SYLLABUS

UNIT– I ELECTROSTATICS Classes:14

Sources and effects of electromagnetic fields – Coordinate Systems – Vector fields –Gradient,
Divergence, Curl – theorems and applications
Electrostatic Fields - Coulomb’s Law - Electric Field Intensity(EFI) due to Line, Surface andVolume
charges- Work Done in Moving a Point Charge in Electrostatic Field-Electric Potential due to point
charges, line charges and Volume Charges - Potential Gradient - Gauss’s Law- Application of
Gauss’s Law-Maxwell’s First Law – Numerical Problems.
Laplace’sEquationandPoisson’sEquations-SolutionofLaplace’sEquationinoneVariable. Electric
Dipole - Dipole Moment - Potential and EFI due to Electric Dipole - Torque on an Electric
Dipole in an Electric Field – Numerical Problems.

UNIT– II CONDUCTORSAND DIELECTRICS Classes:14

Behavior of Conductors in an Electric Field-Conductors and Insulators – Electric Field inside a
Dielectric Material – Polarization – Dielectric Conductors and Dielectric Boundary Conditions –
Capacitance-Capacitance of Parallel Plate, Spherical & Co-axial capacitors – Energy Stored and
Energy Density in a Static Electric Field – Current Density – Conduction and Convection Current
Densities – Ohm’s Law in Point Form – Equation of Continuity – Numerical Problems.

UNIT– III MAGNETOSTATICS Classes:13

Static Magnetic Fields – Biot-Savart Law – Oerstead’s experiment – Magnetic Field Intensity(MFI)
due to a Straight, Circular &Solenoid Current Carrying Wire – Maxwell’s Second Equation.
Ampere’s Circuital Law and its Applications Viz., MFI Due to an Infinite Sheet of Current and a
Long Current Carrying Filament – Point Form of Ampere’s Circuital Law – Maxwell’s Third
Equation – Numerical Problems.
Magnetic Force –– Lorentz Force Equation – Force on Current Element in a Magnetic Field - Force
on a Straight and Long Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field - Force Between two
Straight and Parallel Current Carrying Conductors – Magnetic Dipole and Dipole moment – A
Differential Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole – Torque on a Current Loop Placed in a Magnetic
Field – Numerical Problems.

UNIT-IV MAGNETICPOTENTIAL Classes:14

ScalarMagneticPotentialandVectorMagneticPotentialanditsProperties -VectorMagnetic
Potential due to Simple Configuration – Vector Poisson’s Equations.
Self and Mutual Inductances – Neumann’s Formulae – Determination of Self Inductance of a
SolenoidandToroidandMutualInductanceBetweenaStraight,LongWireandaSquareLoopWire in the
Same Plane – Energy Stored and Intensity in a Magnetic Field – Numerical Problems.

UNIT-V TIMEVARYINGFIELDS Classes:13

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction – It’s Integral and Point Forms – Maxwell’s Fourth
Equation. Statically and Dynamically Induced E.M.F’s – Simple Problems – Modified Maxwell’s
Equations for Time Varying Fields – Displacement Current.
Wave Equations – Uniform Plane Wave Motion in Free Space, Conductors and Dielectrics –
Velocity, WaveLength, IntrinsicImpedenceandSkinDepth –PoyntingTheorem –PoyntingVector and
its Significance.

TEXT BOOKS:
1.EngineeringElectromagnetics,William.H.Hayt,Mc.GrawHill, 2010.
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2.PrinciplesofElectromagnetics,6thEdition,Sadiku,Kulkarni,OXFORDUniversityPress, 2015.

REFERENCEBOOKS:
1. FieldTheory, K.A.Gangadhar,KhannaPublications, 2003.
2. Electromagnetics5thedition,J.D.Kraus,Mc.Graw–HillInc,1999.
3. Electromagnetics,JosephEdminister,TataMcGrawHill,2006.

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UNIT– I ELECTROSTATICS
Sources and effects of electromagnetic fields – Coordinate Systems – Vector fields –
Gradient,Divergence, Curl – theorems and applications. Electrostatic Fields - Coulomb’s Law -
Electric Field Intensity(EFI) due to Line, Surface andVolume charges- Work Done in Moving aPoint
Charge in Electrostatic Field-Electric Potentialdue to point charges, line charges and Volume
Charges - Potential Gradient - Gauss’s Law-Application of Gauss’s Law-Maxwell’s First Law –
Numerical Problems.
Laplace’sEquationandPoisson’sEquations-SolutionofLaplace’sEquationinoneVariable. Electric
Dipole - Dipole Moment - Potential and EFI due to Electric Dipole - Torque on an Electric
Dipole in an Electric Field – Numerical Problems.

