Module 1:

Introduction to Data Processing

Data Processing Data Processing Operations, Types and Methods

Data – is defined as any collection of facts. Data Processing Operations

Example: Test scores, student name etc. Recording is the transferring of data onto
some for or document
Data processing – is the manipulation of data into a Duplicating refers to reproducing the data
more useful form onto many forms or documents
Types of Data Processing Cycle Verifying since recording is usually done
manually, it is important that the
1. Basic Data Processing Cycle recorded data be carefully
checked for errors
Classifying refers to separating of data into
categories
Sorting is arranging data in a specific order
Input in this step the initial data, or input
Merging This operation takes two or more
are prepared in some convenient
sets of data, all sets having been
form of processing.
sorted by same key, and puts
Process in this step the input data are
them together to form a single
changed, and usually combined with
sorted set of data
other information, to produce data
Calculating Refers to performing numerical
in a more useful form.
calculations of the (numerical)
Output here the results of the preceding
data
processing steps are collected. The
Summarizing In this operation, a collection of
particular form of the output data
and report data is condensed and certain
depends on the use of the data.
writing conclusions form the data are
represented in a meaningful
2. Expanded Data Processing Cycle format
Sorting Placing similar data into files for
future references is storing
Retrieving Recovering stored data and/or
information when needed is the
retrieving step
Feedback Feedback is the comparison of the
output(s) and the goal set in
advance; and discrepancy is
analyze, corrected, and fed back
to the proper stage in the
Origination Refers to the processes of collecting processing operation
the original data into source
documents.
Types of Data Processing
Distribution Refers to distribution of the output.
Manual Data This method of data involves
Recordings of the output data are
Processing human intervention.
often called report documents.
Mechanical Different calculations and
Storage Crucial step in many data processing
Data Processing processing are performed using
procedures. The processed results
mechanical machines like
are stored for use as input data in
calculators etc. The use of
the future. A unified set of data
mechanical machines makes data
storage is called a file which consists
processing easier and less time-
of records. A collection of files
consuming. The chances of errors
forms a database.
also become far less than manual
 data processing.
Electronic Data different type of input, output,
Processing and storage devices may be
interconnected to an electronic
computer to process data.

Methods of Processing Data

Batch Refers to processing of data or
Processing information by grouping it into
groups or batches
Online Consist of terminals connected to
processing a computer and communication
by lines that connect different
department of the
business/system to a computer
Realtime Method of data processing which
processing has the capability of fast-response
to obtain data from an activity or a
physical process, perform
computations, and return a
response rapidly enough to affect
the outcome of the activity or
process
Distributed The most complex level of
Processing computer processing, distributed
processing, generally consists of
remote terminals linked to a large
central computer system to help
the user conduct inquiries about
accounts, process jobs, or other
data processing operations
 Module 2:
Computer Concepts
COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE interactive smartboard, and
fingerprint scanner.
Computer
Game Controller Joystick, gamepad, and steering
A computer is a machine or device that performs wheel.
processes, calculations and operations based on Audio Input Microphone and midi keyboard.
instructions provided by a software or hardware Device
program. It has the ability to accept data (input), Bluetooth Keyboard, mouse, headset,
Peripheral gamepad.
process it, and then produce outputs. (techopedia.com)
Visual and Webcam, digital camera, digital
Hardware Imaging Device camcorder, TV capture card,
biometric scanner, and barcode
It represents the physical and tangible components of a reader.
computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and Network Device Ethernet hardware (Hub, Router,
touched. Switches)
Types of Computer Hardware
Input Devices These components are mostly to Examples of Processing Devices
be used to recognized the input
data that are given by users for
solving their problems.
Input instructions can be different
types such as text, images, audio,
and video.
Process Devices Processing is the most important
function of computer, because in
this phase transformation has
been done to data to make a
useful information using different
processing components of
computer.
Output Devices Output devices received the
processed information form from
processing components, and
finally produce them into text,
audio, video, etc. These output
devices might be connected with Examples of Output Devices
computer wireless or wired.
Memory/ • Using storage devices, all data
Storage files and objects can be sorted,
Devices ported, and extracted. The
information can be stored
temporarily and permanently.
These devices can be used
internal or external.

