Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

Power Flow Control between the Grid and

Distributed Generation for Dynamic Load
Variation with VSC Converter
L.Nadam1; M.Chakravarthy2; M.Manjula3
1
Reasearch Scholar, University College of Engineering, Osmania University.Telangana, India.
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering. Telangana, India.
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University.Telangana, India

Abstract:- This paper proposes a novel control method enhances the reliability and resilience of local systems,
for the flow of power between utility and micro grid by especially important for sensitiveconsumers during
controlling real and reactive power flow through back to environmentalcalamities.
back converter .The propose control strategy run in two
different cases , in case 1 - real and reactive power are However, a malfunction in any renewable sourcemight
shared between the load and the micro grid through back significantly impact the entire system, particularly if Energy
to back converter. Case 2 , the required load demand by Storage Systems (ESS) are not well-employed. MGsrequire
the utility is first taken until the DG reaches its maximum sophisticated power regulation schemes to ensure the
limit .the balanced required power to the utility is only efficient working and regulation of renewable sources to
taken by the micro grid . It is also shown the voltage or reach stability and other microgrid requirements.The
frequency fluctuation in the load side has no impact on improvement of power regulation for MGs has garnered
the voltage or Power fluctuation. Different load variations significant concentration in the recent years, covering a range
i.e under, over load as well as constant load power of proposed concepts, from numericalmethods to
sharing presented by simulating in MATLAB. noveloptimization techniques.

Keywords: - Active Power, Reactive Power, Back-to-Back Furthermore, optimization techniquesare widely used to
converter, Micro Grid and Utility Grid. optimize the dispatch of renewable sources for minimizing
totalrunningexpenses. A literature survey on this reveal that
I. INTRODUCTION quite a lot of research have been undertaken in this
domain.The power regulation for MGs, particularly in
Over the last few decades, numerous substantial buildings, focuses on handling thermal energy and power
blackouts have been documented in electric power networks distribution.In [6] concentrated on power regulation and
worldwide, leading to significant economic losses in the controlling of MGs. In [7], authors evaluatedpower
respective regions [1-2]. Faults in power systems have regulation for DC Microgrids. In [8] covered a wider range of
various origins, spanning from localized issues initiated by optimization methods, and Al-Ismail [9] critically analyses
transmission line failures and technical problems at power EMCS methods. Classification of power management
plants to widespread faults arising from unfavourable systems of microgrids is discussed in [10]. In [11], authors
weather conditions or natural disasters. These incidents raise suggest a separate control plan for batteries and
significant concerns, especially as essential facilities like supercapacitors, using a Type II controller for one and a
hospitals, airports, and continuous process industries often nonlinear PI controller for the other. The goal is to keep bus
experience prolonged disruptions, lasting from 5 to 10 hours voltage and power quality stable during abrupt changes in
and sometimes even longer. Additionally, the restoration of power in a low-voltage DC microgrid. In [12], they introduce
the grid often requires a significant amount of time after a secondary voltage control system in a DC microgrid to
extensive blackouts.In some cases, even operational reduce sudden voltage changes caused by decentralized local
transmission lines may require temporary deactivation to power controllers in DERs.In [13], they suggest a control
facilitate the restoration of the grid [3]. As a result, system for DC microgrids, where an AC voltage signal is
addressing concerns about the future of power grids added to the DC voltage of the microgrid, enhancing voltage
worldwide becomes an urgent necessity. An example of this regulation.
rearrangement is the implementation ofMGs, deployed in
moderatelyinsignificanttopographical areas and coupled on In [14], Authors propose integrating a nonlinear
the distribution system. MGs may operate in both GCM and adaptive controller with MPPT to control the DC bus voltage
IM modes. This versatility makes them well-suited for during islanded operation and grid transitions in a microgrid.
deployment in isolated areas, such as countrysidezones, The importance is on selecting MPPT control to optimize the
efficientlyexcluding the requirement for costlyinfrastructure utilization of RES. Additionally, the adaptive parameters of
[4].Additionally, MG may independently disconnect from the the droop controller are optimized using sequential quadratic
main grid during power failure or adjacent faults. This programming. In [15], an FOPID controller is used to control