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UNIT– IICONDUCTORSANDDIELECTRICS
Behavior of Conductors in an Electric Field-Conductors and Insulators – Electric Field inside a
Dielectric Material – Polarization – Dielectric Conductors and Dielectric Boundary Conditions –
Capacitance-Capacitance of Parallel Plate, Spherical & Co-axial capacitors – Energy Stored and
Energy Density in a Static Electric Field – Current Density – Conduction and Convection Current
Densities – Ohm’s Law in Point Form – Equation of Continuity – Numerical Problems.

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UNIT– IIIMAGNETOSTATICS
Static Magnetic Fields – Biot-Savart Law – Oerstead’s experiment – Magnetic Field Intensity(MFI)
due to a Straight, Circular &Solenoid Current Carrying Wire – Maxwell’s Second Equation.
Ampere’s Circuital Law and its Applications Viz., MFI Due to an Infinite Sheet of Current and a
Long Current Carrying Filament – Point Form of Ampere’s Circuital Law – Maxwell’s Third
Equation – Numerical Problems.
Magnetic Force –– Lorentz Force Equation – Force on Current Element in a Magnetic Field - Force
on a Straight and Long Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field - Force Between two
Straight and Parallel Current Carrying Conductors – Magnetic Dipole and Dipole moment – A
Differential Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole – Torque on a Current Loop Placed in a Magnetic
Field – Numerical Problems.

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UNIT-IV MAGNETICPOTENTIAL Scalar
Magnetic Potential and Vector Magnetic Potential and its Properties - Vector MagneticPotential due
to Simple Configuration – Vector Poisson’s Equations.
Self and Mutual Inductances – Neumann’s Formulae – Determination of Self Inductance of a
SolenoidandToroidandMutualInductanceBetweenaStraight,LongWireandaSquareLoopWire in the
Same Plane – Energy Stored and Intensity in a Magnetic Field – Numerical Problems.

MagneticScalarand VectorPotentials:

In studyingelectric field problems, weintroduced theconcept ofelectricpotential that simplified the

computation of electric fields for certain types of problems. In the same manner let us relate the
magnetic field intensity to a scalar magnetic potential and write:

...................................(4.21)

FromAmpere'slaw,we know that

......................................(4.22)

Therefore,......................................................................................................................................(4.23)

Butusingvectoridentity, wefindthat isvalidonlywhere .Thus

the scalar magnetic potential is defined only in the region where . Moreover,Vmin general is
not a single valued function of position.

This point can be illustrated as follows. Let us consider the cross section of a coaxial line as shownin
fig 4.8.

Inthe region , and

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 Fig.4.8:Cross SectionofaCoaxial Line

IfVmisthemagneticpotentialthen,

If weset Vm=0at thenc=0 and

Weobservethataswemakeacompletelaparoundthecurrentcarryingconductor,wereach again but Vmthis

time becomes

Weobservethatvalueof Vmkeeps changingaswecompleteadditionallapstopass through thesame

point.Weintroduced Vmanalogoustoelectostaticpotential V.Butforstaticelectric fields, and
,whereasforsteadymagnetic field wherever but even if along
the path of integration.

We now introduce the vector magnetic potentialwhich can be used in regions where currentdensity
may be zero or nonzero and the same can be easily extended to time varying cases. The use of vector
magnetic potential provides elegant ways of solving EM field problems.

Since andwehavethevectoridentitythatforanyvector , ,wecan

write .

Here,thevectorfield iscalledthevectormagneticpotential.ItsSIunitisWb/m.Thusifcan find

ofagivencurrentdistribution, canbefoundfrom throughacurloperation.

Wehaveintroducedthevectorfunction andrelateditscurlto .Avectorfunctionisdefined fully in terms

of its curl as well as divergence. The choice of is made as follows.

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 ...........................................(4.24)

Byusingvectoridentity,.................................................................................................(4.25)

.........................................(4.26)

Great deal of simplification can be achieved if we choose .

Putting , we get which is vector poisson equation.
In Cartesian coordinates, the above equation can be written in terms of the components as

.....................................(4.27a)

.....................................(4.27b)

......................................(4.27c)

Theformof alltheaboveequationissame asthatof

..........................................(4.28)

forwhich the solution is

..................(4.29)

Incaseoftimevaryingfieldsweshallseethat ,whichisknownasLorentz
condition, V being the electric potential. Here we are dealing with static magnetic field, so .