Types of Input Devices

Input Type Examples
Pointing Device Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen,
multi-touch screen, pen input,
motion sensor, graphics tablet,
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

There are basically three main ways to classify

computers. These are:

 By Purpose
 By Type
 By Size / Capacity

Classification according to purpose

Types of Memory/ Storage Devices General purpose These are computers designed to
Primary storage are designed for temporary storage computers perform a variety of tasks when
installed with appropriate
programs.
Special purpose Computers developed in a way
computers that allows them perform a
specific task. These computers
cannot perform any other task
except the one they were meant
to do.
Secondary storage used for permanently storage of
data
Example of Special Computer

 ATM Machines - is a machine built into the wall

of a bank or other building, which allows people
to take out money from their bank account by
using a special card. ATM is an abbreviation for
'automated teller machine'
 Robots - used in manufacturing industry and
war functionality.

Classification according to type

Analog Computer These computers recognize data
as a continuous measurement of
a physical property (voltage,
Software pressure, speed and
temperature). Example:
It is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a automobile speedometer
well-defined function. A program is a sequence of Digital Computer These are high speed
instructions written to solve a particular problem. programmable electronic devices
that perform mathematical
Types of Software calculations, compare values and
System software The system software is a store results. They recognize
program that runs and manages data by counting discrete signal
the computer. It is also known as representing either a high or low
Operating System. voltage state of electricity.
Ex: windows, linux, mac Example: digital watch, smart
Application are designed to satisfy a phones
software particular need of a particular Hybrid Computer A computer that processes both
environment. analog and digital data
Ex: word, excel, ppt, outlook “Hybrid computer is a digital
computer that accepts analog
signals, converts them to digital
 and processes them in digital
form”

Example of hybrid computer

 Vital sign machine - Hybrid computer used in

hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the
patient
 Petrol pump - Hybrid computer used in petrol
pump.