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1631

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

the DC bus voltage in a hybrid microgrid designed for remote resilience of the microgrid. The proposed setup underscores
and islanded operation. In [16], an implemented control the importance of controlled and coordinated power
system relies on a normalized gradient adaptive electronics interfacing in distributed generation systems.The
regularization factor neural filter for an AC microgrid objectives of the paper are outlined as follows:
powered by a PV-BESS. The primary objective of this
control strategy is to regulate the DC link voltage of the Investigate the use of back to back converters for power
voltage source converter, ensuring optimal power extraction flow regulation in grid-connected DGs, with a focus on their
from the PV source. role in facilitating bidirectional power transfer between the
MG and the grid.
In [17], a voltage control system is proposed as part of
the secondary control stage within a distributed multi-agent Design of a dynamic control with two states for
system structure. This system is designed to regulate both efficient sharing of active and reactive power between the
voltage and frequency, correcting Voltage-Frequency (V-F) grid and the MG, adapting to the power requirements of the
deviations caused by the droop controller in the primary consumers.
control stage. In [18] introduced an adaptive droop-based
cooperative scheme to distribute the load among BESS Investigate innovative configurations of renewable
installed in a PV-BESS based DC microgrid. In [19] utilized sources within the microgrid to improve load-sharing in
a virtual impedance-based droop control to share the load Grid-Connected Mode (GCM) and Islanded Mode (ISM),
among parallel voltage source inverters without the need for fostering resilience and optimizing resource utilization.
communication to coordinate power sharing. In [20]
presented an adaptive power-sharing approach for FC and Evaluate the complete frequency isolation achieved by
generic ESS within DC microgrids, employing the k-sharing the back-to-back converters, ensuring that voltage or
method known for its high stability levels and minimal frequency variations in the utility grid do not impact the
disruptions at the FC terminals. In [21] introduced a fuzzy microgrid, thereby preserving stability.
adaptive compensation control to correct disproportionate
reactive power sharing caused by mismatched impedances in Validate the proposed control strategy through
distributed generation. The controller achieves this by comprehensive simulation studies using the
dynamically adjusting the voltage reference signal of the MATLAB/SIMULINLK tool, considering diverse load types,
DERs in real-time.In [22], the study focused on fault scenarios, and unexpected events such as fluctuations in
superimposed frequency droop control for power sharing in DC side voltage and DG tripping.
DC microgrids, introducing two parameters to enhance
stability and address loading issues: the adaptive voltage II. STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM
coupling gain and adaptive amplitude of the injected AC
voltage. The control of these parameters improves system A single line diagram of the adopted system with grid,
operation under changing loading conditions. PV and wind generation systems and interconnected back to
back converters areshown in Figure 1. VSC-1 and VSC-2 are
The principal goal of this paper is to develop a two voltage source converters connected in back to back
microgrid incorporating distributed generators using power configuration for power exchange between PVGS, WGS and
electronics. Solar and wind generation systems serve as DGs grid. Both these convertersdraw power from a DC link
connected to the grid through back-to-back converters, capacitor with a voltage denoted as 𝑉𝑐 . Both the PVGS and
facilitating bidirectional power flow control between the WGS are linked to the microgrid using another two voltage
utility and the microgrid. The back-to-back converters are source converters VSC-3 and VSC-4.
pivotal in maintaining essential frequency and power quality
isolation, thereby enhancing the overall reliability and

