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Lecture 8 Sampling

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Anwar shah
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11 views

Lecture 8 Sampling

Uploaded by

Anwar shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAMPLING METHODS

Department of Psychology AWKUM

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SAMPLING

 A sample is a smaller collection of units from a


population
 Used to learn about that population

 3 factors that influence sample representativeness

1. Sampling procedure
2. Sample size
3. Participation (response)

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Population
 What is your population of interest?
 To whom do you want to generalize your results?
 Alldoctors
 School children
 Pakistanis
 Women aged 15-45 years
 Bank employees
 Others

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SAMPLING

STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Every unit in population has a chance (greater than zero) of
being selected into sample
 Probability of being selected can be determined
 Every element in population has same probability of
selection= ‘Equal Probability of Selection' (EPS) design
 1. Simple Random Sampling
 2. Stratified Random Sampling
 3. Cluster Sampling

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1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 When population is:
 Small , Homogeneous, easily available
 Each element of the frame has equal probability of
selection
 Provides for greatest number of possible samples.
 A table of random numbers or lottery system is used to
determine which units are selected
 Disadvantages
 If sampling frame is large, method impractical
 Minority subgroups of interest in population may not be
present in sample in sufficient numbers for study
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3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 Population contains a number of categories
 Sampling frame can be organized into separate "strata“
 Each stratum is sampled as an independent sub-
population
 Every unit in a stratum has same chance of being
selected.

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STRATIFIED SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Benefits:
• Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures
balanced representation in sample
• Adequate representation of minority subgroups of
interest can be ensured by stratification
• Drawbacks:
• In some cases (designs with a large number of strata,
or), stratified sampling can potentially require a larger
sample than other methods.

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. Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is used when the population has
"natural" but relatively homogeneous (similar) groups. It
is often used in market research surveys.
 The total population is divided into these groups (or
clusters)
 A simple random sample of the groups is selected.
Then
 The required information is collected from a simple
random sample of the elements within each selected
group.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 Any sampling method where some elements of population


have no chance of selection or
 Where probability of selection cannot be accurately
determined
 Selection of elements based on assumptions regarding
population of interest

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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Nonprobability Sampling includes:
 Convenience Sampling,
 Quota Sampling
 Purposive Sampling.

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1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

 Use results that are easy to get

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CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 Nonprobability sampling which involves sample drawn
from part of population that is close.
 That is, easily available=Convenient
 They are easy to recruit.
 They can be a self-selection of individuals willing to participate.
(a self-selected sample)

 Example: Interviewer conducts survey at shopping center


early in morning on a given day
 People he/she could interview limited to those in shopping
center at that time on that day

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QUOTA SAMPLING
• In quota sampling, selection of sample is non-random.
• This means that elements from the population are chosen
on a non-random basis and all members of the population
do not have an equal chance of being selected to be a part
of the sample group.
• For example: Interviewers might be tempted to interview
those who look most helpful.
• Problem: Samples may be biased because not everyone
gets a chance of selection.
3. Purposive Sample
 Sample is selected based on researchers’ knowledge of a
population and purpose of the study.
 Subjects selected because of some characteristic. For
instance, if a researcher is interested in learning more
about students at the top of their class,
 Sample those students who fall into the "top of the class"
category.
 They will be purposively selected because they meet a
certain characteristic.

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