Classification according to capacity

Microcomputers  Microcomputers are also
called personal computers
(PCs).
 The primary purpose of
microcomputers is to keep
and process everyday tasks
and needs of the people.
 Only one person can work on
a single PC at a time, but its
operating system is
multitasking.
 The PC can be connected to
the Internet to take benefits
and enhance the user
experience.
Minicomputer  System performs the basic
arithmetic and logic functions
and supports some of the
programming language used
with large computer systems.
 They are physically smaller,
less expensive, and have
small storage capacity
compared to mainframes
 Minicomputers are ideally
suited for processing tasks
that do not require access to
huge volumes of stored data.
Main Frame  Mainframe computers are
Computer multi-programming, high-
performance computers, and
multi-user, which means it
can handle the workload of
more than 100 users at a
time on the computer
 The storage capacity of the
mainframe is enormous, with
a highspeed data process as
well. It can handle hundreds
of input and output devices
 at a time.
 Mainframe is ahead of our
conventional modern
personal computers in almost
every metric
Super computer  A Supercomputer is the
fastest, powerful, and
expensive type of computer
for processing data.
 Supercomputers’ size and
storage capacity are also
huge (can occupy huge
premises) designed to
process vast amounts of data
in a short time with high
productivity.
 These are specially made to
perform multi-specific tasks.
Therefore, many CPUs work
in parallel order on these
supercomputers.
 Module 3:
Computer History
EARLY COMPUTING DEVICE  The sticks were called “bones” because they
were made of bone or ivory. Napier’s “bones”
Abacus
represented a significant contribution to the
 Abacus is known to be development of computing devices.
the first mechanical
Slide Rule
calculating device.
 The abacus itself  Although the slide rule appeared in
doesn't calculate; it's various forms in Europe during the
simply a device for seventeenth century, its invention
helping a human being is attributed to the English
to calculate by remembering what has been mathematician William Oughtred.
counted.  Basically, a slide rule consists of two
 This device was a first develop by the Egyptians movable rulers placed side by side
in the 10th century B.C, but it was given its final  Each ruler is marked off in such a way that the
shape in the 12th century A.D. by the Chinese actual distances from the beginning of the ruler
educationists. are proportional to the logarithms of the
 Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which numbers printed on the ruler. By sliding the
rod where fitted across with rounds beads rulers can quickly multiple and divide.
sliding on the rod. It is divided into two parts
Pascal Calculator
called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’
 Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the  In 1645, Blaise Pascal
lower one. Thus, any number can be developed a calculating
represented by placing the beads at proper machine that was capable
place of adding and subtracting
 There are two reasons for its popularity: The numbers
abacus is simple and it is effective.  The machine was
operated by dialing a series of wheels.
Napier’s Bone
 Approximately a size of a cigar box, Pascal’s
 As the necessity machine could add and subtract numbers
demanded, scientist containing up to eight digits.
started inventing better  It had a 10-toothed wheels or dials represented
calculating device. In decimal numbers. The machine performed
thus process John computations by counting integers. One of the
Napier’s of Scotland important features was an automatic carry that
invented a calculating device, in the year 1617 is, when one wheel was turned from 9 to 0, the
called the Napier Bones next wheel to the left moved on digit.
 In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of  Addition was performed by “stepping” (hand
the counting purpose where some number is turning) the appropriate wheels by the amount
printed on these rods. These rods that one can to be added. Subtraction requires turning the
do addition, subtraction, multiplication and wheels in reverse.
division easily.
Leibniz Calculator
 John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who
became famous for his invention of logarithms  Gottfried Leibniz was a 17th
 Napier’s` “bones” are rods with numbers century scientist who
marked on them in such a way that by simply recognized the value of
placing the rods side by side products and
quotients of large numbers can be obtained.
 building machines that could do mathematical Hollerith’s Punch Card
calculations and save labor too
 In the 1980’s, Herman
 He was one of the greatest scientific geniuses
Hollerith, a statistician with
of his time. At the age of 26 he taught himself
the US Bureau of the Census
mathematics and then proceeded to invent
completed a set of machines
calculus.
to help process the results of
 Leibniz completed his calculator in 1964. It
the 1980’s census. Using 3 by
utilized the same techniques for addition and
5 inch punched cards to
subtraction as Pascal’s device but could also
record the data he constructed an
perform multiplication and division, as well as
electromagnetic counting machine to sort the
extract square roots.
data manually and tabulate the data.
Charles Babbage  The 1980 census was processed in one-fourth
time needed. Hollerith left the Census Bureau
 Charles Babbage, a 19th century
to build and sell his own tabulating machine. His
Englishman, is frequently
company was the forerunner of IBM
considers the father of modern
Corporation. Also, his machine was the first
computer. Although he did not
commercially successful data processing
build an operational computer
machine that could sort 300 cards per minute.
himself, his ideas became the
basis for modern computational device. EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING
Babbage Difference Engine
All the early machines, except for Babbage's
In 1982, Babbage began work analytical engine, were essentially single-purpose
on a device called the devices. These machines were designed to perform a
Difference Engine, which was specific task or set of tasks. The innovation of the first
designed to automate a modern-age machines was its capability to perform
standard procedure for automatically a long sequences of varied arithmetical
calculating the roots of polynomials. The and logical operations
machine was based on the principle that, for
certain formulas, the difference between World War II greatly accelerated the
certain values is constant. This type of development of a working general-purpose computer
procedure was used frequently for producing and many historians say that the wartime is a
astronomical tables, which were particularly particularly fertile period for technological invention.
useful for the British Navy for navigational The case of the electronic digital computer clearly
purposes. supports that point of view.