Fig 1 System Structure

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1632

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

The DGs' output inductances are termed as 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 . microgrid is at its minimum, it results in power flowing from
𝑃1 𝑄1 , 𝑃2 𝑄2 and 𝑃𝐿 𝑄𝐿 are the real and imaginary powers at the the MG to the grid.The rating concern needs to be
terminals of WGS, PVGS and load respectively. Grid voltage predetermined, ensuring that the MG cannot provide or
is termed 𝑉𝑆 . 𝑅𝑆 and 𝐿𝑆 are grid resistance and inductance allowfurther power than the requiredlimit.
respectively. 𝑅𝐷1 , 𝐿1 and 𝑅𝐷2 , 𝐿2 are the line resistance and
inductances of WGS and PVGS respectively. CB1 and CB2 III. CONVERTERS CONTROL STRATEGY
are the circuit breakers which connects or disconnects grid to
the renewable sources.𝑃𝑇 ,𝑄𝑇 are the active and reactive VSC-3 converter is comprising of 3 H-bridges and three
power supplied from grid to the microgrid. The system can Y connected 1-φ transformers and DC side is connected to
operate in two states based on the microgrid's power the PVGS as presented in figure 2.The resistance 𝑅𝑓 is
requirements. In State 1, a reference amount of real and included to consider switching and transformer losses. To
reactive power which are given to control system of the back mitigate switching harmonics, an LCL filter is selected.
to back converterare provided by the grid to the VSC-4 for WGS adopts a 6-pulse universal bridge as a
load.Remaining power required by the load can be provided converter. The converters of the back to back configuration
by the PVGS and WGS in proportional to their ratings.If the share the same 2universal bridges, interconnected through a
power demand in the microgrid exceeds the total generation DC link capacitor with a voltage of 𝑉𝐶 as illustrated in Figure
capacity of both PVGS and WGS due to atmospheric 1.
disturbances state 1 is not feasible. Hence in those conditions,
using State-2 control, the grid will provide the additional The control strategy governs all four VSCs. Each of
power required, while the DGs operate at their peak capacity. these controllers requires its own set of instantaneous
reference voltages for generating switching pulses by
When both DGsgenerate respective peak power, the SPWM.
MG shifts from State-1 to State-2.ThoughState-1 ensures a
predefined power flow from the grid, State-2 offers a more  Reference Signal Generation for VSC-1 :
consistentregulation of the back to back converter and can The controller angle required by VSC-1 is produced as
control significant uncertainties in both consumer side and depicted in Figure 3. Initially, the measured capacitor voltage
generation side. The maximum capacity of the back to back goes through low-pass filtering, followed by a comparison
converters depends on the peak value of the power that 𝑟𝑒𝑓
with the reference DC link voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 .The resulting
should be transferred through it. The peak power flow takes difference between actual and reference voltage is then
place when the MG experiences its highest load demand, and processed by a PI regulator to produce the reference angle
the DGs generate the minimum power. As a result, power 𝛿𝑟𝑒𝑓 .
flows from the grid to the microgrid. Moreover, when the
DGs produce maximum power while the load demand in the

Fig 2 Converter Structure of VSC-3

Consequently, the instantaneous reference voltages of the three phases are determined using controller reference angle 𝛿𝑟𝑒𝑓
and voltage peak value of 1.

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1633

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

Fig 3 Reference Angle Generation for VSC-1

 Reference Signal generation for VSC-2 in State-1: 𝑉1 × 𝑉𝑃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿1 − 𝛿𝑃1)

