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Design Considerations
Chapter 11
Sections 11.1 through 11.3
Types
Simplest configuration.
For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y ) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condit
Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.
The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:
1 1 1
UA U A c U A h
1 R f , c R f , h 1
Rw
o h A c o A c o A h o h A h
Overall Coefficient
R f K /W )
2
F ou l i n g fact or for a u n i t su rf ace area (m
T ab l e 1 1 .1
tan h mL
f , c or h
mL c or h
mc or h
2U p
/ k wt
c or h
h
p arti al
1 h R
U p , c or h
ov eral l coe ffi ci en t
f
c or h
LMTD Method
A Methodology for Heat Exchanger
Design Calculations
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method -
• A form of Newton’s Law of Cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using a log-mean value of the temperature difference between the two fluids:
q U A T1 m
T1 T 2
T1 m
1n T1 / T 2
T1 T h ,1 T c ,1
Th , i Tc , o
T2 Th , 2 Tc , 2
Th , o Tc , i
LMTD Method (cont.)
T1 T h ,1 T c ,1
Th , i Tc , i
T2 Th , 2 Tc , 2
Th , o Tc , o
Note thatTc,o can not exceedTh,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
For equivalent values ofUA and inlet temperatures,
T1 m , C F T1 m , P F
• Shell-and-Tube and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:
T1 m F T1 m , C F
F F i g u res 1 1 .1 0 - 1 1 .1 3
Energy Balance
• Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
q m h ih,i ih, o
q m c ic, o ic, i
i fl u i d en th al p y
C h .
Case (a): Ch >>Cc orh is a condensing vapor
Th Th , o Th , i .
– Negligible or no change in
Case (b): Cc >>Ch orc is an evaporating liquid C c .
Tc Tc , o Tc , i .
– Negligible or no change in
Case (c): Ch =Cc .
– T1 T 2 T1 m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Problem 11.5: Determination of heat transfer per unit length for heat recovery
device involving hot flue gases and water.
D o = 60 mm
D i,1 = 24 mm
D i,2 = 30 mm
t = 3 m m = 0 .0 0 3 m
L = ( 6 0 - 3 0 ) /2 m m = 0 .0 1 5 m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
A N A L Y S I S : T he heat r ate is
q U A Tm , h
c
Tm , c
w her e
1/ U A
c
1 / hA
c
R w 1 / o h A
h
l n D i , 2 / D i ,1 ln 30 / 24
R w 7 .1 0 1 0 4 K /W .
2 k L 2 5 0 W / m K l m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
F r o m E q . 1 1 .4,
tan h m L
f
mL
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
and
q 2 3 .6 W / K 800 3 0 0 K 1 1, 8 0 0 W <
fo r a 1 m lo ng sect io n.
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
( 2 ) H eat tr ansfer enh ancem ent by th e fins co u ld be incr eased fu r th er by u sing a m ater ial o f
lar g er k , bu t m ater ial selectio n w o u ld be lim ited by th e lar g e v alu e o f T m , h .