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    Earth and Life Science

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    domafecaluyo

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    Earth and Life Science

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    domafecaluyo
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    EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

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    Earth and Life Science

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    EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

    POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS THAT ATTEMPT DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES ON HOW LIFE COULD HAVE BEGUN
    1.EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN- the hypothesis explain that life originated on another planet outside our Solar system. Life war
    then carried to Earth on a meteorite or an asteroid and colorized Earth . However, this hypothesis has not been proven..
    2.PANSPERMIA- the theory pressures that the “seed” of life exixts all over the universe and can be propagated through space and
    that life on Earth originated from those seeds.
    3.DIVINE CREATION- many people believe that life was put on Earth by divine forces. Creation theories are common to many of
    the world’s religions and cultures.
    4. ORIGIN FROM NON LIVING MATTER- Scientists believe that life arose on Earth from inanimate matter after Earth had cooled.
    They stated that random events probably produced stable molecules that could self replicate . Then natural selection favored changes
    in the rate of reproduction, which eventually led to first cell.

    PERSONALITIES WHICH HAS A CONTRIBUTION TO BIOLOGY

    1. ROBERT HOOKE- first to use the term “cell”.


    2. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK- observed red blood cells, sperms and a myrrad od single celled organisms
    in pond water.
    3. ROBERT BROWN- he discovered that this structure is a fundamental and constant component of the cell.
    4. FELIX DUJARDIN- found out that living cells contain an internal substance. Dujardin gave it the name “sarcode”.
    5.JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJE- who made a thorough investigation of this internal material. He gave it the name
    protoplasm, a term coined for the colloidal substance in the cell.
    6.MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- a german botanist stated that all plants are composed of cells.
    7.THEODORE SCHWANN- a german zoologist concluded that all animals are composed of cells. Jointly, Schleiden and
    Schwann came out with the theory that all living things are composed of cells.
    8. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW- theorized that all living cells come from pre-existing living cells.

    TEN THEMES UNIFY THE STUDY OF LIFE

    THEME 1: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM


    A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM is a complex network of biologicallyrelevant entities.
    SYSTEM- comprised of a combination of parts to form a more complex organization based on the arrangements and
    interactions of its parts.
    INTERACTION- of organism with each other and with the nonliving environment put the system in ecosystem.
    THEME 2: HIGH DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION
    ATOM-MOLECULE-ORGANELLE-CELL-TISSUE-ORGAN-ORGAN SYSTEM- ORGANISM-POPULATION-
    COMMUNITY-ECOSYSTEM-BIOSPHERE
    THEME 3: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
    The structure determines function, function reflects structure.
    THEME 4: REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
    SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL
    The divisions of cells to form new cells is the foundation for all the reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular
    organisms.
    THEME 5: ENERGY TRANSFER AND TRANSFORMATION
    ENERGY- is the ability to do work, were work is done when a force moves an object.
    THEME 6: ORGANISMS INTERACT WITH OTHER ORGANISMS AND THE PHYSICAL
    ENVIRONMENT
    In ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment,which includes both other organisms and physical
    touch.
    THEME 7:
    Homeostasis- is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organisms. It is important because cells function best
    within a limited range of conditions. It is usually maintained through a process called “negative feedback.
    THEME 8: EVOLUTION AND ADAPTION
    EVOLUTION- is the change in living organism over time.
    ADAPTION- one way evolution occurs through natural selection.
    THEME 9: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
    Scientists make observations (collect data), and use indactive reasoning to draw a general conclusion which
    can be developed into a testsble hypothesis.
    THEME 10: BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
    Biology help us understand the living world and the ways its many species function, evolve and interact.

    *MITOSIS- a process of cell duplication, or reproduction during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identically
    daughter cells. The term mitosis is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes.
    *MEIOSIS- is a specialized type of cell division that produce the chromosomes number by half, creating four haploid cells.

    SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

    time consuming TIME very quick


    Two parent PARENT one parent
    Few OFFSPRING many
    High GENETIC low
    Meiosis CELL DIVISION Mitosis

    MAJOR EVENT TIME


    EARTH FORMS 4.5 BYA
    OLDEST ROCKS 4.0 BYA
    FIRST BACTERIA 3.5 BYA
    BACTERIA DIVERSITY 3.0 BYA
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS BEGINS 2.5 BYA
    DIVERSITY & ABUNDANT 2.0 BYA
    BACTERIA
    FIRST EUKARYOTES 1.5 BYA
    EARLIEST ANIMAL ORGANISM 1.0 BYA
    APPEARED
    RAPID DIVERSIFICATION OF 0.5 BYA
    PLANTS, ANIMALS AND FUNGI
    APPEAR ORIGIN OF HUMAN

    NOTES!!!

    >Francisco Redi demonstrated that dead maggots of flies would not generate new flies when placed on rolling meat in a sealed jar,
    whereas maggots of flies would. The control set up is the jar of meat were out without lids so the meat would be exposed. The
    experimental set up is the two jars that are sealed or covered. He conducted this experiment to refute the theory of Spontaneous
    Generation.

    >John Needham challenged Redi’s findings by conducting an experiment in which he placed a broth into a bottle, heated the bottle
    to kill anything inside and sealed it.

    >Lazzaro Spallanzani’s results contradicted the findings of Needham. Heated but sealed flasks remained clear,without any signs of
    spontaneous growth, unless the flasks were subsequently opened to the air.

    >Louis Pasteur experiment consisted of boiled broth in flasks with S-shaped necks. The broth was boiled after being poured into
    the flasks to destroy any living microorganisms that may have been present in the broth. The S shaped necks prevented
    microorganisms from entering and contaminating the broth after boiling.

    NOTES!!!
    Inheritance- transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring.
    Haploid = 23 C Diploid= 46C
    Chlorophyll- green pigment of leaf
    Theme 8:Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace - evolution ( change or transformations)
    Theme 9: 2 Reasoning - Inductive ER (bottom to up) Deductive ER- (top to bottom)

    FORMULA: 6CO2 + 6H2O LE→ C6 H12 O6 + 6O2


    (CLOROPHYLL ) (
    GLUCOSE ) (
    OXYGEN GAS )
    EXPLANATIONS:

    When 6 molecules of Carbon Dioxide is added to 6 molecules of water with the aid of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll will
    produce the product of glucose and by product oxygen gas.

    Fusion- combination Fission- separation

    PROKARYOTIC CELLS- have no nucleus,instead some prokaryotes such as a bacteria have a region within the cell where the
    genetic material is freely suspended. The region is called the NUCLEOID.

    They arell single celled microorganisms like the archaea, bacteria and cyanobacteria.Prokaryotes reproduced by binary fission .

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