Maths Grade 12 SpringClasses 2021

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MATHEMATICS
LEARNER ASSISTANCE
SPRING CLASSES
REVISION BOOKLET
GRADE 12
2021
This document has been compiled by the FET Mathematics Subject Advisors together with Lead Teachers. It
seeks to unpack the contents and to give guidance to teachers.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGES
1 Algebra, Equations and 3
Inequalities
2 Sequences and Series 13
3 Functions 38
4 Calculus 53
5 Statistics 69
6 Analytical Geometry
7 Trigonometry
ALGEBRA, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
SECTION CONCEPT EXAMPLE

1) x − 6x = 0
Factorisation 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2) = 0
4
3) x −3 =
x
4) 3x 2 − 5 x − 2 = 0 (where 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟏)

1) 2 x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0 (ans corr to 2 decimal digits)
Quadratic formula
2) 2 x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0 (ans in simplest surd form)
1) ( x − 4)( x + 2)  0
Algebra, Inequalities 2) ( x + 2)( 2 − x )  0
3x ( x − 5)  0
Equations 3)
4) x 2 ( x + 5)  0
and 4) 3x 2 − 5 x − 2  0 (for both a > 𝟎 and a < 0 )
Inequalities
5
−
(±𝟐𝟓) Exponential
Equations
1) 2x 3
= 64
2) 2 x+ 2 + 22 = 20
3) 2.3x = 81 − 3x
Surds 1) x +1 = x −1
2) 2+ 2− x = x
1) y = x2 − x − 6 and 2x − y = 2
Simultaneous
2) 2x − y +1 = 0 and x 2 − 3x − 4 = y 2
Equations
3) 3x −10 = 33 x and y 2 + x = 20
3|Page
EXAMPLES:
Solve for x: Example 2
Example 1 ( x - 3)( x + 5) = 9
( x − 3)( x + 5 ) = 0 x 2 + 5x - 3x - 15 - 9 = 0
x = 3 or x = −5 x 2 + 2x - 24 = 0
( x + 6)( x - 4) = 0
x = -6 or x = 4
Example 3 Example 4
x−2 +x = 4 15x - 4 > 9x 2

x−2 = 4−x 9x 2 - 15x + 4 < 0
x − 2 = 16 − 8x + x 2 (3x - 1)(3x - 4) < 0
x − 8x + 16 − x + 2 = 0
2
x 2 − 9x + 18 = 0
( x − 3 )( x − 6 ) = 0 + +
x = 3 or x = 6 -
after checking both solutions
x = 3 is the ONLY solution
1 1
<x<
3 4
PRACTISE EXERCISE
QUESTION 1
1.1 Solve for x
1.1.1 ( x - 4) = 5 (3)
(4)
1.1.2 4x - 20x +1= 0
2
1.2 Solve simultaneously for x and y in the following system of equations:

y - x +3= 0
x2 - x = 6 + y (6)
QUESTION 2
2.1 Solve for x
2.1.1 x 2 - 5x = -6 (3)
(
2.1.2 3x +1 x - 4 < 0 )( ) (3)
2.1.3 2x + x +1 = 1 (4)
2.1.4 12 =1
5+3x (4)
2.2 Solve for x and y
2x - y = 8
x 2 - xy + y 2 = 19 (7)
4|Page
QUESTION 3
3.1 Solve for x
3.1.1
( ) ( ) (5)
2
x + 2 = 3x x - 2
3.1.2 x 2 - 9x ³ 36 (4)
(4)
3.1.3 3x - 3x-2 = 72
3.2 Given (2m – 3) (n + 5) =0
Solve for:
3.2.1 n if 𝑚 = 1 (1)
3.2.2 m if 𝑛 ≠ −5 (1)
3.2.3 m if 𝑛 = −5 (2)
QUESTION 4
4.1 Solve for x:
4.1.1 ( x − 3) ( x + 1) = 5 (3)
3x (3)
4.1.2 9 2 x −1 =
3
4.1.3 2 2 − 7 x = − 36 x (4)
QUESTION 5
5.1 Solve for x:
5.1.1 10x = 3x 2 - 8 (3)
5.1.2 x+ x-2 = 4 (5)
5.1.3 x ( 2x -1) ³ 15 (5)
5.2 4 x +3 + 4 x
Given P =
8x + 2 + 8x
5.2.1 Simplify P (3)
5.2.2 Hence solve for x: If 𝑃 = 3 (2)
5.3 State whether the following numbers are rational, irrational or non-real
5.3.1 √3 (1)
5.3.2 22 (1)
7
5.3.3 The roots of 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0 (1)
QUESTION 6
6.1 Solve for x:
6.1.1 2𝑥 2 + 11 = 𝑥 + 21 (3)
6.1.2 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 (5)
6.1.3 2𝑥 + 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 2) stating any restriction (4)
1
6.1.4 − (5)
x −1 − x 2 = 20
6.2 Solve for x and y simultaneously in the following equations
2 x 2 − 3xy = −4 and 4 x + y = 2 x + y (6)
5|Page
QUESTION 7
7.1 Solve for x. Leave the answer in the simplest surd form where necessary
7.1.1 (2x + 5)( x 2

)
-2 =0 (3)
7.1.2 x2 − 4  5 (4)
7.1.3 122x = 8.36x (4)
Solve for x, correct to TWO decimal places 2 ( x + 1) = 9 (4)

2
7.2
7.3 Solve for x and y simultaneously:

y+5 1
y = -2x + 7 and =
x -1 2
QUESTION 8
8.1 Given: x 2 + 2x = 0
8.1.1 Solve for x (2)
8.1.2 Hence, determine the positive values of x for which x2  −2x (3)
8.2 Solve for x: 2x 2 − 3x − 7 = 0 (Correct to 2 decimal places) (4)
8.3 14
Given k + 5 =
k
8.3.1 Solve for k (3)
14 (3)
8.3.2 Hence or otherwise, solve for x if x+5 +5=
x+5
8.4 1 1 1
Solve simultaneously for x and y: + = 3 and x − y =
x y 2 (7)
8.5 −2  4 − 20k
The roots of a quadratic equation is given by x = . Determine the value(s) of k
2
for which the equation will have real roots
(4)
QUESTION 9
9.1 Solve for x
9.1.1 2 x2 − 5x − 3 = 0 (2)
9.1.2 ( x − 3)( x − 4)  12 (5)
9.2 3
Consider 5 x − =1
x
9.2.1 Solve for x correct to TWO decimal places. (5)
9.2.2 3 (3)
Hence, determine the value of y if 5 ( 2 y + 1) − =1
2 y +1
9.3 Solve simultaneously for x and y in the following set of equations:
y = x − 1 and y + 7 = x 2 + 2 x (5)
9.4 Calculate the value(s) of m if the roots of 3mx 2 − 7 x + 3 = 0 are equal (4)
QUESTION 10
10.1 Solve for x in each of the following:
10.1.1 x ( x + 5) = 0 (2)
10.1.2 2 x 2 − 3x = 7 (4)
10.1.3 x2 − 7 − x − 5 = 0 (4)
10.1.4 1 (2)
x ( 3 x + 1)  0
2
10.2 Solve for x and y simultaneously: 2 x + y = 3 and x 2 + y + x = y 2 (6)
QUESTION 11
11.1 Solve for x:
11.1.1 4 x 2 = 81 (2)
11.1.2 (a) x 2 − 5 x = 2 , correct to TWO decimal places (4)
(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve ( x 2 − 2 ) − 5 ( x 2 − 2 ) − 2 = 0

2 (3)
11.1.3 ( 2 − x )( x + 4)  0 (3)
1 (5)
11.1.4 3x +1 − 4 + =0
3x
11.2 Solve for x and y simultaneously: x + y = 3 and 2 x 2 2 y 2 = 5xy
QUESTION 12
12.1 Solve for x:
12.1.1 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 6 = 0 (correct to TWO decimal places) (3)
12.1.2 √6𝑥 2 − 15 = 𝑥 + 1 (5)
12.1.3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24 ≥ 0 (3)
12.2 Solve for x and y simultaneously: 5x + y = 3 and 3x 2 − 2 xy = y 2 − 105 (6)
12.3.1 Solve for p if p 2 − 48 p − 49 = 0 (3)
12.3.2 Hence, or otherwise, solve for x if 7 2 x − 48 ( 7 x ) − 49 = 0 (3)
QUESTION 13
13.1 Solve for x:
13.1.1 x 2 + 9 x + 14 = 0 (3)
13.1.2 4 x 2 + 9 x − 3 = 0 (correct to TWO decimal places) (4)
13.1.3 x2 − 5 = 2 x (4)
13.2 Solve for x and y if: 3x − y = 4 and x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 = −2 (6)
13.3 Given: f ( x ) = x2 + 8x + 16
Solve for x if: f ( x ) = 0
QUESTION 14
14.1 Solve for 𝑥:
14.1.1 ( x −1)( x + 8) = 10 (4)
14.1.2 4 (4)
4x + + 11 = 0; x  0 (Leave your answer correct to 2 decimal places)
x
14.1.3 6 x  3x 2 (5)
14.2 Solve for x and y: 3 + x = 2 y and x 2 + 4 y 2 = 2 xy + 7 (7)
QUESTION 15
15.1 Solve for x:
15.1.1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1) = 0 (2)
15.1.2 1 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 0 (3)
15.1.3 √2𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 − 3 (4)
2
(3)
15.1.4 ( 2 x ) 3 = 64
15.1.5 (2 − 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)2 ≤ 0 (4)
15.2 Solve for x and y simultaneously: y + 3 = 2 x and x 2 − xy + 2 y 2 = 4 (5)
15.3 Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 1, calculate the value of 𝑏 for which the (5)
graph of 𝑔 will intersect the graph of 𝑓.
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
Arithmetic sequence/ linear
It is the sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. i.e
5; (5 + 2); (5 + 2 + 2).... that forms 5;7;9.... therefore d = 2 .
d = T2 − T1 = T3 − T2
Tn = a + (n − 1)d ( a is a first term; d is common difference and n is number of term)
Arithmetic series
It is the sum of the terms of an Arithmetic sequence.
a + ( a + d ) + (a + 2d )...
The sum of an arithmetic sequence can be calculated using the formula:

S n = 2a + (n − 1)d 
n
2
Geometric sequence
It is a number sequence with a common ratio between the consecutive terms. i.e. 5; 5  2; 5  2  2
…that form
5; 10; 20.... therefore r = 2
T2 T3
r= = but T1 and T2  0
T1 T2
Tn = ar n−1 ( a is a first term; r is a common ratio and n is number of term)
Geometric Series is the sum of terms of a geometric sequence
a + (ar ) + (ar 2 ) + .....
Geometric sequence can be calculated using the formula:
a(r n − 1) a(1 − r n )
Sn = or S n = and r  1
r −1 1− r
A geometric series will converge if − 1  r  1
The sum of infinity can be calculated of a geometric sequence/series if − 1  r  1
a
S =
1− r
Sigma notation ( )
It is a very useful notation for the sum of given numbers of a sequence.  is the symbol used for
(sum of)
Quadratic pattern
It is a sequence of numbers in which a second difference between any two consecutive terms is
constant. i.e 12 ; 2 2 ; 32 ; 4 2 …that form 1; 4; 9; 16;... therefore the first difference of the quadratic
pattern forms an Arithmetic pattern.
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FROM PAST PAPERS

LIMPOPO SEPT 2013
QUESTION 1
1.1 In the sequence 3; p; q; 24 are the first four terms.
Determine the values of p and q if
1.1.1 The sequence is geometric. (3)L2
1.1.2 The sequence is arithmetic. (3)L2
1.2 Given that S n = 33n + 3n 2
1.2.1 Determine the sum of 10 terms (1)L1
10 | P a g e
1.2.2 List the first three terms of this series (4)L2

1.3 1 1 1
Given k = x; x 2 ; x 3 + which converges
3 3 3
1.3.1 Determine the value of 𝑥