Bycomparison, wecanwritethe solution forAxas

...................................(4.30)

Computing similar solutions for other two components of the vector potential, the vector
potentialcan be written as

.......................................(4.31)

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Thisequationenablesustofindthevectorpotentialatagivenpointbecauseofavolumecurrent density.
Similarly for line or surface current density we can write

...............................(4.33)

The magnetic flux through a given area S is given by

.............................................(4.34)
Substituting

.........................................(4.35)

Vector potential thus have the physical significance that its integral around any closed path is equal
to the magnetic flux passing through that path.

Inductanceand Inductor:

Resistance, capacitance and inductance are the three familiar parameters from circuit theory. We
havealreadydiscussedabouttheparametersresistanceandcapacitanceintheearlierchapters.Inthis section,
we discuss about the parameter inductance. Before we start our discussion, let us first introduce the
concept of flux linkage. If in a coil with N closelywound turns around wherea current
Iproducesaflux andthisfluxlinksorencircleseachoftheNturns,thefluxlinkage isdefined as . In
a linear medium, where the flux is proportional to the current, we define the self inductance L as the
ratio of the total flux linkage to the current which they link.

i.e.,....................................................................(4.47)

To further illustrate the concept of inductance, let us consider two closed loops C1and C2as shown in
the figure 4.10, S1 and S2 are respectively the areas of C1 and C2 .

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Fig4.10

if a current I1 flows in C1 , the magnetic flux B1 will be created part of which will be linked to C2 as
shown in Figure 4.10.

...................................(4.48)

Inalinearmedium, isproportionaltoI1.Therefore, wecanwrite

...................................(4.49)

whereL12isthemutual inductance.For amoregeneral case,ifC2hasN2turnsthen

...................................(4.50)

and

or..............................................................(4.51)

i.e.,themutual inductancecan bedefined as theratio ofthetotal fluxlinkageofthesecond circuit to the

current flowing in the first circuit.

Aswehavealreadystated,themagneticfluxproducedin C1getslinkedtoitselfandif C1has N1turns then

, where is the flux linkage per turn.

Therefore,self inductance

=..................................................(4.52)

As some ofthe fluxproducedbyI1links onlytoC1&not C2.

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 ..................................(4.53)

Furtheringeneral,inalinearmedium, and

Example 1:Inductance per unit length of a very long solenoid:

Letusconsiderasolenoidhavingnturns/unitlengthandcarryingacurrent I.Thesolenoidisair cored.

Fig4.11:Alongcurrentcarrying solenoid

The magnetic flux density inside such a long solenoid can be calculated as

..................................(4.54)

wherethe magneticfieldis alongthe axisof the solenoid.

If Sistheareaofcrosssection ofthesolenoid then

..................................(4.55)

Thefluxlinkageperunitlengthofthesolenoid

..................................(4.56)

The inductance per unit length of the solenoid

..................................(4.57)

Example2:Selfinductanceperunitlengthofacoaxialcableofinnerradius'a'andouterradius'b'. Assume a
current I flows through the inner conductor.

Solution:

Letusassumethatthecurrentisuniformlydistributedintheinnerconductorsothatinsidetheinner conductor.

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i.e.,

..................................(4.58)

andintheregion ,

..................................(4.59)

Letusconsiderthefluxlinkageperunitlengthintheinnerconductor.Fluxenclosedbetweenthe region
and ( and unit length in the axial direction).

..................................(4.60)

Fractionofthe totalcurrent itlinks is

..................................(4.61)

Similarly for the region

..................................(4.62)

&............................................................................................(4.63)

Totallinkage

..................................(4.64)

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Theselfinductance,...........................................................................................(4.65)

Here, the first termarises from the flux linkage internal to the solid inner conductor and is the
internal inductance per unit length.

In high frequency application and assuming the conductivity to be very high, the current in the
internal conductor instead of being distributed throughout remain essentially concentrated on the
surface of the inner conductor ( as we shall see later) and the internal inductance becomes negligibly
small.

Example3: Inductance ofan Nturn toroidcarryinga filamentarycurrentI.

Fig 4.12: N turn toroid carrying filamentary current I.