In State-1, 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 are the required active and 𝑃1 = (5)
𝑋1
reactive powers which should be transferred between grid
and MG through VSC-2. The output voltage of VSC-2 is 𝑉12 − 𝑉1 × 𝑉𝑃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿1 − 𝛿𝑃1 )
represented by 𝑉𝑇 ∠𝛿𝑇 , and the PCC voltage is denoted by 𝑄1 = (6)
𝑋1
𝑉𝑃 ∠𝛿𝑃 . Then the reference voltage magnitude and angle at
the terminals of VSC-2 can be defined as: If the difference between phase angle of 𝑉1 and phase
angle of 𝑉𝑝1 is less then the active power provided by PVGS
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑃2 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑋𝐺 may be regulated by 𝛿1 and reactive power can be regulated
𝑉𝑇 = (1)
𝑉𝑃 𝐶𝑂𝑆(𝛿𝑇 − 𝛿𝑃 ) by 𝑉1 . This enables the distribution of power requirements
among the DGs, by adjusting the 𝑉1 and 𝛿1 using droop
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑋𝐺 coefficients which is given as follows:
𝛿𝑇 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2 ) + 𝛿𝑃 (2)
𝑉𝑃 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑋𝐺
𝛿1 = 𝛿1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑚1 × (𝑃1 − 𝑃1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ) (7)
These references are computed subject to the load
demand. Reference voltage can be calculated by using 𝑉𝑇
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1 = 𝑉1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑛1 × (𝑄1 − 𝑄1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ) (8)
𝑟𝑒𝑓
and 𝛿𝑇 . And switching pulses are generated by SPWM. The
In this equation, 𝛿1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 and 𝑉1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 denote the rated
sign of the reference active and reactive powers should be magnitude and angle of the voltage of PVGS when it is
negative if power transfer is from MG to the grid.
delivering𝑃1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 and 𝑄1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 power to the load.𝑚1 and 𝑛1
are the droop coefficients for controller angle to regulate
 Reference Signal Generation for VSC-2 in State-2:
active power and for magnitude to regulate reactive power
In State 2, if both DGs supply their maximum available respectively.Asboth DGs are converter-based, enabling
power, the grid compensates for any power shortage of
instantaneous changes in the controller angle, the angle droop
consumers by utilizing the back-to-back converters.Let
facilitates load sharing lacking any reduction in fundamental
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 denote the peak capacity of the back to back frequency.In a microgrid featuring frequency droop, the
converters. Then reference voltage magnitude and controller angular shift associated with regular load fluctuations tends
angle are calculated as follows: to be more significant than the changes observed in the
overall system fundamental frequency. If this issue is
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑇 × ( 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) (3)
addressed with a low droop coefficient, it might result in
significant frequency variations. Angle droop helps mitigate
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑛𝑇 × ( 𝑄𝑇 − 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) (4) this frequency variation to some extent.
Here, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 represent the magnitude and 𝛿1 − 𝛿 = (𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 )𝑃1 (9)
controller angle of the reference voltage, when supplying the
maximum load. 𝑚𝑇 and 𝑛𝑇 are the droop coefficients and 𝛿2 − 𝛿 = (𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )𝑃2 (10)
can be chosen depending on power limits of the converter.
Where
 Signal Generation for VSC-3 in State-1
In State 1, it is considered that the grid provides a
fraction of the consumers requirement, and both DGs supply
and regulate the remaining requirement of the consumer.The
converted voltages by VSC-3can be controlled by
considering the load proportionally of its respective The angledroop equation of the DGs is
DG.Controlling the real and reactive power from PVGS to
the microgrid involves adjusting the magnitude and controller 𝛿1 = 𝛿1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑚1 × (𝑃1 − 𝑃1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ) (12)
angle of the voltage. Injected active and reactive powers from
the PVGS is given as

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1634

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

𝛿2 = 𝛿2𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑚2 × (𝑃2 − 𝑃2𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ) (13) The droop coefficients can be expressed as:

𝛿1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚1 𝑃1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 and𝛿2𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚2 𝑃2𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃1 𝑚2 𝑃1𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

≈ = (21)
𝑃2 𝑚1 𝑃2𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Then
A high droop coefficient will consistently exert a
𝛿1 − 𝛿2 = 𝑚1 𝑃1 − 𝑚2 𝑃2 (14) significant impact, ensuring efficient power sharing with
minimal deviation.Reactive power sharing has traditionally
Similarly relied on the drop in voltage magnitude. As the converter
output impedance is inductive, alterations in the controller
𝛿1 − 𝛿2 = (𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 )𝑃1 − (𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )𝑃2 (15) angle have a minimal impact on sharing of imaginary power.