(2)L2
1.3.2 Determine K if x = −2
(3)L2
QUESTION 2
2.1 Given the sequence 3; 6; 13; 24; ….
2.1.1 Derive the general term of this sequence. (4)L2
2.1.2 Which term of this sequence is the first to be greater than 500. (5)L3
QUESTION 3: MPUMALANGA SEPT 2013
Given: 1; 11; 26; 46; 71; …….
3.1 Determine the formula for the general term of the sequence. (4)L2
3.2 Which term in the sequence has a value of 521? (4)L2
QUESTION 4
4.1 2 1  1
Consider the geometric sequence: 2 ( 2t − 2 ) ; ( 2t − 1) ; ( 2t − 1) ; t  
3
2  2
Calculate:
4.1.1 the common ratio r.
(2)L2
4.1.2 the value(s) of t for which the sequence converges. (3)L3
1 (4)L2
the sum to infinity of the sequence, if t =
4
QUESTION 5: NORTH WEST TRIAL 2014

5.1 Evaluate (4)L2
å(15 - 4n)
20
n=3
5.2 A water tank contains 216 litres of water at the end of day 1. Because of a leak, the tank loses
one-sixth of the previous day’s contents each day. How many litres of water will be in the tank
by the end of:
5.2.1 the 2nd day? (2)L1
11 | P a g e
5.2.2 the 7th day? (3)L2
5.3 Consider the geometric series: 2(3𝑥 − 1) + 2(3𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(3𝑥 − 1)3 + . . .
(3)
For which values of x is the series convergent?
QUESTION 6: WC METRO NORTH DISTRICT TRIAL 2014
6.1 The following arithmetic sequence is given: 20 ; 23 ; 26 ; 29; … ; 101
6.1.1 How many terms are there in this sequence? (2)L1
6.1.2 The even numbers are removed from the sequence. (6)L2
Calculate the sum of the terms of the remaining sequence.
QUESTION 7
The sequence 3 ; 9 ; 17 ; 27 ; … is quadratic.
7.1 Determine an expression for the n-th term of the sequence. (4)L2
7.2 What is the value of the first term of the sequence that is greater than 269? (4)L3
KZN TRIAL 2015
QUESTION 8
8.1 Given the combined arithmetic and constant sequences :
8.2 3 ; 2 ; 6 ;2 ; 9 ;2 ; ...
8.2.1 Write down the next two terms in the sequence. (2)L1
8.2.2 Calculate the sum of the first 100 terms of the sequence. (5)L2
Question 9
24
Given the geometric series: + 12 + 6 x + 3 x 2 
x
9.1 If x = 4, then determine the sum to 15 terms of the sequence. (4)L2

9.2 Determine the values of x for which the original series converges. (3)L2
9.3 Determine the values of x for which the original series will be increasing. (2)L4
12 | P a g e
QUESTION 10
Given the quadratic sequence: 5 ; 7 ; 13 ; 23 ; . . .
10.1 Calculate the nth term of the quadratic sequence. (4) L2
10.2 Determine between which two consecutive terms of the quadratic sequence the first
difference will be equal to 2018. (3)L3
MARITZBURG COLLEGE TRIAL 2015

QUESTION 11
11.1 Given the arithmetic series: 1+4 +7 + ...
11.1.1 Determine the 65th term of the series. (1)L1
11.1.2 Derive a formula for Tn , the nth term of this series. (2)L1
11.1.3 Calculate k if 1+4 +7+... (to k terms) =590.
QUESTION 12
12.1 With reference to the sequence, 2; 4;8;k give the value of k if:
12.1.1 the sequence is geometric. (1)L1

12.1.2 the sequence is quadratic. (2)L2
12.2 Given the quadratic sequence 6;3; −2; −9;
12.2.1 Determine the nth term of the sequence. (5)L2
12.2.2 The sum of two consecutive terms of this sequence is −827.
Determine these terms. (4)L3
KZN TRIAL 2016
QUESTION 13
Given the quadratic sequence: 4; 4; 8; 16; . . .
13.1 Calculate the nth term of the quadratic sequence. (4)L1
13.2 Between which two consecutive terms of the quadratic sequence, will the first
difference be equal to 28088? (4)L3
QUESTION 14
14.1 Given the combined arithmetic and constant sequences:
6 ; 2 ; 10 ; 2 ; 14 ; 2 ;...
14.1.1 Write down the next TWO terms in the sequence. (2)L1
14.1.2 Write down the sum of the first 50 terms of the constant sequence. (1)L1
13 | P a g e
14.1.3 Calculate the sum of the first 100 terms of the sequence. (4)L2
QUESTION 15: LIMPOPO TRIAL 2016

1 1
The 7th term of a geometric series is and the 11th term is . If r  0 .
128 2048
15.1 Determine the first term of the sequence. (4)L3
15.2 Will this series converge? Explain (2)L2
15.3 1 1 1
A new series is formed by taking T1 + T2 + T3 + = + + + ... from the above
2 8 32
sequence. Calculate the sum to infinity of this new series (4)L1
QUESTION 17: WESTERN CAPE TRIAL 2016

17.1 3x − 1 2 x − 1 7 x − 5
Given ; ;
4 3 12
17.1.1 If 𝑥 = 5, determine the values of the first three terms (1)L1
17.1.2 What type of sequence is this? Give a reason for your answer. (2)L1
17.1.3 Which term will be equal to −445? (3)L2
17.2 Given the series 18 + 6 + 2 + ⋯
17.2.1 What is the value of the first negative term, if any? Explain your answer. (2)L1
17.2.2 Determine the tenth term, T10. (2)L2
17.2.3 Determine 𝑆∞ − 𝑆10. (5)L3
QUESTION 18
33
18.1 Determine the value of:  (1 − 2k )
k =2
(3)L2
18.2 6; 5 + 𝑥; −6 and 6𝑥 form the first 4 terms of a quadratic sequence.

18.2.1 Show that 𝑥 = −3. (4)L2
18.2.2 Determine an expression for the general term of the sequence. (4)L2
QUESTION 19
Given the quadratic sequence: 3; 5; 11; 21; x
19.1 Write down the value of x. (1)L1

19.2 Determine the value of the 48th term. (5)L2
19.3 Prove that the terms of this sequence will never consist of even numbers. (2)L3
19.4 If all the terms of this sequence are increased by 100, write down the general term of
the new sequence (2)L2
WC WINELANDS DISTRICT TRIAL 2017

QUESTION 20
20.1 Which term in this sequence 36; 25; 14; . . . is equal to -52? (3)L2
20.2 In a quadratic pattern, with 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛² + 𝑏𝑛 + , the second term is equal to 8

and the first differences of the quadratic sequence are givenas: 6; 12; 18; . . . . . . . . . . . ..
14 | P a g e
20.2.1 Write down the values of the first four terms of the quadratic sequence. (3)L2
20.2.2 Calculate the value of T40 of the quadratic sequence. (5)L3
QUESTION 21: EDEN & CENTRAL KAROO DISTRICT TRIAL 2018
21.1 Prove that in any arithmetic series of which the first term is a and where the
constant difference is d, the sum of the first n terms is given by:
S n = 2a + (n − 1)d  ‘
n
2
21.2 Given the following sequence: −5 ; −1 ; 3 ; 7 ;…………; 35
21.2.1 Determine the number of terms in the sequence. (3)L2

21.2.2 Calculate the sum of the sequence. (2)L2
22.3 For an arithmetic series consisting of 15 terms, 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 𝑛2

Determine:
22.3.1 the first term of the sequence. (2)L2
22.3.2 the sum of the last 3 terms. (3)L2
QUESTION 23
23.1 A quadratic number pattern 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐 has a third term equal to −1, while the first
differences of the quadratic sequence are given by: −12; −8; −4
23.1.1 Write down the values of the first four terms of the quadratic sequence. (2)L2
23.1.2 Calculate the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. (3)L2
23.2 p 2 p3
Consider the geometric series 4 + p + + + ...
4 16
23.2.1 Calculate the value(s) of 𝑝 for which the series converges. (2)L1
23.2.2 Calculate the value of 𝑝 if the sum to infinity is 3. (3)L2
KZN TRIAL 2018
QUESTION 24
The first four terms of a quadratic sequence are 9 ; 19 ; 33 ; 51 ;...

24.1 Write down the next TWO terms of the quadratic sequence. (2)L1
24.2 Determine the nth term of the sequence. (4)L1
24.3 Prove that all the terms of the quadratic sequence are odd. (3)L3
QUESTION 25
3 − t ; − t ; 9 − 2t are the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence.

25.1 Determine the value of t. (4)L2
25.2 If t = −8 , then determine the number of terms in the sequence that will be positive. (3)L
15 | P a g e
QUESTION 26
26.1 Given the infinite geometric series ( x − 3) + ( x − 3) + ( x − 3) +

2 3
27.1.1 Write down the value of the common ratio in terms of x. (1)L1
27.1.2 For which value(s) of x will the series converge? (3)L2
26.2 An arithmetic sequence and a geometric sequence have their first term as 3. Thecommon difference of the
arithmetic sequence is p and the common ratio of the geometric sequence is p. If the tenth term of the
arithmetic sequence is equal to the sum to infinity of the geometric sequence, determine the value of p.
(5)L3
FREE STATE TRIAL 2019

QUESTION 27
Given the quadratic sequence 1; 6; 15; 28; …
27.1 Write down the second difference. (1)L1
27.2 Determine the nth term. (4)L1
27.3 Calculate which term of the sequence equals 2701. (3)L2
QUESTION 28
Given the arithmetic series: 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + … + 185
28.1 How many terms are there in the series? (3)L3
28.2 Calculate the sum of all the natural numbers from 10 to 185 that are NOT divisible by 5. (6)L3
QUESTION 30: KZN TRIAL 2019

The first four terms of a quadratic sequence are 8 ; 15 ; 24 ; 35 ;...
30.1 Write down the next TWO terms of the quadratic sequence. (1)L1
30.2 Determine the nth term of the sequence. (4)L2
QUESTION 30
The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2𝑝 − 3 ; 𝑝 + 5 ; 2𝑝 + 7.
30.1 Determine the value(s) of p. (3)L2
30.2 Calculate the sum of the first 120 terms. (3)L2
30.3 The following pattern is true for the arithmetic sequence above:
𝑇1 + 𝑇4 = 𝑇2 + 𝑇3
𝑇5 + 𝑇8 = 𝑇6 + 𝑇7
𝑇9 + 𝑇12 = 𝑇10 + 𝑇11
∴ 𝑇𝑘 + 𝑇𝑘+3 = 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑇𝑦
30.3.1 Write down the values of x and y in terms of k. (2)L2

30.3.2 Hence, calculate the value of 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑇𝑦 in terms of k in simplest form. (4)L3
16 | P a g e
QUESTION 31

31.1 Given:  5(3
k =1
2−k
)
31.1.1 Write down the value of the first TWO terms of the infinite geometricseries. (2)L2
31.1.2 Calculate the sum to infinity of the series. (2)L2
3 81 3
31.2 Consider the following geometric sequence: sin 30 ; cos 30 ; ;.......; Determine the number
2 2
of terms in the sequence. (5)L3
17 | P a g e
FUNCTIONS
An overview of the four functions from previous grades
Linear Quadratic Hyperbolic Exponential

Equation y = ax 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦=
𝑎
+𝑞 𝑦 = 𝑎. 𝑏 𝑥+𝑝 + 𝑞
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑝) 2 + 𝑞 𝑥+𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
Steps to sketch or Increases conc. Up and has Min Value at 𝑦𝑇𝑃 Sketched on the 1st and 3rd quad. Sketched above
draw 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
If
a  0 (+)
Steps to sketch or Decreases conc. down and has Max Value at 𝑦𝑇𝑃 Sketched on the 2nd & 4th quad. Sketched below
draw 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
If
a  0 ( −)
Steps to sketch or Horizontal line
draw
If a = 0
Steps to sketch let 𝑦 = 0 (𝑥1 ; 0) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥2 ; 0) or let 𝑦 = 0 let 𝑦 = 0 let 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡(𝑠) (𝑥; 0) (𝑥; 0) (𝑥; 0)
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡(𝑠) (0; 𝑐) (0; 𝑐) or let 𝑥 = 0 let 𝑥 = 0 let 𝑥 = 0
(0; 𝑦) (0; 𝑦)
How to sketch * Int(s) (calc * Check 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 * Draw both asymptote * Draw equation of asymptote
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠) * Int(s) (calc 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠) * Check 𝑎 * Check 𝑎 then 𝑏
* Join 2 points * T.P (Turning Point) * Int(s) (calc 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠) * Int(s) (calc 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠)
• If it’s only one term, then use
• If it’s only one • If it’s only one term, then use table • If it’s only one term, then use table table method
term, then use method method
table method
Axis of symmetry No axis of symmetry −𝑏 𝑦 = ±(𝑥 + 𝑝) + 𝑞 No axis of symmetry
𝑥=
2𝑎
Turning Point No turning point T.P (𝑝; 𝑞) or No turning point No turning point
−𝑏 −𝑏
( ; 𝑓( ))
2𝑎 2𝑎
Linear Quadratic Hyperbolic Exponential