Solution:Magneticfluxdensityinsidethetoroidisgivenby

..................................(4.66)

Lettheinnerradiusis'a'and outerradiusis'b'.Letthecross sectionarea 'S'issmallcomparedto the

meanradiusofthetoroid Then
total flux

..................................(4.67)

andfluxlinkage

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 ..................................(4.68)

The inductance

..................................(4.69)

EnergystoredinMagneticField:

So far we have discussed the inductance in static forms. In earlier chapter we discussed the fact that
work is required to be expended to assemble a group of charges and this work is stated as electric
energy. In the same manner energy needs to be expended in sending currents through coils and it is
stored as magnetic energy. Let us consider a scenario where we consider a coil in which the currentis
increased from 0 to a valueI. As mentioned earlier, the self inductance of a coil in general can be
written as

..................................(4.70a)
or ..................................(4.70b)

Ifweconsideratimevaryingscenario,

..................................(4.71)

Wewill laterseethat isaninducedvoltage.

isthevoltagedropthatappearsacrossthecoilandthusvoltageopposesthechangeof
current.

Therefore inorder tomaintainthe increase of current,the electric sourcemustdoanworkagainst this

induced voltage.

............................................................................................................................(4.72)

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 & (Joule)...................................(4.73)

which is the energy stored in the magnetic circuit.

We can also express the energy stored in the coil in term of field quantities.

For linear magnetic circuit

...................................(4.74)

Now, ...................................(4.75)

whereAis the area of cross section of the coil. Iflis the length of the coil

..................................(4.76)
Alisthevolumeofthecoil.Thereforethemagneticenergydensityi.e., magnetic energy/unitvolume is
given by

...................................(4.77)

Invectorform

........................................................
J/mt3 (4.78)

istheenergydensityin themagnetic field.

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UNIT-VTIME VARYING FIELDS
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction – It’s Integral and Point Forms – Maxwell’s Fourth
Equation. Statically and Dynamically Induced E.M.F’s – Simple Problems – Modified Maxwell’s
Equations for Time Varying Fields – Displacement Current.
Wave Equations – Uniform Plane Wave Motion in Free Space, Conductors and Dielectrics –
Velocity, WaveLength, IntrinsicImpedenceandSkinDepth –PoyntingTheorem –PoyntingVector and
its Significance.

Faraday'sLawofelectromagneticInduction

Michael Faraday, in 1831 discovered experimentallythat a current was induced in a conductingloop

when the magnetic flux linking the loop changed. In terms of fields, we can say that a time varying
magnetic field produces an electromotive force (emf) which causes a current in a closed circuit. The
quantitative relation between the induced emf (the voltage that arises from conductors moving in a
magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields) and the rate of change of flux linkage developed
based on experimental observation is known as Faraday's law. Mathematically, the induced emf can
be written as

Emf = Volts (5.3)where

isthefluxlinkageovertheclosedpath.

A non zeromayresultdueto anyof thefollowing:

(a) timechanging fluxlinkageastationaryclosedpath.

(b) relative motion between asteadyfluxaclosed path.

(c) acombination oftheabovetwo cases.

The negative sign in equation (5.3) was introduced by Lenz in order to comply with the polarity of
the induced emf. The negative sign implies that the induced emf will cause a current flow in the
closed loop in such a direction so as to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux which
produces it. (It may be noted that as far as the induced emf is concerned, the closed path forming a
loop does not necessarily have to be conductive).

If the closed path is in the form of N tightly wound turns of a coil, the change in the magnetic flux
linking the coil induces an emf in each turn of the coil and total emf is the sum of theinduced emfs of
the individual turns, i.e.,

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Emf= Volts (5.4)

Bydefiningthe totalfluxlinkageas

(5.5)

Theemf can bewritten as

Emf= (5.6)

Continuingwithequation (5.3),overaclosedcontour'C'wecanwrite

Emf = (5.7)

where is theinduced electricfield on theconductortosustain thecurrent.

Further,total fluxenclosed bythecontour'C'isgiven by

(5.8)

WhereS isthesurfaceforwhich'C'is thecontour.

From(5.7) and using(5.8)in(5.3)wecan write

(5.9)

Byapplyingstokestheorem

(5.10)

Therefore,wecanwrite

(5.11)

whichis theFaraday's law inthe point form

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We have said that non zerocan be produced ina several ways. One particular case is when atime
varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf induced in a stationary closed
path by a time varying magnetic field is called a transformer emf .