Assuming a lossless system, we obtain: Therefore, PVGS can provide the required power if the
terminal voltage of VSC-3 maintains the specified magnitude
and angle as described in equation (5 and 6). The same
approach can generate the require refence signals by VSC-4
𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑚2 to generate the switching pulses using SPWM
𝑃1 = 𝑃 (17)
𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑚1 𝐿  Signal Generation for VSC-3 in State-2
In state 2, the PV and wind systemsgenerate their
Similarly,𝑃2 can be determined as permissible peak power and remaining required power by the
load can be provided by the grid. Using required active
𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑚1
𝑃2 = 𝑃 (18) power and reactive power termed as 𝑃1𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 and 𝑄1𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑚1 𝐿 reference voltage magnitude and controller angle can be
calculated as:
The output power ratio is calculated as:
𝑉𝑃1 2 + 𝑄1𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑋1
𝑃1 𝑋2 + 𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑚2 𝑉1 = (22)
= (19) 𝑉𝑃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿𝑃1 − 𝛿𝑃 )
𝑃2 𝑋1 + 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑚1
𝑃1𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑋1
It is significant that the values of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are 𝛿1 = ( 2 ) + 𝛿𝑃1 (23)
considerably smaller compared to the values of 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 . 𝑉𝑃1 + 𝑄1𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑋1
Moreover, considering the predominantly resistive nature of
the microgrid line with minimal inductance and the IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
significantly larger inductance
Simulation studies are conducted in
𝑚1 ≫ 𝑋1 ≫ 𝑋𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 ≫ 𝑋2 ≫ 𝑋𝐿2 (20) MATLAB/SIMULINK considering various load
configurations and load-sharing scenarios. The DGs are
modelled as wind and PV generation systems. Table I
presents the system data. Load changes, frequency variations,
and voltage disturbances at the grid side are taken into
account to assess the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Table 1 System Parameters

Parameters Values
Source Voltage, Frequency &feeder impedance 11KV, Freq-50 Hz & R=3.025ohms, L=57.75 mH
Micro grid load: Impedance load RL=100ohms, LL=300Mh
DG’s & VSC’s VDC-1 =VDC -2 = 3.5KV; 3kv/ 11 kv, 0.5 MVA
Transformer rating L1=20Mh, L2=16mH; LG=28.86Mh

 CASE I. Micro Grid Load Exchange of the DG with Main Grid:

If micro grid load power demand is more than generated power by the distribution generation, the rest of power is exchange
by the main grid as seen in fig 4.

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1635

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

Fig 4 The Power Exchange of True & Reactive Power for

Case-I Fig 6 Capacitor Voltage and its Angle Controller

It is observed that 50 % of load is shared by main grid  Case II. Supply Power Change from Main Grid :
and remaing load requirements are shared by DG-1 & 2 as If power flow from main grid to microgrid is changed
seen in fig.4. From fig 5, it is observed that the tracking by changing VSC-2 power flow reference , the remaining
voltage error is 0.2%. the capacitor voltage VC and its angle required power is taken abruptly by DG’s.
is at 0.1 sec, the load impedance increased and at 0.35 sec it
is changed to its initial value as shown in fig 6.

Fig 7 Power Exchange of True Power & Reactive Power for

Case II.

Fig 7 shows power exchange of true and reactive power,

at 0.1 sec the Power move from main grid is change from
50% of initial load in case-I to 20% of load. And it is
Fig 5 DG-1 Voltage Tracking observed that DG’s pick up the remaining load power & it

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1636

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

shares proportionally. Fig 8 shows the 3-phase point of From fig 9.b. Reference grid power are changed and
common coupling voltage & current injected for case-II. load is increased reference grid power is the from 0 to 0.1
seconds load is 600 KW, 1000 KVar, from 0.1 to 0.35
seconds load is 570 KW, 950 KVar, from 0.35 to 0.6 seconds
load is 540 KW, 900KVar, from 0.6 to 0.85 seconds load is
510 KW, 850KVar, after 0.85 seconds load is 420 KW,
700KVar .the true and reactive power sharing as shown in
fig 9 b.