Domain 𝑥∈𝑅 𝑥∈𝑅 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅; 𝑥 ≠ 𝑝 𝑥∈𝑅
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Range 𝑦∈𝑅 𝑦 ≥ 𝑦𝑇𝑃 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅; 𝑦 ≠ 𝑞 𝑦 > 𝑞 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0
𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑇𝑃 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0 𝑦 < 𝑞 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0
Determining Determine the Given TP + another Point Given Asymptotes *subst. the value of 𝑞
gradient Substitute TP in y = a( x + p) + q , Insert then in 𝑝 and 𝑞 then use any given *Take one point on the graph and
2
Equation
Substitute point to solve for 𝑎. subst.
substitute point to get 𝑎.
gradient and
Given any two points
another point
Substitute both points separately and
to solve for 𝑐
solve simultaneous.
using
y = mx + c 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 + point
Substitute to y = a( x − x1 )( x − x2 )
where 𝑚 is a
gradient and then substitute a point to get 𝑎.
** When interpreting the graph, it is important to classify given points
Grade 12 (NEW)
Inverse 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥
𝑥 𝑐 𝑎 𝑦 −1 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑦 −1 = − 𝑥
𝑦 −1 = ±√𝑎 ; (domain) 𝑦 −1 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
Note!! Not every graph is a function

Function is a 1:1 mapping or many:1.
To test if a graph is a function a vertical line test can be used.
Restrict domain (𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 0) of the parabola for its inverse to be a functio
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Vocabulary Notations
● Function ● 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑣𝑠 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
● Gradient or average gradient ● 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0
● Line of symmetry or axis of symmetry ● 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0
● Transformation (Reflection) ● 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
● Asymptote ● 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
● Domain and Range ● 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑔(𝑥)
● Nature of roots ● 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥)
● 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 axis ● 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) < 0
● 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 intercepts ● 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 0
● Point (𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒) ●

𝑓(𝑥)
> 0 𝑣𝑠
𝑓(𝑥)
<0
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
● Turning Point ●  = b 2 − 4ac
● Point of intersection ● 𝑚 > 0 𝑣𝑠 𝑚 < 0
● Max or Min value
Practical Examples
EXAMPLE 1 (SEPT 2020)
1
Given: g ( x) = −1
2 ( x + 3)
a) Write down the equations of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of 𝑔. (2)
b) Determine the intercepts of the graph of g with the axes. (3)
c) Draw the graph of 𝑔. Show all intercepts with the axes as well as the asymptotes of the
graph. (4)
d) Determine the equation of the axis of symmetry of g that has a negative gradient. (2)
e) Write down the domain and the range of 𝑓 if f ( x) = g ( x − 3) + 1 . (3)
20 | P a g e
f) It is further given that 𝑘 is the reflection of g ( x ) about the x − axis . Determine the equation
of k ( x) . (2)
Solution (c)
(a) x = −3 and y = −1
(b) For y-intercept: Let x = 0
1
y= −1
2(0 + 3)
5
y=−
6
 5
 0; − 
 6
For x-intercepts: Let y = 0
1
−1 = 0
2( x + 2)
2x + 6 = 1
5
x=−
2
 5 
 − ;0 
 2 
(d) (e)
y = −( x + 3) − 1 1
f ( x) = −1+1
y = −x − 4 2( x − 3 + 3)
1
f ( x) =
2x
Domain : x  R; x  0
Range : y  R; y  0
1
− f ( x) = −1
2( x + 3)
(f)
1
f ( x) = − +1
2( x + 3)
EXAMPLE 2 (MP Sept 2020)
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(i) In the diagram, f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c and g ( x) = mx + c are drawn with an angle of
inclination of g of 135°. FG is parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 with F(3; 25). The turning point of 𝑓
is (−3; 1) and 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 of g is (7; 0), f and g have the same 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.
a) Determine the equation of 𝑔. (2)

b) Calculate the Calculate the co-ordinates of G. (2)
c) Determine the equation of 𝑓 in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c (4)
d) Describe the transformation from 𝑓 to 𝑝 if G is the turning of p. (2)

e) Write down the down the equation of symmetry of ℎ if h( x) = f ( x − 2) + 3 . (2)
(ii) Draw the sketch of f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c with the following properties:
• Roots of f ( x) = 0 differs by 4.
• f (−2) = 0
• The range of 𝑓 is y  −2 (4)
[16]
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Solutions
(i) (a) y = mx + c (b) y = −1x + 7

0 = −1(7) + c y = −1(3) + 7
c=7 y=4
y = −1x + 7 G (3; 4)
(c) y = a( x + p)2 + q (d) Reflection over 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Move 3 units
up.
5 = a (0 + 3) + 1
2
25 = a (3 + 3) 2 + 1
36a = 24
(ii)
2
a=
3
2
y = ( x + 3) 2 + 1
3
2
y = ( x 2 + 6 x + 9) + 1
3
2
y = x2 + 4x + 7
3
(e) 2
f ( x) = ( x + 3) 2 + 1
3
2
h( x) = ( x + 3 − 2) 2 + 1 + 3
3
2
h( x) = ( x + 1) 2 + 4
3
x =1
EXAMPLE 3 (MP Sept 2020)
(i) In the diagram, the graph of, g: ( y − 4)( x − 2) = k is drawn. P (3; 7) is a point on 𝑔.
23 | P a g e
a) Write down the equation(s) of the asymptote of 𝑔. (2)

b) Determine the value of 𝑘. (2)
c) Determine the equation of 𝑓, if f is the equation where 𝑔 moved three units downwards and
one unit left. (2)
d) For which values of x is x.g ( x)  0 (3)
x
1
(ii) Given: f ( x ) =  
2
a) Sketch the graph of h. Show at least 2 points on the graph. (3)
b) Write down the equation of h −1 ( x), the inverse of ℎ. (2)
c) For which values of 𝑥 is:
x x
1 1
    (2)
3  2
[16]
Solutions
(a)
y = 4 and x = 2
(b) ( y − 4)( x − 2) = k
(7 − 4)(3 − 2) = k
k =3
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(c) 3 (d) (0 − 4)( x − 2) = 3

f ( x) = +4−3
x − 2 +1 5
x=
3 4
f ( x) = +1
x −1 5
x2
4
(ii)
(a)
(b) h −1 ( x) = log 2 x
x x
(c) 1 1
   
3  2
3− x  2− x
x0
ACTIVITIES
QUESTION 1 (METRO EAST SEP 2018)
k
Sketch the graph of f ( x) = + q if:
x+ p
• The domain is given as: x  R ; x  −1.

• The range is given as: y  R ; y  2
• k 0
• x − int ercept :(− 12 ;0)
• f (0) = 1
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QUESTION 2 (FEB/MAR 2018)
Below are the graphs of f ( x) = ( x − 4)2 − 9 and a straight line 𝑔. A and B are x-intercepts of 𝑓 and E is
the turning point of 𝑓. C is the y-intercept of both 𝑓 and g. The x-intercept of 𝑔 is D. DE is parallel to
the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2.1 Write down the coordinates of E. (2)
2.2 Calculate the coordinates of A. (3)

2.3 M is the reflection of C in the axis of symmetry of 𝑓. Write down the coordinates of M. (3)
2.4 Determine the equation of 𝑔 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (3)
2.5 Write down the equation of g −1 in the form 𝑦 = ⋯ … (3)
2.6 For which values of 𝑥 will x. f ( x )  0? (4)
[18]
QUESTION 3 (SEPT 2018)
x −3
Given: f ( x) =
x+2
5
3.1 Show that f ( x) = 1 − . (1)
x+2
3.2 Write down the equations of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of 𝑓. (2)
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3.3 Determine the intercepts of the graph of 𝑓 with the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 and 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠. (2)
3.4 Write down the value of 𝑐 if 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 is a line of symmetry to the graph of 𝑓. (2)
3.5 Determine the equation of 𝑘 if 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 1. (1)
3.6 Hence or otherwise sketch the graph of 𝑘 showing ALL the asymptotes and the intercepts
with the axis. (3)
3.7 Determine the domain and the range of 𝑘. (2)
[10]
QUESTION 4 (NW SEPT 2020)
2
Given: k ( x) = − x + 3 for − 4  x  6 and h( x) = 2− x. Q(−1; 2) is a point on ℎ.
3
4.1 Determine the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of 𝑘. (2)

−1
4.2 Determine the domain of k . (2)
−1
4.3 Determine the equation of h . (2)
−1
4.4 Give the coordinates of the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of h . (2)
4.5 For which values of 𝑥 is: k −1 ( x)  0? (2)
4.6 If k ( x) = q( x), where 𝑞 is a function defined for −4  x  6. Draw a neat sketch graph of 𝑞.
Clearly show the 𝑥 − values of the turning point(s) and end points. (3)
[13]
QUESTION 5 (NOV 2019)
a
Below are the graphs of f ( x ) = x + bx − 3 and g ( x ) =
2
x+ p
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• 𝑓 has a turning point at C and passes through the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at (1;0).

• D is the 𝑦 −intercept of both f and g. The graphs 𝑓 and 𝑔 also intersect each other at E and J.
• The vertical asymptote of 𝑔 passes through the x-intercept of 𝑓.
5.1 Write down the value of 𝑝. (1)

5.2 Show that a = 3 and b = 2 . (3)
5.3 Calculate the coordinates of C. (4)

5.4 Write down the range of f. (2)
0
5.5 Determine the equation of the line through C that makes an angle of 45 with the positive x-
axis. Write your answer in the form y = ...... (3)
5.6 Is the straight line, determined in QUESTION 5.5, a tangent of 𝑓? Explain your answer. (2)
5.7 The function h( x) = f (m − x) + q has only one x-intercept at x = 0 . Determine the values
of m and 𝑞. (4)
[19]
QUESTION 6 (MAY-JUNE 2021)
Sketched below are graphs of f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 4 x + 16 and g ( x) = 2 x + 4 . A and B are the 𝑥 −

intercepts of f. C is the turning point of 𝑓.
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6.1 Calculate the coordinates of A and B. (3)
6.2 Determine the coordinates of C, the turning point of 𝑓. (2)

6.3 Write down the range of 𝑓. (1)
6.4 The graph of h( x) = f ( x + p ) + q has a maximum value of 15 at x = 2 .
Determine the values 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 and 𝑞. (3)
6.5 Determine the equation of g −1 , the inverse of 𝑔, in the form 𝑦 = ⋯ (2)
6.6 For which value(s) of 𝑥 will g −1 ( x).g ( x) = 0? (2)
6.7 If p ( x) = f ( x) + k , determine the value(s) of k for which p and 𝑓 will NOT intersect. (2)
6.8 If p ( x) = f ( x) + k , determine the value(s) of k for which p and g will NOT intersect. (5)
6.9 It is further given that 𝑓 is the graph of h( x ).
6.9.1 For which values of 𝑥 will the graph of ℎ be concave up? (2)
6.9.2 Sketch the graph of ℎ, clearly showing the x-values of the turning point of
inflection. (3)
[25]
QUESTION 7 (SEPT 2020)
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1 2
In the diagram, the graphs of f ( x) = − x 2 + x + 2 and g ( x) = x − x are drawn below. f and g
2
intersect at C and D. A is the y – intercept of f. P and Q are any points on f and g respectively. PQ is
parallel to the y – axis.
7.1 Write down the co-ordinates of A. (1)