Example:Ideal transformer

Asshowninfigure5.1,a transformerconsistsoftwoormorenumbersofcoilscoupledmagnetically through

a common core. Let us consider an ideal transformer whose windinghas zero resistance, the core
having infinite permittivity and magnetic losses are zero.

Fig5.1:Transformer withsecondaryopen

These assumptions ensure that the magnetization current under no load condition is
vanishinglysmallandcanbe ignored.Further, alltimevaryingflux
producedbytheprimarywindingwillfollow
themagneticpathinsidethecoreandlinktothesecondarycoilwithoutanyleakage. IfN 1andN2are the
number of turns in the primary and the secondary windings respectively, the induced emfs are

(5.12a)

(5.12b)

(The polarities are marked, hence negative sign is omitted. The induced emf is +ve at the dotted end
of the winding.)

(5.13)

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i.e., the ratio of the induced emfs in primary and secondary is equal to the ratio of their turns. Under
ideal condition, the induced emf in either winding is equal to their voltage rating.

(5.14)

where 'a' is the transformation ratio. When the secondary winding is connected to a load, the current
flows in the secondary, which produces a flux opposing the original flux. The net flux in the core
decreases and induced emf will tend to decrease from the no load value. This causes the primary
current to increase to nullify the decrease in the flux and induced emf. The current continues to
increase till the flux in the core and the induced emfs are restored to the no load values. Thus the
source supplies power to the primary winding and the secondary winding delivers the power to the
load. Equating the powers

(5.15)

(5.16)

Further,

(5.17)

i.e.,thenetmagnetomotiveforce(mmf)neededtoexcitethetransformeriszerounderideal condition.

MotionalEMF:

Letusconsidera conductormovingin asteadymagneticfieldas shown inthefig5.2.

Fig5.2

IfachargeQmovesina magneticfield ,itexperiencesaforce

(5.18)

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This force will cause the electrons in the conductor to drift towards one end and leave the other end
positivelycharged, thus creatinga field and charge separation continuous until electric and magnetic
forces balance and an equilibrium is reached very quickly, the net force on the moving conductor is
zero.

canbeinterpretedasaninducedelectricfieldwhichiscalledthemotionalelectricfield (5.19)

IfthemovingconductorisapartoftheclosedcircuitC,thegeneratedemfaroundthecircuit is . This
emf is called the motional emf.

Aclassicexampleofmotional emfisgivenin AdditonalSolvedExampleNo.1.

Maxwell'sEquation

Equation (5.1) and (5.2) gives the relationship among the field quantities in the static field. For time
varying case, the relationship among the field vectors written as

(5.20a)

(5.20b)

(5.20c)

(5.20d)

Inaddition,fromtheprincipleofconservationofchargeswegettheequationofcontinuity

(5.21)
Theequation 5.20(a)-(d)must beconsistentwith equation (5.21).

Weobservethat

(5.22)

Since is zero for anyvector .

Thus applies only for the static case i.e., for the scenario when .
A classic example for this is given below .

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Supposewearein theprocessof chargingup acapacitoras shown in fig5.3.

Fig5.3

Let us apply the Ampere's Law for the Amperian loop shown in fig 5.3. I enc= Iis the total current
passing through the loop. But if we draw a baloon shaped surface as in fig 5.3, no current passes
through this surface and hence I enc= 0. But for non steady currents such as this one, the concept of
current enclosed by a loop is ill-defined since it depends on what surface you use. In fact Ampere's
Law should also hold true for time varying case as well, then comes the idea of displacement current
which will be introduced in the next few slides.

Wecan writefortimevaryingcase,

(5.23)

(5.24)

Theequation (5.24)is valid forstatic aswell as fortimevaryingcase.

Equation(5.24)indicatesthatatimevaryingelectricfieldwillgiverisetoamagneticfieldevenin

theabsenceof.Thetermhasadimensionofcurrentdensities and is called the

displacement current density.

Introductionofin equationisoneofthemajorcontributionsofJame'sClerkMaxwell.
Themodified setofequations

(5.25a)
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 (5.25b)

(5.25c)

(5.25d)

isknownastheMaxwell'sequationandthissetofequationsapplyinthetimevaryingscenario,

static fields arebeingaparticularcase .

Intheintegralform

(5.26a)

(5.26b)

(5.26c)

(5.26d)

The modification of Ampere's law by Maxwell has led to the development of a unified
electromagnetic field theory. By introducing the displacement current term, Maxwell could predict
the propagation of EM waves. Existence of EM waves was later demonstrated by Hertz
experimentally which led to the new era of radio communication.

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