Fig 8 3-phase Voltage at PCC and Current Injectin Case-II.

 CASE-III.Power Delivered from Microgrid to Main Grid:

When load on the system is minimum and distribution
generation power is more generated then the balance power is
carried back to main grid between back to back voltage
source converters is shown in fig9.a

Fig 9.b. Reference Grid Power Changed & Load Increased

Reference Grid Power

 Case IV- When the Micro Grid Load is Increased &

Decreased i.e. over Load and under Voltage Conditions:
At initial condition( 0-0.1s) the true power load is 100%
(100kW) ,at time ( 0.1s to 0.35s) the true power load is
increased to 125% , at time (0.35s to 0.6s ) the true power
load is increased to 150% , at time ( 0.6s to 0.85s ) the true
power load is increased to 200% , ,at time 0.85s the true
power load is reached is in initial positions ,similarly for
reactive power sharing as shown in fig 10.

Fig 9. a. The Power Exchange between True Power &

Reactive Power for Case-III.

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1637

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

V. CONCLUSION

Load exchange between main grid & micro grid is

presented in this paper, Active and Reactive power control to
achieve proper power sharing under grid connected mode of
operation. The power management strategies determine
output active & reactive powers of DG’s and control the
voltages and frequency at same time. Power management
system should share the power demand between the existing
AC & DC sources by a specified droop method.

REFERENCES

[1]. Kornbluth, Yosef, Gabriel Cwilich, Sergey V.

Buldyrev, Saleh Soltan, and Gil Zussman.
"Distribution of blackouts in the power grid and the
Motter and Lai model." Physical Review E 103, no. 3
(2021): 032309.
[2]. Priyadarshini, I., Mohanty, P., Kumar, R., Son, L.H.,
Chau, H.T.M., Nhu, V.H., Thi Ngo, P.T. and Tien Bui,
D., 2020, May. Analysis of outbreak and global
impacts of the COVID-19. In Healthcare (Vol. 8, No.
2, p. 148). MDPI.
Fig 10 True Power & Reactive Power Exchange when the [3]. Vargas, R., Macedo, L.H., Home-Ortiz, J.M.,
Micro Grid Load Increment Mantovani, J.R.S. and Romero, R., 2021. Optimal
restoration of active distribution systems with voltage
 Case V- Reactive Power Load Changes with True Power control and closed-loop operation. IEEE Transactions
Constant: on Smart Grid, 12(3), pp.2295-2306.
When reactive power load changes by keeping true [4]. Shen, W., Chen, X., Qiu, J., Hayward, J.A., Sayeef, S.,
power constant, power sharing between the main grid & Osman, P., Meng, K. and Dong, Z.Y., 2020. A
DG’s as shown in fig 11. At initial condition(0-0.1s) the comprehensive review of variable renewable energy
reactive power load is 2000kVAR. after 0.1 s it is increased levelized cost of electricity. Renewable and
to 25% i.e. 2500kVAR, at time (0.35 to 0.6 s) the reactive Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, p.110301.
power 3000kVAR, then at time 0.6 to 0.85 s reactive power [5]. Violante, W., Canizares, C.A., Trovato, M.A. and
load is increased by 4000kVAR. the true and reactive power Forte, G., 2020. An energy management system for
sharing as shown in fig11. isolated microgrids with thermal energy
resources. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(4),
pp.2880-2891.
[6]. Singh, J., Prakash Singh, S., Shanker Verma, K., Iqbal,
A. and Kumar, B., 2021. Recent control techniques and
management of AC microgrids: A critical review on
issues, strategies, and future trends. International
Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(11),
p.e13035.
[7]. Vuddanti, S. and Salkuti, S.R., 2021. Review of energy
management system approaches in microgrids.
Energies, 14(17), p.5459.
[8]. Salehi, N., Martínez-García, H., Velasco-Quesada, G.
and Guerrero, J.M., 2022. A comprehensive review of
control strategies and optimization methods for
individual and community microgrids. IEEE access
, 10, pp.15935-15955.
[9]. Solanke, T.U., Khatua, P.K., Ramachandaramurthy,
V.K., Yong, J.Y. and Tan, K.M., 2021. Control and
management of a multilevel electric vehicle’s
infrastructure integrated with distributed resources: A
comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 144, p.111020.