Babbage Analytical Engine MARK I

 The Analytical Engine was  Howard Aiken

designed to use two types of work on the Mark
cards – one, called operation I at Harvard
cards, to indicate the specific University with
functions to be performs, and the assistance of
the other, called variable graduate students and engineers from IBM.
cards, to specify the actual data. This idea of  50 feet long, 8 feet tall
entering a program or a set of instruction, on  The project, which was completed in 1944, was
cards, followed by data cards, is one method knows as the Mark I Sequence Controlled
used by modern computers for implementing Calculator.
stored-program concept.
  It was approximately 50 feet long and 8 feet  On its test run in February of 1946, the ENIAC
high, and consisted of some 700, 000 moving took only two hours to solve a nuclear physics
parts and several hundred miles of wiring. problem that would previously required 100
 The Mark I could perform the four basic years of calculation by a physicist.
arithmetic operations and could locate  The ENIAC’s speed calculation was a thousand
information stored in tabular form. times faster than the best mechanical
 It processed numbers up to 23 digits long, and calculators. Each it’s 20 accumulators could
could multiply three eight-digit numbers in 1 perform 5, 000 additions of ten-digit numbers in
second. Internal operations were controlled 1 second. But it could store only 20 tendigit
automatically with electromagnetic relays and numbers in its memory at a time.
the arithmetical counters were mechanical.  In 1947, the ENIAC was moved to the Aberdeen
 It was not an electronic computer but rather Proving Grounds, a government research
an electromechanical one since it was powered center, where it continued to be used until
by an electric motor and used switches and October 1955.
relays.  In 1959 it was placed in the Smithsonian
 It was also the first automatic general-purpose Institute.
digital computers.
EDVAC
 The Mark I is now on display at Harvard
University.  EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) was one of the earliest electronic
ENIAC
computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it
 ENIAC (Electronic was binary rather than decimal, and was a
Numerical Integrator stored program computer.
and Computer) was  Invented by John Presper Eckert and John
the world's first William Mauchly in the year 1946, who were
general-purpose also the inventors of ENIAC (Electronic
computer. Numerical Integrator and Computer).
 During the World War II, the U.S. government  EDVAC could perform operations such as
actively sought to support numerous projects automatic subtraction, addition, programmed
that might assist in solving its diverse problems. division, multiplication and automatic
Largely as a result of there wartime needs, the checking. It had a memory of 1000 words
government funded a group of young engineers capacity and this was later improved to 1024
working at the Moore School of Electrical words.
Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania,
APPLE I & II
who proposed the first electronic digital
computer to solve ballistics problems.  Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976 produced
 Under the direction of Presper Eckert Jr., and by hand the Apple I computer. But it was until
John Mauchly, the ENIAC was developed during 1977 when they produced the Apple II
the period 1943 to 1946. computer, which eventually a benchmark for
 It was the first large-scale vacuum tube Personal Computers (PC)
computer.  The Apple II is more technologically advanced
 It consisted of over 18, 000 vacuum tubes and than Apple I thus making Apple II a commercial
required the manual setting of switches to success that other manufacturers began
achieve desired results. producing their own version of the PC.
 It could perform 300 multiplications per
second. Operating instructions were not stored
internally; rather they were fed through
externally located plug boards and switches.
 The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947
but did not see widespread use in computers
until the late 1950s.
 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more
IBM reliable than their first-generation
predecessors.
 In August 1981, IBM launched their version of  Second-generation computers still relied on
the PC and was to compete with Apple II. This punched cards for input and printouts for
will eventually be copied or cloned by output.
numerous  From Binary to Assembly
manufacturers.
Third Generation

 The period of third generation: 1964-1971.

