 = − .
3 0 3 3

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For 𝑺𝟔 (𝐺𝐸𝐶𝐹) which is parallel to 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 = 2, ̂𝑛 = 𝑘 & 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆6
2 2 2 2

= ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = 8.
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

64 56
∴ ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 28 + 0 + 0 + 4 − +8= .
3 3
𝑆

Now to evaluate ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
Consider
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2 2 2 2

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 ∫(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

𝑉 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
22
𝑥3 8 56
= [𝑧]20 [𝑦]20 [ + 𝑥] = (2)(2) ( + 2) = … … … … . . (2)
3 0
3 3
0

From (1) and (2), we see that

56
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =
3
𝑆 𝑉
Hence the Gauss divergence theorem.

Problem 2. Verify divergence theorem 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑘̂ over the region bounded by the plane
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 & 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.
Solution: Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑖. 𝑒. + + =1
2 2 4

∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑛̂ = =
|∇∅| 3
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ =
3
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Now project the surface on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 1
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| = | . 𝑘̂| =
3 3
𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 2 − 𝑥
plane 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 ⇒ 𝑧 = 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∬( )
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 3 1
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅 3
2 2−𝑥

= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥
2
𝑥𝑦 3𝑦 2
=2 ∫[ − − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0
𝑥=0
2
𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 3(2 − 𝑥)2
=2 ∫[ − − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥) + 4(2 − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥=0
2
1 3
= 2 ∫ [ (4𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 ) − (4 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 8] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥=0
2
1 4𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4𝑥 3 3 𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 8𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
= 2[ ( + − ) − (4𝑥 + − )− + + 8𝑥] = 4 (1)
2 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 0
Surface Remarks 𝑛̂ ds 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑆1 : 𝐴𝑂𝐵 𝑛̂ = − 𝑘̂ dx dy -2z=0
𝑧=0
𝑆2 : 𝐵𝑂𝐶 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑛̂ = − 𝑖̂ dy dz -xy=0

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𝑥=0
𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑆3 : 𝐴𝑂𝐶 𝑛̂ = − 𝑗̂ dx dz y=0
𝑦=0
∇∅
𝑛̂ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Projection on |∇∅| 2(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝑆4 : 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ =
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 3
=
3
Now consider
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑘̂) = 𝑦 + 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
2 2−𝑥
4−2𝑥−2𝑦
= ∫ ∫ [(𝑦 + 1)𝑧]𝑧=0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= ∫ ∫ [(𝑦 + 1)(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)]𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= ∫ ∫ [2𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥
2
2𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2 2𝑦 3
= ∫[ + 4𝑦 − − 2𝑥𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑦
2 2 3 0
0
2
2
= ∫ [(2 − 𝑥)2 + 4(2 − 𝑥) − 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥) − (2 − 𝑥)3 ] 𝑑𝑦 = 4 … (2)
3
0
From (1) and (2), Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Problem 3. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝑧 2 −

𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂]. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, over the surface of the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐.
Solution: We have

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . ((𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
∂x ∂y ∂z

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𝑐 𝑏 𝑎

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝑥2
= 2 ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 0
𝑧=0 𝑦=0
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎2
= 2 ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑎𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 2
=2 ∫ [ 𝑦+ + 𝑎𝑧𝑦] 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫ [ + + 𝑎𝑧𝑏] 𝑑𝑧
0 2 2 0 0 2 2
𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑧2
=[ 𝑧+ 𝑧 + 𝑎𝑏 2 ] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐).
2 2 0

Problem 4. Evaluate using divergence theorem ∬𝑆 [𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂]. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where 𝑆 is the
surface consisting of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the circular discs cut by the plane 𝑧 = 0 & 𝑧 =
𝑏.
Solution: Here
𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂) = 5𝑥 2
∂x ∂y ∂z

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉 𝑉

using cylindrical coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃,
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃,
𝑧 = 𝑧,
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑏 2𝜋 𝑎

∴ ∭ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 5(𝑟 2 cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
2

𝑉 𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0

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𝑎 2𝜋 𝑏
𝑎4 1 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
3 2
= 5 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 5 × × [𝜃 + ] × [𝑧]𝑏0
4 2 2 0
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
5𝑎4 𝑏 𝜋
= .
4