7.2 Calculate the coordinates of C and D. (5)
7.3 Determine the values of 𝑥 for which f ( x)  g ( x). (2)
7.4 Calculate the maximum length of PQ where line PQ is between C and D. (4)
7.5 Calculate the values of 𝑥 where the gradient of 𝑓 is equal to 3. (3)
7.6 Determine the values of k for which f ( x ) = k has two positive unequal roots. (4)
[19]
QUESTION 8 (Sept 2019)
In the diagram, the graphs of f ( x) = − x 2 + 5 x + 6 and g ( x) = x + 1 are drawn below. The graph of
f intersects the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at B and C and the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at A. The graph of g intersects the graph of f at B
and S. PQR is perpendicular to the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 with points P and Q on f and g respectively. M is the turning
point of f.
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8.1 Write down the co-ordinates of A. (1)
8.2 S is the reflection of A about the axis of symmetry of 𝑓. Calculate the coordinates of S. (2)
8.3 Calculate the coordinates of B and C. (3)
8.4 If PQ=5 units, calculate the length of OR. (4)
8.5 Calculate the:
8.5.1 Coordinates of M. (4)
8.5.2 Maximum length of PQ between B and S. (4)
[18]
QUESTION 9 (Sept 2019)
−1
Given f ( x) = −1
2− x
9.1 Write down the equations of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of f . (2)
9.2 Determine the intercepts of the graph of f with the axes. (3)
9.3 Draw the graph of f . Show all the intercepts with the axes as well as the
asymptotes of the graph. (4)

[9]
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QUESTION 10 (Nov 2019)
Sketched below is the graph of f ( x) = k x ;k  0. The point (4;16) lies on f .
10.1 Determine the value of k . (2)
10.2 Graph g is obtained by reflecting graph of f about the line y = x . Determine the
equation of g in the form y = ... (2)
10.3 Sketch the graph of g . Indicate on your graph the coordinates of two points on g . (4)
10.4 Use your graph to determine the value(s) of x for which:
10.4.1 f ( x)  g ( x)  0 (2)
10.4.2 g ( x)  −1 (2)
15
10.5 if h( x) = f (− x), calculate the value of x for which f ( x) − h( x) = (4)
4
[16]
32 | P a g e
CALCULUS
1. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
The derivative of a function at x is given by:
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f (x ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 h
(Provided the limit exist)
It is called the first principles
TIPS ON HOW TO APPLY THE FIRST PRINCIPLES

1. Find f ( x + h) separately
2. Write down the formula
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h →0 h
3. Substitute f (x ) and f ( x + h) into the formula
4. Be careful with the exponent of ( x + h) as well as the signs
5. Simplify and remember to cancel out from the denominator
6. Remind yourself of method of taking out an LCD (for a hyperbolic function)
7. Solve [at this stage we no longer write lim ]
h→0
2. RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

2.1 Constant Rule
d
c = 0 i.e. the derivative of a constant is zero
dx
Power Rule
[ x ] = n.x n − 1
d n
dx
For any given function y = x ; the derivative: y = nxn−1
Example: y = 3x
2
33 | P a g e
dy
 = 3.2 x 2−1 = 6x
dx
2.2 Sum and Difference Rule
d
 f ( x) + g ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
dx
d
 f ( x) − g ( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
dx
Example: If: y = x + x
n
y  = y ( x n ) + y ( x)
y = x 2 + 5x
 y = 2x + 5
REMEMBER: The derivative of f at x = c is equivalent to the gradient of the tangent line to the
curve of f at x = c
2 (a) NOTATION OF DERIVATIVE
Ways to write the derivative of y = f (x)
dy
NOTE does not mean dy divide by dx
dx
Function Derivative
f (x ) df ( x )
f (x ) or
dx
f df
f  or
dx
y dy
y  or
dx
34 | P a g e
3. THE EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT TO THE CURVE
A tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point.
→ Tangent line
A tangent is determined by two conditions. The two conditions are a gradient and a point of
contact.
The equation of a tangent is in the form y = mx + c. The gradient ( m ) is determined from the
derivative i.e.
dy
m= or f (x )
dx
‘
The curve and its tangent line has the same gradient at the point of contact. The two – point form
for finding the equation of a tangent is given by:
y − f (a) = f (a)( x − a)
where a is the value of x at a point of contact, f (a ) is the value of y at a point of contact and
f (a ) is the slope/gradient at the point of contact
TIPS ON HOW TO FIND THE EQUATION OF A TANGENT TO THE CURVE:
If f (x) is a function:
1. Find the derivate of a function ,i.e. f (x)

35 | P a g e
2. Then substitute the x-value given into the derivative (that will give you gradient at
that point)
3. Substitute the x-value given into the original function f equation to get the
corresponding y-value (that will give you the co-ordinates of the point)
4. Substitute the x- and y-values (refer to 3) and the gradient in the straight line
formula: y = mx + c or y – y1 = m(x – x1)
4. CUBIC GRAPHS
A cubic graph is of the form:
f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
where a  0
NOTE:
The graph of f is concave upward on the interval if f  is increasing on the interval
The graph of f is concave downward on the interval if f  is decreasing on the interval
TIPS ON HOW TO FIND THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF A GRAPH

1. y-intercepts (x = 0)
2. x – intercepts (y = 0)
Use the factor theorem to find the first factor of a cubic expression.
Use long division, synthetic division or the inspection method to find the other
(quadratic) factor.
Factorise the quadratic factor into two linear factors.
Write down the three roots (solutions) of the cubic equation.
3. Stationary points: Minimum and Maximum

Where a horizontal line is tangent to the curve and it is calculated by equating the first
derivative to zero and solving for x.
36 | P a g e
i.e. f ( x) = 0
Local Maximum
maximum
Local Minimum
f ( x) = 0
Solve for x
Substitute the x-values into the original equation to find the corresponding values of y
SUMMARY OF A CUBIC GRAPH
For 2 stationary points
a>0
a<0
37 | P a g e
For 1 stationary point
a>0
a<0
5. POINTS OF INFLECTION
The point at which the functions changes its concavity at this point
f ( x ) = 0 i.e. The second derivative is equal to zero.
[Byjus.com] [Siyavula, Grade 12 Mathematics]
The direction of bending changes an inflection point. The graph is concave down on one side
of an inflection and concave up on the other side of an inflection. The second derivative tells
about change is slope.
We can also use the fact that the x-coordinate of the point of inflection is half way between
38 | P a g e
x A + xB
the two critical values of the graph of f . So x = , if A and B are turning points of
2
f (x ).
6. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CUBIC FUNCTION
If the 3 x-intercepts of the graph are known:

- start with the equation: y = a( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) ( x − x3 ) where x1 ; x2 and x3 represents
𝑥 − intercepts.
- Expand the binomials
- Substitute the co-ordinates of another point on the graph to determine a
If the graph has a turning point on one of the x-intercepts, use the equation:
y = a( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) 2
If the turning points are known, substitute into:

f ( x) = 0 in the form :
where x1 and x 2 are the x-values of the turning point
a ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) = 0
7. GRAPH OF A DERIVATIVE
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT THE GRAPH OF f ( x), f ( x), f ( x)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Graph where a ≠ 0 where a ≠ 0 where m ≠ 0
39 | P a g e
𝑎>0 𝑎>0 𝑚>0
𝑎<0 𝑎<0 𝑚<0

Shape
𝐴(𝑥1 ; 𝑦)
(a) x-values of TP The x-values of the turning
of 𝑓(𝑥) points of 𝑓(𝑥) are the x-
(b) x-intercepts of values of the x-intercepts of
𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥).
FOLLOW THE
DOTTED LINES. 𝐵(𝑥2 ; −𝑦)
𝐶(𝑥1 ; 0) 𝐷(𝑥2 ; 0)
(a) Point of
inflection of
𝑓(𝑥)
(b) x-value of the
TP of 𝑓′(𝑥)
(c) x-intercepts of
𝑓′′(𝑥)
FOLLOW THE 𝐴(𝑥1 ; … ) 𝐴(𝑥1 ; 0)
DOTTED LINE. 𝐴(𝑥1 ; … )
x-value of the point of inflection It is now the x-value of It is now the x-intercept of
of 𝑓(𝑥) the turning point of the function 𝑓′′(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥)
40 | P a g e
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
First Principles
2 2. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
f ( x + h) = 2( x + h) 2 − 5( x + h)
f (x + h ) − f (x )
f ( x ) = lim f ( x + h) = 2( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) − 5 x + 5h
h →0 h
f ( x + h) = 2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 5 x + 5h
= lim
( )
2( x + h ) + 4 − 2 x 2 + 4
2
h →0 h f ( x + h) − f ( x )
2 x + 4 xh + 2h 2 + 4 − 2 x 2 − 4
2 f ' ( x) = lim
h →0
= lim h
h →0 h 2 x + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 5 x − 5h − (2 x 2 − 5 x)
2
4 xh + 2h 2 = lim
h →0
= lim h
h →0 h 4 xh + 2h − 5h
2
h( 4 x + 2h) = lim
h →0
= lim h
h →0 h h(4 x + 2h − 5)
= lim 4 x + 2h = lim
h →0
h →0 h
= 4x = lim
h →0 4 x + 2h − 5
= 4 x + 2( 0) − 5
= 4x − 5
−2
3. f ( x) =
x
−2
f ( x + h) =
x+h
−2 2
− (− )
x+h
f ' ( x ) =h→0
lim
x
h
lim 1 −2 2
=h→0 h ( x + h + x )
lim 1 − 2 x + 2 x + 2 h
=h→0 h ( x( x + h) )
lim 1 2h
=h→0 h ( x( x + h) )
2
=h→0 x 2 + xh
lim
2
= 2
x
41 | P a g e
WHEN DETERMINING THE DERIVATIVE USING RULES, TAKE NOTE OF:

Subject of the formula
dy
When determining make y the subject of the formula first with respect to x
dx
Examples xy = x 2 + y − 1
(a)
y = 3x5 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 − 5 xy − y = x 2 − 1
dy (b) y ( x − 1) = ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
= 15 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 4 x y = x +1
dx
dy
(c) =1
dx
y = 2x + 1
( y ) 2 = ( 2 x + 1) 2 Surds
Change the surds into exponential form then differntiate
y = 4x2 + 4x + 1
a
dy a
xn = x n
= 8x + 4
dx
Example
Multiplication (Products)
Determine the product first
e.g.
Dx ( 3
x4 + 8 x )
(a)  43 1

y = 3x .4 x
2 3 = Dx  x + 8 x 2 
 
y = 12 x5 −1
4 13
dy = x + 4x 2
= 60 x 4 3
dx
(b)
f ( x) = (3 x 2 − 2) 2
f ( x) = 9 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 4
f ( x) = 36 x 3 − 24 x
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Variable in the denominator (TWO Variable in the denominator (ONE term)

or more terms)
Divide each term of the numerator by the denominator
3x − 2 x − 1
2 e.g.
y=
x −1
(3 x + 1) ( x − 1) 6 x5 − 4 x 2 + 8 x − 7
y= g ( x) =
x −1 2x2
y = 3x + 1
6 x5 4 x 2 8 x 7
dy g ( x) = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2
=3 2x 2x 2x 2x
dx 7
g ( x) = 3 x3 − 2 + 4 x −1 − x − 2
2
g ( x) = 9 x − 4 x + 7 x
2 −2 −3
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1 Determine the derivative from the first principles

1.1 f ( x ) = 5 − 3x (5)
1.2 f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 7 (5)
1.3 f ( x ) = −2x2 + x (5)
1.4 f ( x ) = 2 x3 (5)
1.5 2 (6)
f ( x) =
x
1.6 3 (6)
f ( x) = −
x
2.1 Use the rules of differentiation to differentiate the following:
CASE 1: Making 𝒚 the subject of the formula
2.1.1 xy = x3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x (3)
2.1.2 xy + 4 y = x 2 − 16 (3)
2.1.3 xy = x 2 + 5 x − y + 4 (4)
2.1.4 y = 8x3 − 2 xy + 1 (5)
43 | P a g e
2.2 CASE 2: Products
2.2.1
Dx ( 2 x − 5)  (3)
2
 
2.2.2 y = ( 2 x − 3) ( 4 x 3 + 5 ) (4)
2.2.3 2 (4)
1 
y =  − x
x 
2.3 CASE 3: Surds
g ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 5 x3
2.3.1 (3)
h ( x ) = 5 x − 4 x4
2.3.2 (3)
2.3.3 (4)
y = 5 x .2 5 x3
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
CASE 4: Variable in the denominator (one term) =𝑐+𝑐
𝑐
2.4
2.4.1 2 x 4 − 3x3 + 4 x (3)
y=
x
2.4.2 2x − 4x + 3 x
2 (4)
y=
x2
2.4.3 3x3 + 6 x 2 − 15 x + 2 (4)
y=
3x
2.5 CASE 5: Variable in the denominator (two or more terms)
2.5.1 3x 2 − 2 x − 5 (3)
y=
x +1
2.5.2  t −1 
2 (4)
Dt  
 2t + 2 
2.5.3 x3 + 8 (4)
y=
x 2 − 2x + 4
MIXED QUESTIONS FROM PAST PAPERS

1 Differentiate the following:
1.1 4 x3 (4)
y= −
x 9
1.2
(
y = 1+ x )
2 (4)
1.3 8 − 3x 6 (4)
y=
8x 5
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1.4 2 (4)
 1 
p( x) =  3 + 4 x 
x 
1.5  x 3 − 1 (3)
Dx  
 x −1 
1.6 3 y = x +1 (4)
1.7 5 1 (3)
y= x3 − + 
x 2
1.8 dy (2)
, if , y = ax 2 + a
da
EQUATION OF A TANGENT
Example 1. Given: f ( x) = −2 x2 + 1 . Determine the equation of the tangent to f at x = −1
f ( x) = −4 x
 f (−1) = −4(−1) = 4
m = 4
f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 1
 f (−1) = −2(−1)2 + 1 = −1
Substitute (−1; − 1)
y − (−1) = 4( x − (−1))
 y + 1 = 4( x + 1)
 y +1 = 4x + 4
 y = 4x + 3
ACTIVITY
1.1 Determine the equation of the tangent to f ( x) = x − 6 x − 6 x + 5 at x = 2
3 2
1.2 The function defined by g ( x) = x − 8x + 20 is given. Determine:

2
• The point on the curve of g where the gradient of the curve is 4.