Fig 11 Power Exchange between Main Grid and DG’s for

Case V

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1638

Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1424

[10]. Espín-Sarzosa, D., Palma-Behnke, R. and Núñez-Mata, [21]. Jiang, E., Zhao, J., Shi, Z., Mi, Y., Lin, S. and Muyeen,
O., 2020. Energy management systems for microgrids: S.M., 2023. Intelligent Virtual Impedance Based
Main existing trends in centralized control Control to Enhance the Stability of Islanded
architectures. Energies, 13(3), p.547. Microgrid. Journal of Electrical Engineering &
[11]. Gulzar, Muhammad Majid, Ayesha Iqbal, Daud Technology, 18(5), pp.3971-3984.
Sibtain, and Muhammad Khalid. "An innovative [22]. Pham, X.H.T., 2020. Power sharing strategy in
converterless solar PV control strategy for a grid islanded microgrids using improved droop
connected hybrid PV/wind/fuel-cell system coupled control. Electric Power Systems Research, 180,
with battery energy storage." IEEE Access 11 (2023): p.106164.
23245-23259.
[12]. Lu, Xi, Shiwei Xia, Guangzeng Sun, Junjie Hu,
Weiwei Zou, Quan Zhou, Mohammad Shahidehpour,
and Ka Wing Chan. "Hierarchical distributed control
approach for multiple on-site DERs coordinated
operation in microgrid." International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems 129 (2021):
106864.
[13]. Wang, D., Weyen, D. and Van Tichelen, P., 2023.
Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and
Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and
New Compliance Verification Methods.
Electronics, 12(14), p.3122.
[14]. Mosayebi, M., Sadeghzadeh, S.M., Khooban, M.H.
and Guerrero, J.M., 2020. Decentralised non‐linear I–V
droop control to improve current sharing and voltage
restoration in DCNG clusters. IET Power
Electronics, 13(2), pp.248-255.
[15]. Elgammal, Adel, and Tagore Ramlal. "Adaptive
voltage regulation control strategy in a stand-alone
islanded DC microgrid based on distributed
wind/photovoltaic/diesel/energy storage hybrid energy
conversion system." European Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 4 (2021): 26-
33.
[16]. Sivadasan, J., Vignesh, R., Antony Robinson, J., Justin
Diraviam, J., Senthilkumar, S. and Aandal, R., 2023,
May. A switched boost landsman converter with
ANFIS based MPPT for grid connected wind energy
system. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2618,
No. 1). AIP Publishing.
[17]. Cao, D., Zhao, J., Hu, W., Ding, F., Huang, Q. and
Chen, Z., 2021. Attention enabled multi-agent DRL for
decentralized volt-VAR control of active distribution
system using PV inverters and SVCs. IEEE
transactions on sustainable energy, 12(3), pp.1582-
1592.
[18]. Li, D., Wu, Z., Zhao, B. and Zhang, L., 2020. An
improved droop control for balancing state of charge of
battery energy storage systems in AC microgrid. IEEE
Access, 8, pp.71917-71929.
[19]. Pham, M.D. and Lee, H.H., 2020. Effective
coordinated virtual impedance control for accurate
power sharing in islanded microgrid. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(3), pp.2279-
2288.
[20]. Li, X., Shang, Z., Peng, F., Li, L., Zhao, Y. and Liu, Z.,
2021. Increment-oriented online power distribution
strategy for multi-stack proton exchange membrane
fuel cell systems aimed at collaborative performance
enhancement. Journal of Power Sources, 512,
p.230512.

IJISRT24JUL1424 www.ijisrt.com 1639