 Integrated Circuit based
COMPUTER GENERATION  The development of the integrated circuit was
the hallmark of the third generation of
First Generation computers. Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
 The period of first generation: 1940-1956.
which drastically increased the speed and
 Vacuum tube based
efficiency of computers.
 The first computer systems used vacuum tubes
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
interacted with third generation computers
and were often enormous, taking up entire
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
rooms. These computers were very expensive
with an operating system, which allowed the
to operate and in addition to using a great deal
device to run many different applications at one
of electricity, the first computers generated a
time with a central program that monitored the
lot of heat, which was often the cause of
memory. Computers for the first time became
malfunctions.
accessible to a mass audience because they
 First generation computers relied on machine
were smaller and cheaper than their
language, the lowest-level programming
predecessors.
language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one Fourth Generation
problem at a time. It would take operators days
or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input  The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980.
was based on punched cards and paper tape,  Microprocessor based
and output was displayed on printouts.  In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced
examples of first-generation computing devices. the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out
The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer of the realm of desktop computers and into
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census many areas of life as more and more everyday
Bureau in 1951. products began to use microprocessors.
 As these small computers became more
Second Generation powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the
 The period of second generation: 1956-1963
development of the Internet. Fourth generation
 Transistor based
computers also saw the development of GUIs
 The world would see transistors replace vacuum
tubes in the second generation of computers.
 (Graphical User Interface), the mouse and
handheld devices.

Fifth Generation

 The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards

 Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing
and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-
generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization
 Module 4:
Computer System
Computer System central processing unit (CPU), memory and
connectors for input and output devices.
 is a collection of entities (hardware, software
and liveware) that are designed to receive,
process, manage and present information in a
Complementary metal – oxide – semiconductor
meaningful format.
(CMOS)
Components of Computer System
 is a technology for
Computer hardware are physical parts/tangible
parts of a computer. eg. Input constructing integrated
devices, output devices, circuits. CMOS technology is
central processing unit and used in microprocessors,
storage devices microcontrollers, static RAM,
Computer software also known as programs or and other digital logic circuits.
applications. They are CMOS technology is also used for several analog
classified into two classes circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor),
namely - system software and data converters, and highly integrated
application software transceivers for many types of communication.
Liveware is the computer user. Also
known as the humanware. BIOS (basic input/output system)
The user commands the
 is the program
computer system to execute
on instructions. on a personal
computer's
microprocessor
Computer Case uses to get the
computer
 also known as a computer
system started after you turn it on.
chassis, tower, system unit,
 is software stored on a small memory chip on
CPU (When referring to the
the motherboard.
desktop as a whole), or
 It also manages data flow between the
cabinet, is the enclosure that
computer's operating system and attached
contains most of the
devices such as the hard disk, video adapter,
components of a computer
keyboard, mouse and printer.
(usually excluding the display, keyboard and
mouse). Processor Chip
Power Supply  sometimes called a logic chip,
is a computer processor on a
 is a component that supplies
microchip.
power to at least one electric
 The microprocessor contains
load
all, or most of, the central
processing unit (CPU) functions and is the
"engine" that goes into motion when you turn
Motherboard
your computer on.
 is one of the most essential
Random Access Memory (RAM)
parts of a computer system.
It holds together many of  is the physical hardware inside a
the crucial components of a computer that temporarily stores
computer, including the
 data, serving as the computer's "working"  Video cards are used by gamers in place of
memory. integrated graphics due to their extra
 Additional RAM allows a computer to work with processing power and video ram.
more information at the same time, which
usually has a dramatic effect on total system
performance.

Read Only Memory (ROM) DVI - Digital Visual Interface

VGA – Visual Graphics Array
 is "built-in" computer HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
S-Video – Super VideoComputer Peripherals
memory containing data
Computer Peripherals
that normally can only be
read, not written to.  device connects to a computer system to add
 ROM contains the functionality.
programming that allows your computer to be
"booted up" or regenerated each time you turn Three general categories of Computer Peripherals
it on. Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices
 Mouse  Monitor  Flash drive
 Unlike a computer's random-access memory
 Keyboard  Printer  External
(RAM), the data in ROM is not lost when the
etc. Hard Drive
computer power is turned off.
 The ROM is sustained by a small long-life
battery in your computer.

Cables

 is an assembly of one or more

wires running side by side or
bundled, which is used to carry
electric current.

Storage Devices

 a piece of computer
equipment on which
information can be stored

Video Cards

 Alternatively known as a display adapter,

graphics card, video adapter, video board, or
video controller, a video card is an expansion
card that connects to a computer motherboard.
 It is used to creates a picture on a display;
without a video card, you would not be able to
see this page.