• The equation of the tangent at this point
45 | P a g e
CURVE SKETCHING
Sketch the following curve: y = x3 − x 2 − x + 1
y-intercept: (0,1) y
Use factor theorem.
f (1) = 13 − 12 − 1 + 1 = 0
1
 ( x − 1) is a factor
x 3 − x 2 − x + 1 = ( x − 1) ( x 2 + mx − 1)
1 x
mx 2 − x 2 = − x 2  m = 0
( x − 1) ( x 2 − 1) = 0
( x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
(1;0 ) , ( −1;0 )
Stationary points
f ( x) = 0 3x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0
( 3x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
1
x = − or x = 1
3
3 2
 1  1  1 32
y = −  − −  − −  +1 =
 3  3  3 27
Example 2. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = − x + 3x

3 2
Solution: y-intercept (0,0)

x-intercepts: − x 3 + 3 x 2 = 0 y
− x ( x − 3) = 0
2
(2;4)
x=0
x = 3 (3,0) , (0,0)
− 3x 2 + 6 x = 0
x(−3x + 6) = 0 3
0 x
x = 0 or x = 2
When x = 0, y = −(0) + 3(0) = 0 (0,0)
3 2
When x=2, y = −(2) + 3(2) = 4 (2,4)

3 2
ACTIVITY
1 Solve for x:
1.1 x3 − 12 x 2 + 36 x = 0
1.2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + 8 = 0
46 | P a g e
1.3 x3 − x 2 − 10 x − 8 = 0
2 Determine the coordinates of the turning point of the following functions

2.1 h ( x ) = x3 − 12 x2 + 36 x
2.2 f ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + 8
2.3 g ( x ) = x3 − x2 − 10 x − 8
3 Sketch the following functions:
3.1 h ( x ) = x3 − 12 x2 + 36 x
3.2 f ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + 8
3.3 g ( x ) = x3 − x2 − 10 x − 8
3.4 p ( x ) = − x3 − 4x2 + 3x + 18
MIXED PROBLEMS
QUESTION 1
1.1 Given f ( x) = 1 − 4 x
2
1.1.1 Determine f ' ( x ) from first principle (5)

1.1.2 Hence, calculate the gradient of a tangent of at x = 2 (2)
1.2 Determine:
1.2.1 dy
if y = (2 − x )
2
dx (3)
1.2.2 1
f ' ( x ) if f ( x) = 3 x + (4)
4x 4
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1 Determine f ' ( x ) from first principle if ' f ( x) = 3x − x (5)
2
2.2 dy
Determine if:
dx
2.2.1
(
y = x + x −2 )2 (4)
2.2.2 1 5 (3)
y = 3 x4 − x
10
2.3 4
Given: f ( x) = x 2 − 2
x
2.3.1 Determine the gradient of the tangent to f at the point where x = 2 (3)
2.3.2 Determine the equation of the tangent to f at x = 2 (3)
QUESTION 3
3.1 Given: f ( x) = 5 − 2 x
2
3.1.1 Determine f ' ( x ) from first principles (5)
47 | P a g e
3.1.2 1 (4)
The line g ( x) = − x + p is a tangent to the graph of f at the point A. Determine the
8
coordinates A.
3.2 Given: f ( x) = x − 2 x . Determine the equation of the tangent of f at the point where (6)
3 2
x=2
3.3 It is given that f ( x) = ax − 24 x + b has a local minimum at (-2,17). Calculate the (4)
3
values of a and b .
QUESTION 4
Given: f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x + 2)
2
4.1 Determine the turning points of f . (5)

4.2 Draw a neat sketch of f showing all intercepts with the axes as well as the turning (4)
points
4.3 Determine the coordinates of the point where the concavity of f changes. (3)
4.4 Determine the value(s) of k , for which f ( x) = k has three distinct roots. (4)
4.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to f that is parallel to the line y = −5 x if 𝑥 < (6)
0
QUESTION 5
Given: f ( x) = − x + x + 8 x − 12
3 2
5.1 Calculate the x-intercepts of the graph of f . (5)

5.2 Calculate the coordinates of the turning points of the graph of f . (5)
5.3 Sketch the graph of f , showing clearly all the intercepts with the axes and the turning (3)
points.
5.4 Write down the x-coordinate of the point of inflection of f . (2)
5.5 Write down the coordinates of the turning points of h( x) = f ( x) − 3 (2)
QUESTION 6
Sketched below is the graph of g ( x) = −2 x − 3x + 12 x + 20 = −(2 x − 5)( x + 2)
3 2 2
A and T are turning points of g. A and B are the x-intercepts of g. P(-3;11) is a point on the graph.
48 | P a g e
(-3;11)
6.1 Determine the length of AB (3)

6.2 Determine the x-coordinate of T. (3)
6.3 Determine the equation of the tangent to g at P(-3;11), in the form y =….. (4)
6.4 Determine the value(s) of k for which − 2 x − 3 x + 12 x + 20 = k has three distinct (4)
3 2
roots.
6.5 Determine the x-coordinate of the point of inflection (4)
49 | P a g e
STATISTICS
Definition:
Data Handling is a process during which data (information) is collected, recorded, and presented.
NB: All learners should be able to use a calculator to do statistics’ calculations.
Key Concepts:
• Data – information that is being analysed.
Population – data is collected on the entire group of elements.
Sample – data is collected on a specified set from a larger group of elements.
Ungrouped data – a set of random data elements gathered for analysis.
Grouped data – data elements aggregated into different classes or intervals.
Univariate data – single set of data that distinguished by specific characteristics.
Bivariate data – data set that compares two related variables.
• Measures of central tendency
The Mean, also known as the average, is the sum of all the data values in a set, divided by
number of all elements in the set.
The Median, (Q2 ) , is the middle data item in an ordered data set.
1
Position of median = (n + 1)
2
The Mode is the most frequent data item in a set.
• Measures of dispersion
The Range is the difference between the maximum and the minimum data values in a given data
set Range = Max.value − Min.value
The Inter-Quartile-Range (IQR) is the difference between the third and first quartiles
IQR = Q3 − Q1 
Standard Deviation ( ) is a measure of how dispersed data is around the mean. The square of
the standard deviation is the variance ( 2 ) .
• Quartiles – numbers that divide data into quarters in an ordered data set.
Lower quartile, (Q1 ) is a data item below which a quarter of the data lies.
1
Position of median = (n + 1)
4
Upper quartile, (Q3 ) , is a data item above which a quarter of the data lies.
3
Position of median (n + 1)
4
• Percentiles – numbers below which a certain percentage of data item lies.
percentile
Position of percentile =  Number of data items.
100
• Five Number Summary – five numbers that separate a data set into quarters.
Minimum value
50 | P a g e
Lower quartile (Q1 )

Median (Q2 )
Upper quartile Q3
Maximum value
• Box – and – Whisker Diagram (drawn using the five number summary)
It is important in identifying whether data in a set is symmetrical or skewed.
If mean – median = 0, then the distribution is symmetric.
If mean – median > 0, then the distribution is positively skewed.
If mean – median < 0, then the distribution is negatively skewed.
In a symmetrical data set approximately 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation of
( )
the mean x −  ; x +  and approximately 95% of the data will lie within two standard deviations
of the mean [ x −  ; x +  ]
• Outliers – data items that are a lot bigger or smaller than the rest of the elements in the data set. They
are determined as follows:
Outlier  Q1 − 1,5  IQR
Outlier  Q3 + 1,5  IQR
• Graphical representations
Histogram – represents grouped data as condensed bars whose widths and lengths represent class
intervals and frequency respectively.
Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve) – an s-shaped smooth curve drawn by plotting upper
limits of class intervals of a grouped data against cumulative frequency of a data set.
Scatter plot – representation of bivariate data as discrete data points.
• Bivariate data summaries
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Regression line (line of best fit) - a line drawn on the scatter plot that shows a general trend that
bivariate data seem to follow.
( )
Least squares regression line – is a straight line that passes through the mean point x; y relating
bivariate data.
Correlation Coefficient (r) – indicates the strength of the relationship between the variables in
bivariate data. It lies between − 1 and 1 .
Example 1
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Daily sales (in Rands)
a) Complete the comulative frequency table for the sales over November and December.
b) Draw an ogive for the sales over November and December.
c) Use your ogive to determine the median value for the daily sales. Explain how you obtain your
answer.
d) Estimate the interval of the upper 25% of the daily sales.
Solutions
53 | P a g e
Example 2
Example 3 DBE Nov 2016
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Solutions
a) Strong
55 | P a g e
EXERCISES
QUESTION 1: North –West Sept 2019

1.1 The time (in seconds) between the consecutive landings of aeroplanes at an airport on
day 1 was recorded. The data is given in the Cumulative Frequency table below:
Number of
Cumulative
Time (in seconds) Aeroplanes
Frequency
(Frequency)
60  t  90 2 2
90  t  120 16 18
120  t  150 28 46
150  t  180 17 63
180  t  210 K p
210  t  240 7 80
1.1.1 Show that k = 10 . (1)
1.1.2 Write down the value of p . (1)
1.1.3 Calculate the estimated mean time between the landings of the two consecutive (3)
aeroplanes.
56 | P a g e
1.2 It is given the (q;186,89) is the interval of the landing time between aeroplanes within
ONE standard deviation from the estimated mean.
1.2.1 Write down the estimated standard deviation of the time between the consecutive (2)
landings of aeroplanes.
1.2.2 Calculate the value of q . (1)

1.3 On day 2, the same of aeroplanes that landed on day 1, land at the airport. The elapsed (2)
time between all the consecutive landings of all the aeroplanes is m seconds shorter than
the time that is given in the above table above.
If an ogive is to be drawn of the data of day 2, the following will be true:
• The ogive will be grounded at (57;0)
• The maximum value of the ogive will be at (237;80)
Determine the average time between the landing of two aeroplanes on DAY 2, if it is
given that the frequency distribution of the two days are the same.
QUESTION 2: Limpopo Sept 2019

Some of the test results of 21 learners are given below. There was only one result of 26 marks and only
one result of 64 marks.
2What information is omitted on the above diagram? (

. 1
1 )
2The results were read to the learners in ascending order. If the fifth learner was 26, which leaner (
.obtained a result of 64? 2
2 )
2 of the learners was arguing that the distribution of data was not symmetrical. Is the learner correct?
One (
Give
. a reason for a learner’s remark. 3
3 )
2 class calculated the following using the test results: x = 45,5 and  = 19,2
The (
. the above information and determine the number of learners whose results fall outside ONE
Use 3
4
standard deviation of the mean. )
If2 the marks of each learner would increase by 5 marks, what effect would it have on the mean and (
.
standard deviation? 2
5 )
57 | P a g e
QUESTION 3: DBE Nov 2020