Problem 5. Using divergence theorem, ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂ taken over the surface

consisting of the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 above the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 bounded by the 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
Solution: Here
𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂) = 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 3𝑎2
∂x ∂y ∂z
Using Spherical coordinates
∵ 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝜋
𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 [𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]
2
𝜙: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 [𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]

𝜋
2𝜋 2 𝑎

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 (𝑟 2 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝑉
𝑆 𝜙=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋
2𝜋 2 𝑎

= 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜙 × ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 × ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟
𝜙=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
5 5
𝑎 6𝜋𝑎
= 3 × 2𝜋 × ×1= .
5 5
Using Cartesian coordinates

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑆
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥2 −𝑦 2
6𝜋𝑎5
=∫ ∫ ∫ 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑧=0 5
Exercise:
1. Verify divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘̂ taken over the cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1.
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2. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 108𝜋
3. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 over the entire surface 𝑆 of the region
above 𝑥𝑦 plane bounded by the cone 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 the plane 𝑧 = 4 where 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ −
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑧 𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 704𝜋

STOKES THEOREM
(Relation between line and surface integral)
Statement: If 𝑆 be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve 𝐶 and 𝐹⃗ be any vector
point function having continuous first order partial derivatives, then

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗

𝐶 𝑆 𝑆
where 𝑛̂ is the outward drawn unit normal at any point to 𝑆.
Problem 1. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ taken round the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏.
Solution: We have to prove that

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
Now
𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂). (𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘̂) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ … … … … (1)

𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∮ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶
Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: − 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎

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𝑎
2𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝐶1 𝐶1 −𝑎
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑎𝑏 2

𝐶2 𝐶2
Along 𝐶3 : 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎
−𝑎
2𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − − 2𝑎𝑏 2
3
𝐶3 𝐶3 𝑎
Along 𝐶4 : 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0
0

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −2(−𝑎)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑎𝑏 2

𝐶4 𝐶4 𝑏

2𝑎3 2𝑎3
∴ (1) ⇒ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − 𝑎𝑏 2 − − 2𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏 2 = −4𝑎𝑏 2 … … … (2)
3 3
𝐶
Next, consider
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || | = −4𝑦𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦 0
Rectangle in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ −4𝑦𝑘̂ . 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −4 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 × ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=−𝑎 −𝑎 0

∴ ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −4𝑎𝑏 2 … … … (3)

𝑆
From (2) and (3), Stokes theorem is verified.
Problem 2. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ over the upper half
surface of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 bounded by its projection on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
Solution: The projection of upper half of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 in the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑧 =
0) is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and let 𝐶 be its boundary.
We have

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬(∇ × 𝐹⃗ ). 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
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Consider

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧}

𝐶 𝐶
In 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0

∴ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧} = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Here 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 whose parametric equation is given by
𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Here 𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋.
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋

∴ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (sin 2𝜃 + sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 0 + ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2

𝐶 0 0 0
𝜋
2
1 𝜋
= 4 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 × × = 𝜋.
2 2
0
Next, consider
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | ̂
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || |=𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 −𝑦 2 𝑧
On the 𝑥𝑦 −plane 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅
2 2
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1) = 𝜋 ∵𝑟=1
Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

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Problem 3. Evaluate by Stokes theorem ∮𝐶 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧, 𝐶 is the

boundary of the triangular with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0 , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1, 0).
Solution: By Stokes theorem we have

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || | = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧
In 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬(2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂). 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑆 𝑅 𝑅
1 1
= ×1×1= .
2 2
Exercise:
1. Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 by Stoke’s theorem where 𝐶 is the square in the 𝑥𝑦 plane
with vertices (1,0) (−1,0) (0,1) (0, −1).
2. Verify Stokes’s theorem where 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘̂ and 𝑆: upper half of the
surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋
3. Evaluate ∮𝐶 4𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑧 by Stoke’s theorem where 𝐶 is the ellipse 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 1. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 4𝜋
Video Links:
1. Line integral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FUNdFN6ZKI
2. Surface integral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1dfwKPV75A

Disclaimer: The content provided is prepared by department of Mathematics for the specified
syllabus by using reference books mentioned in the syllabus. This material is specifically for the use
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