A Mathematics teacher was curious to establish if her learners’ Mathematics marks influenced their
Physical Sciences marks. In the table below, the Mathematics and Physical Sciences marks of 15
learners in her class are given as percentages (%).
Mathematics 2 62 2 3 5 7 3 59 43 3 4 5 1 3 8
(As %) 6 1 3 3 6 2 3 9 1 9 4 5
Physical Sciences 3 67 2 4 6 7 2 73 50 3 5 5 2 4 8
(As %) 4 8 6 5 6 6 9 7 1 4 1 0
3.1 Determine the equation of the least squares regression line for the data. (3)
3.2 Draw the least squares regression line on the scatter plot provided in the ANSWER (2)
BOOK.
3.3 Predict the Physical Sciences mark of a learner who achieved 69% for Mathematics. (2)
3.4 Write down the correlation coefficient between the Mathematics and Physical Sciences (1)
marks for the data.
3.5 Comment on the strength of the correlation between the Mathematics and Physical (1)
Sciences marks for the data.
3.6 What trend did the teacher observe between the results of the two subjects? (1)
QUESTION: 4 DBE Nov 2020

The number of aircraft landing at the King Shaka International and the Port Elizabeth Airport for the
period starting in April 2017 ending in March 2018, is shown in the double bar graph below.
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4.1 The number of aircraft landing at the Port Elizabeth Airport exceeds the number of aircraft (1)
landing at the King Shaka International Airport during some months of the given period.
During Which month is this difference the greatest?
The number of aircraft landing at the King Shaka International Airport during these
months are:
2 182 2 323 2 267 2 334 2 346 2 175

2 293 2 263 2 215 2 271 2018 2 254
4.2 Calculate the mean for the data. (2)
4.3 Calculate the standard deviation for the number of aircraft landing at the King Shaka (2)
International Airport for the given period.
4.4 Determine the number of months in which the number of aircraft landing at the King (3)
Shaka International Airport were within one standard deviation of the mean.
4.5 Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? (1)
a) During December and January, there were more landings at the Port Elizabeth
Airport than that at the King Shaka International Airport.
b) There was a greater variation in the number of aircraft landings at the King Shaka
International Airport than at the Port Elizabeth Airport for the given period.
c) The standard deviation of the number of landings at the Port Elizabeth Airport will
be higher than the standard deviation of the number of landings at the King Shaka
International Airport.
QUESTION 5: DBE May/June 2021

5.1 Sam recorded the amount of data (in MB) that she had used on each of the first 15 days in April. The
information is shown in the table below.
26 13 3 18 12 34 24 58 16 10 15 69 20 17 40
5.1.1 Calculate the:
a) Mean for the data set. (2)
b) Standard deviation for the data set. (1)
5.1.2 Determine the number of days on which the amount of data used was greater than one (2)
standard deviation above the mean.
5.1.3 Calculate the maximum total amount of data that Sam must use for the remainder of the (3)
month if she wishes for the overall mean of April to be 80% of the mean for the first 15 days.
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5.2 The wind speed (in km per hour) and temperature (in 0C) for a certain town were recorded at
16:00 for a period of 10 days. The information is shown in the table below.
Wind speed in km/h (x) 2 6 15 20 25 17 11 24 13 22
Temperature 28 26 22 22 16 20 24 19 26 19
0
in C (y)
5.2.1 Determine the equation of the least squares regression line for the data. (3)
5.2.2 Predict the temperature at 16:00 if, on a certain day, the wind speed of this town was 9 km (2)
per hour.
5.2.3 Interpret the value of b in the context of the data. (1)

A survey was conducted among 100 people about the amount that they paid on a monthly basis for their
cellphone contracts. The person carrying out the survey calculated the estimated mean to be R309 per
month. Unfortunately, he lost some of the data thereafter. The partial results of the survey are shown in the
frequency table below.
6.1 How many people paid R 200 or less on their monthly cellphone contracts? (1)
6.2 Use the information above to show that a = 24 and b = 16. (5)
6.3 Write down the modal class for the data. (1)
6.4 Determine the estimated:
a) Mean (3)
b) Standard deviation (2)
6.4 On the grid provided in the ANSWER BOOK, draw an Ogive (cumulative frequency graph) (4)
to represent the data.
6.5 Determine how many people paid more than R420 per month for their cellphone contracts. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 7 DBE Nov 2010

QUESTION 8 DBE May/June 2016
On a certain day a tour operator sent 11 tour buses to 11 different destinations.
The table below shows the number of passengers on each bus.
8 8 10 12 16 19 20 21 24 25 26
8.1 Calculate the mean number of passengers travelling in a tour bus. (2)
8.2 Write down the five number summary of the data. (3)
8.3 Draw a box and whisker diagram for the data. (3)
8.4 Refer to the box and whisker diagram and comment on the skewness of the data set. (1)
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8.5 Calculate the standard deviation of this data set. (2)

8.6 A tour is regarded as popular if the number of passengers on a tour bus is one standard deviation (2)
above the mean. How many destinations were popular on this particular day?
The histogram below shows the distribution of examination scores for 200 learners in Introductory
Statistics.
7.1 Comment on the skewness of the data. (1)

7.2 Complete the cumulative frequency table for the above data provided on your answer book. (2)
7.3 Draw an ogive of the above data on the grid provided on your answer book. (5)
7.4 Use the ogive to estimate how any learners scored 75% or more for the examination. (1)

As part of an environmental awareness initiative, learners of Greenside High School were requested to
collect newspapers for recycling. The cumulative frequency graph (ogive) below shows the total weight of
the newspapers (in kilograms) collected over a period of 6 months by 30 learners.
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9.1 Determine the modal class of the weight of the newspaper collected. (1)
9.2 Determine the median, lower quartile and upper quartile weight of the newspapers collected (3)
by this group of learners.
9.3 How many learners collected more than 60 kilograms of newspaper? (2)
[6]
QUESTION 10: DBE Feb/March 2012
In the grid below, a, b, c, d, e, f, and g represent values in a data set written in an increasing order. No value
in the data set is repeated.
A b c d e f g
Determine the value of a, b, c, d, e, f and g if :
• The maximum value is 42

• The range is 35
• The median is 23
• The difference between the median and the upper quartile is 14
• The interquartile range is 22
• e = 2c
• The average is 25
[7]
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QUESTION 11 DBE Nov 2015

A group of 30 learners each randomly rolled two dice once and the sum of the values on the
uppermost faces of the dice was recorded. The data is shown in the frequency table below.
Determine:
Sum of Frequency
the values
2 0
3 3
4 2
5 4
6 4
7 8
8 3
9 2
10 2
11 1
12 1
The mean of the data (2)
The median. (2)
The standard deviation. (2)
The number of times that the sum of the recorded values of the dice is within ONE standard deviation (3)
from the mean. Show your calculations.
QUESTION 12 Sept 2015

Ten athletes took part in is a javelin throwing competition. Their height, in cm, and their arm span, in cm, is
shown in the table below.
12.1 Represent the height and arm span for each athlete on the scatter plot on your answer book.
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12.2 Determine the equation of the least square regression line. (4)
12.3 Use the equation in 12.2 to estimate the arm span of an athlete whose height is 176 cm. (2)
12.4 The correlation coefficient for this set of data is 0, 89. Comment on the strength of the (1)
relationship between height and arm span.
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ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
QUESTION 1 DBE NOV 2019

1. In the diagram P, R(3; 5), , S(−3; −7) and T(−5; 𝑘) are vertices of trapezium PRST and
PT ∥ RS. RS and PR cut the 𝑦 − axis at 𝐷 and C(0; 5) respectively. PT and RS cut the x− axis
at E and F respectively. PÊF = 𝜃.
1.1 Write down the equation of PR. (1)

1.2 Calculate the:
1.2.1 Gradient of RS. (2)
1.2.2 Size of 𝜃 (3)
1.2.3 Coordinates of D (3)
1.3 (4)
If it is given that, TS=2 5 calculate the value of 𝑘.
1.4 Parallelogram TDNS, with N in the 4th quadrant, is drawn. Calculate the coordinates (3)
of N.
1.5 ∆PRD is reflected in the 𝑦 − axis to form ∆P′R′D′. Calculate the size of ∠𝑅𝐷𝑅′. (3)
[19]
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QUESTION 2 DBE Feb-Mar 2018

In the diagram P, Q(−7; −2), R and S(3; 6) are vertices of a quadrilateral. R is a point on the 𝑥 −axis. QR
is
produced to N such that QR = 2RN. SN is drawn. ∠ 𝑃𝑇𝑂 = 71,57° and ∠ 𝑆𝑅𝑁 = 𝜃.
Determine:
2.1 The equation of SR (1)
2.2 The gradient of QP to the nearest integer. (2)
2.3 The equation of QP in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (2)
2.4. The length of QR. Leave your answer
in surd form. (2)
2.5 tan(90° − 𝜃) (3)
2.6 The area of ∆ RSN, without using a calculator. (6)
QUESTION 3
In the diagram K(−1;2), L and
N(1;−1) are vertices of ∆ KLN such
that ∠LKN = 78,69°. KL intersects
the 𝑥 − axis at P. KL is produced. The
inclination of KN is 𝜃.
The coordinates of 𝑀 are (−3; −5).
3.1 Calculate
3.1.1 The gradient of KN. (2)
3.1.2 The size of 𝜃, the inclination of KN (2)
3.2 Show that the gradient of KL is equal to -1. (2)

3.3 Determine the equation of the straight line KL in the form y = mx + c . (2)
3.4 Calculate the length of KN. (2)
3.5 It is further given KN = LM.
3.5.1 Calculate the possible coordinates of L. (5)
3.5.2 Determine the coordinates of L if it is given that KLMN is a parallelogram. (3)
3.6 T is a point on KL produced. TM is drawn such that TM = LM. Calculate the area of
∆KTN (4)
[22]
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QUESTION 4: DBE NOV 2017

In the diagram, A, B(−6; −5) and C(8; −4)
are points in the Cartesian plane. and
G are points on the line AC such AF=FG.

E is the x-intercept of AB.
4.1 Calculate:
4.1.1 The equation of AC, in the form
= + . (4)
4.1.2 The coordinates of G if the equation of

BG is (3)
4.2 Show by calculation that the coordinates of A is (2; 5). (2)
4.3 Prove that 𝐸𝐹 ∥ 𝐵𝐺. (4)
4.4 ABCD is a parallelogram with D in the first quadrant. Calculate the coordinates of D.(4)

In the diagram, S(0 ; –16), L and Q(4 ; –8) are the vertices of SLQ having LQ perpendicular
to SQ. SL and SQ are produced to points R and y M respectively such that RM || LQ. SM
produced cuts the x-axis at N(8 ; 0). QM = MN. T and P are the y-intercepts of RM and LQ
respectively.
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5.1 Calculate the coordinates of M. (2)

5.2 Calculate the gradient of NS. (2)
1
5.3 Show that the equation of line LQ is y = − x − 6 . (3)
2
5.4 Determine the equation of a circle having centre at O, the origin, and also
passing through S. (2)
5.5 Calculate the coordinates of T. (3)
LS
5.6 Determine . (3)
RS
5.7 Calculate the area of PTMQ. (4)
[19]
QUESTION 6 DBE NOV 2017
In the diagram, P(−4; 5) and K(0; −3) are the

end points of the diameter of the circle with
centre M. S and R are respectively the 𝑥 − and 𝑦
− intercepts of the tangent to the circle at P. 𝜃 is
the inclination of PK with the positive 𝑥 −axis.
6.1 Determine
6.1.1 The The gradient of SR (4)

6.1.2 The equation of SR in the form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (3)
6.1.3 The equation of the circle in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (4)
6.1.4 The size of ∠PKR (3)
6.1.5 The equation of the tangent to the circle at K in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (2)
6.2 1
Determine the value(s) of 𝑡 such that the line y = x + t cuts the circle at two
2
different points. (3)
6.3 Calculate the area of ∆SMK. (5)

[23]
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In the diagram, P(–3 ; 4) is the centre of the circle. V(k ; 1) and W are the endpoints of
a diameter. The circle intersects the y-axis at B and C. BCVW is a cyclic quadrilateral.
CV is produced to intersect the x-axis at T. OT̂C =  .
7.1 The radius of the circle is 10 . Calculate the value of k if point V is to the right of
point P. Clearly show ALL calculations. (5)
The equation of the circle is given as x 2 + 6 x + y 2 − 8 y + 15 = 0 . Calculate the

7.2 length of BC. (4)
7.3 If k = –2, calculate the size of:
7.3.1  (3)
7.3.2 VŴB (2)
7.4 A new circle is obtained when the given circle is reflected about the line y = 1.
Determine the:
7.4.1 Coordinates of Q, the centre of the new circle (2)
7.4.2 Equation of the new circle in the form ( x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = r 2 (2)
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7.4.3 Equations of the lines drawn parallel to the y-axis and passing through the (2)
points of intersection of the two circles
[20]
QUESTION 8: DBE NOV 2018

In the diagram, the equation of the circle with
centre F is (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑟2.
S(6; 5), is a point on the circle with centre F.
Another circle with centre G(m; n) in
the 4th quadrant touches the circle with centre
F, at H such that FH : HG = 1 : 2 The point J
lies in the first quadrant such that HJ is a
common tangent to both these circles. JK is a
tangent to the larger circle at K.
8.1 Write down the coordinates of F. (2)
8.2. Calculate the length of FS. (2)
8.3 Write down the length of HG. (1)
8.4 Give a reason why JH = JK. (1)
8.5 Determine:
8.5.1 The distance FJ, with reasons, if it is given that JK = 20. (4)
8.5.2 The equation of the circle with centre G in terms of 𝑚 and 𝑛 in the form
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2 (1)
8.5.3 The coordinates of G, if it is further given that the equation of tangent JK is
𝑥 = 22 (7)
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TRIGONOMETRY
QUESTION 1(Using a Sketch)


In the diagram, P (6 ; k) is a point in the first quadrant. POT =  and OT = 2 . It is further given that
5 cos  − 2 = 0 .
Determine without the use of a calculator

1.1 tanθ in terms of k (1)
1.2 The value of k (5)
QUESTION 2
If 8sin  + 5 = 0 and tan   0, determine the value of each of the following without a calculator:
2.1 tan ( − ) (4)
2.2 sin (1800 + 2 ) (4)
QUESTION 3
3.1 Given: sin 56 = q
Determine without using a calculator, the value of the following in terms
of q :
3.1.1 cos 146 (2)
3.1.2 sin 112 (3)
3.1.3 cos 170 (4)
3.2 Simplify
sin(450 − x). tan(x − 180). sin230 cos230
cos440 sin(−x) (6)
QUESTION4: (REDUCTION FORMULA)

Simplify, without the use of a calculator, the following expression to a single trigonometric ratio:
sin(900 − x). tan(1800 − x) (6)
cos(−x). sin(180 + x)
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QUESTION 5
sin 40.tan ( −315 ) (5)
5.1.1 Simplify:
cos 230.sin 420
sin15 cos15 (5)

5.1.2 Simplify:
cos ( 45 − x ) cos x − sin ( 45 − x ) sin x
QUESTION 6
3+2 (4)
6.1 Show that cos15 =
2
sin (180 − x ) cos 2 ( −180 + x ) cos35
6.2 Simplify to a single trig ratio:
tan ( 540 − x ) sin 235.sin ( 90 − x )
(7)
QUESTION7
7.1 Reduce the expression below to a single trigonometric ratio of one angle, without using a
tan 43 sin 47.2 cos137
calculator.
2 cos 317 sin133 − 1
(4)
cos 3 . sin  − sin 3 .cos 
7.2 Simplify
sin  .cos  (5)
5.2 PROVING IDENTITIES

QUESTION 8
− cos 2 x + sin ( −2 x )
8.1 Prove that: = sin x
sin x − 2 cos x
(4)
sin 2 x (3)
8.2 Prove that: = sin x
sin ( 90 − x ) − cos (180 − x )
(3)
8.3 Prove that : ( 3sin x + 3cos x ) = 9sin 2 x + 9
2
tan x − sin x 1
8.4 Given: =
3
sin x cos x(1 + cos x)
8.4.1 Prove the identity. (7)
1 (4)
8.4.2 For which values of x , x  [0;360] , will be defined?
cos x (1 + cos x )
2 tan x − sin 2 x
8.5 Prove the identity = tan x
2sin 2 x (6)
cos  1 − sin  (4)
8.6 Prove that: =
1 + sin  cos 
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5.3 GENERAL SOLUTION AND SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS.
QUESTION 9
Determine the general solution of:
9.1 6sin  + cos  = 4

2
(6)
9.2 3 tan x + 5 tan x − 2 = 0
2
(6)
9.3 6 cos x + sin x − 5 = 0
2
(7)
9.4 1 + 4sin x − 5sin x + cos 2 x = 0
2
(7)
9.5 2cos 2x.sin x = cos 2x (6)
QUESTION 10
10.1 If cos = 2sin 75 sin15 ;   −360;360, determine θ without using a calculator.
10.2 Solve for A if tan A = tan135 and
a) 180° < 𝐴 < 360°
b) 360° < 𝐴 < 720°
10.3 Determine the general solution to 3sin  sin 22 = 3cos cos 22 +1 (4)
10.5 sin 3 (4)

Determine the general solution to: =2
sin 
10.6 Consider cos6x + cos 2x = 2cos 4x cos 2x

a) Show that cos6x + cos 2x = 2cos 4x cos 2x (4)
b) Hence otherwise, write down the general solution of the equation (4)
cos6x + cos 2x + cos 4x = 0
10.7 If   [ −180;180], determine the value(s) of θ:

(a) sin5 cos20 − cos5 sin20 = 1 (4)
(b) 2cos3 cos30 − 2sin3 sin30 = 1
(4)
10.8 Solve for 𝑥 if cos ( x − 30) = 2sin x (4)
10.9 (4)
Solve for 𝜃 if cos 2 = sin ( 30 +  )
D and 3D TRIGONOMETRY
QUESTION 11
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11.1 (3)
11.2 (3)
11.3 (3)
QUESTION 12
(5)
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QUESTION 13
QUESTION 14
14.1
(4)
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14.2 (3)
QUESTION 15
15.1 (2)
15.2 (3)
15.3 (3)
QUESTION 16
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16.1 (2)
16.2 (3)
16.3 (3)
TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS
QUESTION 17
Consider: 𝑔(𝑥) = −4cos (𝑥 + 30°)
17.1 Write down the maximum value of 𝑔(𝑥). (1)
17.2 Determine the range of 𝑔(𝑥) + 1. (2)
17.3 The graph of 𝑔 is shifted 60° to the left and then reflected about th 𝑥-axis to form
a new graphℎ. Determine the equation of ℎ in its simplest form. (3)
QUESTION 18
Given the equation: sin(𝑥 + 60°) + 2cos𝑥 = 0
18.1 Show that the equation can be rewritten as tan𝑥 = −4 − √3. (4)
18.2 Determine the solutions of the equation sin(𝑥 + 60°) + 2cos𝑥 = 0 in the
Interval −180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°. (3)
18.3 In the diagram below, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥 is drawn for −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 240°.
18.3.1 Draw the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = sin (𝑥 + 60°) for −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 240°. (3)
18.3.2 Determine the values of 𝑥 in the interval −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 240° for
which sin(𝑥 + 60°) + 2cos𝑥 > 0. (3)
QUESTION 19
The graphs of f (x ) = cos (x + 300 ) and g(x ) = −2sin x for −900  x  1800 are given below. The graphs
intersect at point P and Q.
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19.1 Determine f (0) − g (0) without using a calculator. (2)

19.2 Calculate the x -coordinates of the points P and Q. (6)
19.3 For which values of x will f ( x)  g ( x) ? (2)
19.4 Graph h is obtained by the following transformation of f:
h( x) = 3 f ( x + 600 ).
19.5 Write down the simplified equation of h after the transformation. (2)
QUESTION 20
The diagram below shows the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 60°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
for 𝑥 𝜖 [−90°; 270°].
20.1 Give the period of 𝑓. (1)
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20.2 If the point of intersection at A has an x-value of −66,2°, find the corresponding y-value and the
co-ordinates of point B. (Write answer correct to 1 dec. place) (3)
20.3 Use the graph to find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥). (2)
20.4 If 𝑔(𝑥) is shifted up two units, give the range of the new graph. (2)
QUESTION 21
The graphs of f (x) = - cos x and g(x) = sin 2x for x   −90;180 are drawn in the diagram below.
 3
The coordinates of A  −30; −  is given.
 2 

21.1 Determine the range of k if k(x) = 2 f (x) - 3 (2)

21.2 How do you need to shift h( x) = sin ( 2 x + 60) to obtain g(x) ? (1)
21.3 Determine the x-values, x   −90;180 , for which
21.3.1 g(x) < f (x) (3)
21.3.2 f '(x)× g(x) > 0 (3)
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LGEBRA, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES ANSWERS
1.1.1) 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −1 2.1.1) 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 3
1.1.2) 𝑥 = 4,95 or 𝑥 = 0,05 1
2.1.2) −3 < 𝑥 < 4
1.1.3) 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 3 4
𝑦 = −4 or 𝑦 = 0 2.1.3) 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 5 (n/a)
5
3.1.1) 𝑥 = 0,4 or 𝑥 = 4,6 2.1.4) 𝑥=−
3
3.1.2) 𝑥 ≤ −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 12 2.1.5) 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3
3.1.3) 𝑥=4 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = −2
3.2.1) 𝑛 = −5 2
3 5.1.1) 𝑥 = − 3 or 𝑥 = 4
3.2.2) 𝑚=2
5.1.2) 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 6 (n/a)
3
3.2.3) 𝑚=2 5
5.1.3) 𝑥 ≤ − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3
2
4.1.1) 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −2 1
1 5.2.1) P = 2𝑥
4.1.2) 𝑥=3
5.2.2) 𝑥 = −1,58
4.1.3) 𝑥 = −1 5.3.1) irrational
4.2) 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −𝑘 5.3.2) irrational
−𝑏±√𝑛2 −1764
4.3.1) 𝑥 = 5.3.2) non-real
18 5
4.3.2) 𝑛 = ±42 7.1.1) 𝑥 = − 2 or 𝑥 = ±√2
5
6.1.1) 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 7.1.2) 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 5
7.2) 𝑥 = 1,12 or 𝑥 = −3,12
6.1.2) 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0.43 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
−0.77 7.3) 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑥 = 5
𝑝 8.1.1) 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2
6.1.3) 𝑥 = 2−𝑝 ; 𝑝 ≠ 2
8.1.2) 𝑥≥0
1 1
6.1.4) 𝑥 = 16 or 𝑥 = 25 8.2) 𝑥 = 2,77 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1,27
1 8.3.1) 𝑘 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 2
6.2) 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 1
8.3.2) 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 44 (𝑛/𝑎)
𝑦 = 3 or 𝑦 = 2 12
1 8.4) 𝑦 = − 7 or 𝑦 = −3
9.1.1. 𝑥 = − 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 3
𝑥 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
9.1.2. x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 7 7
1
9.2.1. 𝑥 = −0,68 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0,88 8.5) 𝑘≤5
9.2.2. y = – 0,06 OR y = – 0,84 5
10.1.1. 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
9.3. 𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 y = 1 or y = – 4
49 10.1.2. 𝑥 = 2,77 or x = −1,77
9.4. m = 36
10.1.3. 𝑥 = 9 or 𝑥 = 6 (𝑛/𝑎)
1
9 10.1.4. −3 < 𝑥 < 0
11.1.1. x=
2 2
10.2. 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 and
11.1.2(a) x = 5, 37 or − 0, 37 5
3
11.1.2.(b) x =  2, 71 or x =  1, 28 𝑦 = = 1 or y = –3
3
11.1.3 −4  x  2 12.1.1 x = −2,55 or x = − 0, 78
11.1.4 x = −1 or x = 0 8
x = − or x = 2
x = 1 or x = 2 12.1.2 5
11.2. x = 2
y = 2 or y = 1
12.1.3 x  −6 or x  4
9
11.1.1 x =  x = −2 or x = 4
2 12.2
13.1.1. x = −7 or x = −2 y = 13 or y = −17
13.1.2. x = 0, 29 or x = − 2,54 12.3.1 p = −1 or p = 49
13.1.3. x = 5 or x = −1(n / a) 12.3.2 x = 2 or no solution
13.2. x = 1or x = 7 and y = −1or y = 17 14.1.1 𝑥 = −9 or 𝑥 = 2
80 | P a g e
13.3.1. x  R, x  −4 14.1.2 𝑥 = −0, 43 or 𝑥 = −2, 32
15.1.1 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2 14.1.3 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2
15.1.2. 𝑥 = 1, 43 or 𝑥 = 0.23 14.2. 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = −1
5 1
15.1.3. 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = 1
15.1.4 𝑥 = 8
15.1.5 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2
15.2. 𝑦 = 1 or 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 1
4
15.3. 𝑏 ≤ 5
NUMBER PATTERNS, SEQUENCES AND SERIES ANSWERS

LIMP 2013 MPUM 2013
1.1.1 p = 6 q = 12 5 5
3.1 Tn = n 2 + n − 4
1.1.2 p = 10 q = 17 2 2
1.2.1 630 3.2 T14 = 521
1.2.2 T1 = 36 T2 = 42 T3 = 48 4.1 d = 4, a = -10
1.3 n = 6 4.2 k = 16
1.4.1. −3<𝑥 < 3 4.3.1 r = t - ½
−2 1 3
1.4.2 𝐾 = 5 4.3.2 − < t <
2 2
2.1.1. 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛 2 – 3𝑛 + 4 −4
4.3.3
2.1.2 So n = 17 or term 17 5
NW 2014 WC METRO 2014
5.1 – 558 6.1.1 n = 28
5.2.1 180l 6.1.2 868
𝑥
5.2.2 ≈ 72,34 𝑙 6.2.1 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑥. (3)𝑛−1
2
5.3.1 0 < 𝑥 < 3 6.2.2 −3 < 𝑥 < 3
5.3.2 𝑆∞ = 2 6.3 - 45
5.4 𝑥 = 4 𝑦 = 26 7.1 Tn = n2 + 3n -1
7.2 303
KZN 2015 M. COLLEGE 2015
8.1.1 12; 2 11.1.1 193
8.1.2 3925 11.1.2 3n – 2
8.2 Bookwork 11.1.3 k = 20
9.1 196602 12.1.1 16
9.2 −2 < 𝑥 < 2 12.1.2 14
12.2.1  Tn = − n + 7
9.3 x > 2 2
10.1 Tn = 2n2 - 4n +7
12.2.2 Terms 20 and 21
10.2 Between th e 505th and the 506 th 1 3
12.3 < 𝑥 < 𝑥≠1
2 2
FS 2016 KZN 2016
13 14.1 Tn = 2n2 – 6n + 8
13.1  3 = 10(3) = 30
4
14.2 Between the 7023rd and 7024th terms.
15.1.1 18 ; 2
13.2.1 b = 11 15.1.2 100
13.2.2 Tn = 3 + (n − 1)8 = 8n − 5 15.1.3. 5300
13.2.3 235 15.2 Bookwork
13.2.4 3570 16.1 3
13.3.1 T4 = 34 16.2 20
81 | P a g e
13.3.2 Tn = 4n − 9n + 6
2
13.3.3 n = 45
WC 2016 LIMP 2016
1
17.1 𝑎 = 2
1 1
19.1.1 3 2 ; 3; 2 2 17.2 Yes −1 < 𝑟 < 1
1 2
19.1.2 d = - 17.3 series converges to
2 3
19.1.3 n = 97 18.1 Proof
18.2 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 2 + 𝑛 − 2
19.2.1 No negative term. Converges to +
18.3 4838
number.
2 18.4 70
19.2.2
2187
19.2.3 4,57 × 10-4
WC WINELANDS 2017 KZN 2017
20.1.1 11; 3
22.1 n = 9 20.1.2 128
22.2.1 2 ; 8 ; 20 ; 38 20.1.3 2921
22.2.2 4628 20.2.1 −3 < 𝑥 < −1
EDEN & KAROO 2018 x−2 x−2
S = =
23.1 Bookwork 20.2.2 1 − ( x + 2) − x − 1
23.2.1 n = 11
S  0 since x  2
23.2.2 165
23.3.1 𝑇1 = 1 21.1 35
21.2 4421
23.3.2 - 75
Tn = 2 n 2 − 4 n + 5
23.4 59
24.1.1 19; 7; −1; −5 = 2( n 2 − 2n + 2) + 1
21.3
24.1.2 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −18, 𝑐 = 35 Since 2( n 2 − 2n + 2) is even
24.2.1 −4 < 𝑝 < 4
−4  2( n 2 − 2n + 2) + 1 is odd
24.2.2 𝑝 = 3
21.4 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛 2 − 4𝑛 + 105
KZN 2018
FS 2019 25.1 73, 99
28.1 4 25.2 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛 2 + 4𝑛 + 3
28.2 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 𝑛 25.3 For the first difference
28.3 n = 37
Tn = 4n + 6 = 2(2n + 3)
29.1 n = 36 An even number of the first difference is always
29.2 13650 added to first term of the quadratic sequence to get
an odd number. This process continues to produce
30.1 48; 63 all odd numbers of the sequence.
30.2 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛 2 + 4𝑛 + 3
31.1 p = 3 26.1 t = - 8
31.2 36060 26.2  4 terms are positive.
31.3.1 x = k + 1 and y = k + 2 27.1.1 r = ( x − 3)
31.3.2 𝑇𝑥 + 𝑇𝑦 = 11 + 10𝑘 27.1.2 2 < x < 4
2
27.2 p = 3
KZN 2019
33.1.1 15 ; 5
82 | P a g e
33.1.2 22, 5
33.2 n = 10
FUNCTIONS ANSWERS
Question 1 (Metro East Sept 2020) Question 3 Sept 2018

5
f ( x) = 1 −
3.1 x+2
3.2 x = −2 and y = 1
 3
3.3 y-intercept:  0; − 
 2
x-intercept: ( 3;0)
3.4 c = 3
5
3.5 k ( x) = −
x+2
3.6
Question 2 (Feb/March 2018)
2.1 E (4; −9)
2.2 A(1; 0)
2.3 M (8; 7)
7
y =− x+7
2.4 4
4
y =− x+4
2.5 7 3.7 x  R; x  −2
2.6 x  0 or 1  x  7
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY SPRING CLASSES MATERIAL ANSWERS:
1.1 y=5 3
3.1.1 −
1.2.1 2 2
1.2.2 63,43 3.1.2 123,69 
1.2.3 D(0; −1) 3.3 y = x+3
1.3 −3 3.4 13
1.4 N(2; − 5) 3.5.1 (− 5 ; − 2) or (− 6; − 3)
1.5 53,13 3.5.2 L (− 5 ; − 2)
2.1 x=3 3.6 12,5 square units
83 | P a g e
2.2 3 3
4.1.1 y = − x+8
2.3 y = 3 x + 19 2
2.4 2 26 4.1.2 G(4; 2)
1 4.3 show that midpoint theorem

2.5 applies
5
4.4 D(16 ; 6)
2.6 15 units2
5.1 M ( 6; −4 )
7.1 k = −2
5.2 mns = 2 7.2 BC=2 units
1 7.3.1  = 45
5.3 y = − x−6
2 7.3.2 VWB=45
5.4 x 2 + y 2 = 256 7.4.1 Q ( −3; −2)
( x + 3) + ( y + 2 ) = 10
2 2
5.5 T ( 0; −1) 7.4.2
7.4.3 x = −2 or x = −4
LS PS 2
= =
RS TS 3 8.1 F(3 ;1)
5.6 or 8.2 5
LS QS 2 8.3 10
= =
RS MS 3 8.4 two tangents from the same
8.5.1 5 17 = 20, 62
5.7 25 square units
( x − m) + ( y − n) = 100
2 2
1 8.5.2
G (12; −11)
6.1.1
5 8.5.3
1
6.1.2 y= x+7
2
6.1.3 (x + 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 20
6.1.4 26,57
1
5.1.5 y= x−3
2
5.2 −3 t  7
5.3 25 square units
84 | P a g e
TRIGONOMETRY ANSWERS
1.1 8.1 Proof

8.2 Proof
1.2 8.3 Proof
8.4 Proof
2.1 8.5 Proof
8.6 Proof
9.1
2.2
9.2
11.3 Proof
3.1.1 −𝑞 12 Proof
3.1.2 13 Proof
14.1 Proof
3.1.3 14.2 13.22
𝑞+1
±√ 15.1 21.42m
2
15.2 Proof
3.2 15.3 64, 680
16.1 3.58m
4. 1 16.2 7,38m
− 16.3 8,57m2
cos x
5.1.1 2
√3
5.1.2 1
2√2
6.1 Proof
6.2
7.1
7.2 2
85 | P a g e
17.3.1
17.3.2 sin(𝑥 + 60°) > −2cos𝑥
𝑥 ∈ (−80,10°; 99,90°) o r
−80,10° < 𝑥 < 99,90°
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
21.1 𝑦 ∈ [−5; −1]
86 | P a g e
21.2 300 t o t h e r i g h t
21.3.1 𝑥 ∈ (−900; −300 ) 𝑜𝑟
𝑥 ∈ (900; 1800)
21.3.2 𝑥 ∈ [−900 ; 900 )
87 | P a g e

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SECTION CONCEPT EXAMPLE

4) 3x 2 − 5 x − 2 = 0 (where 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟏)

Solve for x: Example 2

x−2 +x = 4 15x - 4 > 9x 2

1.2 Solve simultaneously for x and y in the following system of equations:

7.1.1 (2x + 5)( x 2

7.1.3 122x = 8.36x (4)

Solve for x, correct to TWO decimal places 2 ( x + 1) = 9 (4)

7.3 Solve for x and y simultaneously:

(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve ( x 2 − 2 ) − 5 ( x 2 − 2 ) − 2 = 0

12.3.1 Solve for p if p 2 − 48 p − 49 = 0 (3)

12.3.2 Hence, or otherwise, solve for x if 7 2 x − 48 ( 7 x ) − 49 = 0 (3)

13.2 Solve for x and y if: 3x − y = 4 and x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 = −2 (6)

Arithmetic sequence/ linear

Tn = a + (n − 1)d ( a is a first term; d is common difference and n is number of term)

It is the sum of the terms of an Arithmetic sequence.

The sum of an arithmetic sequence can be calculated using the formula:

5; 10; 20.... therefore r = 2

Tn = ar n−1 ( a is a first term; r is a common ratio and n is number of term)

Geometric Series is the sum of terms of a geometric sequence

a + (ar ) + (ar 2 ) + .....

Geometric sequence can be calculated using the formula:

A geometric series will converge if − 1  r  1

The sum of infinity can be calculated of a geometric sequence/series if − 1  r  1

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FROM PAST PAPERS

1.1.2 The sequence is arithmetic. (3)L2

1.2 Given that S n = 33n + 3n 2

1.2.1 Determine the sum of 10 terms (1)L1

1.2.2 List the first three terms of this series (4)L2

1.3.1 Determine the value of 𝑥

QUESTION 3: MPUMALANGA SEPT 2013

Given: 1; 11; 26; 46; 71; …….

QUESTION 5: NORTH WEST TRIAL 2014

5.2.2 the 7th day? (3)L2

QUESTION 6: WC METRO NORTH DISTRICT TRIAL 2014

6.1 The following arithmetic sequence is given: 20 ; 23 ; 26 ; 29; … ; 101

6.1.1 How many terms are there in this sequence? (2)L1

KZN TRIAL 2015

9.1 If x = 4, then determine the sum to 15 terms of the sequence. (4)L2

MARITZBURG COLLEGE TRIAL 2015

12.1.1 the sequence is geometric. (1)L1

KZN TRIAL 2016

QUESTION 15: LIMPOPO TRIAL 2016

QUESTION 17: WESTERN CAPE TRIAL 2016

18.2 6; 5 + 𝑥; −6 and 6𝑥 form the first 4 terms of a quadratic sequence.

19.1 Write down the value of x. (1)L1

WC WINELANDS DISTRICT TRIAL 2017

20.2 In a quadratic pattern, with 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛² + 𝑏𝑛 + , the second term is equal to 8

QUESTION 21: EDEN & CENTRAL KAROO DISTRICT TRIAL 2018

21.2 Given the following sequence: −5 ; −1 ; 3 ; 7 ;…………; 35

21.2.1 Determine the number of terms in the sequence. (3)L2

22.3 For an arithmetic series consisting of 15 terms, 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 𝑛2

KZN TRIAL 2018

The first four terms of a quadratic sequence are 9 ; 19 ; 33 ; 51 ;...

3 − t ; − t ; 9 − 2t are the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence.

26.1 Given the infinite geometric series ( x − 3) + ( x − 3) + ( x − 3) +

FREE STATE TRIAL 2019

QUESTION 30: KZN TRIAL 2019

30.3.1 Write down the values of x and y in terms of k. (2)L2