TOPICS COVERED IN PRESENTATION

 Basic Concepts
 Force and Characteristics of Force
 System of Force
 Composition of Forces
 Resolution of Forces
 Principle of Transmissibility
 Principle of Superposition
 Law of Gravitation
 Law of Parallelogram
 Newton’s Law of Motion
BASIC CONCEPTS

Space:
▪ It is a region in all directions encompassing the universe. It is a geometric position
occupied by bodies. These positions are described by linear or angular measurements with
reference to a defined system of co-ordinates.

Time:
▪ Time is a measurement to measure a duration between successive events. In the
study of statics time does not play important role. In dynamics time is very
important parameter. In all system of units, unit of time is second.

Particle:
▪ A particle is ideally dimensionless. But it has a very small mass.
BASIC CONCEPTS

Rigid Body:
▪ A body can be considered as rigid, when the dimensions of body
does not change due to application of external force on the body.
OR
▪ In other world, the body which does not deform under applied
external force, is called a rigid body.

▪ Practically no such body exist in nature, but when the change

in dimensions are negligible in comparison to the least
dimension of body, the body can be idealized as a rigid body.

Deformed Body:
▪ When a body deforms due to a force or a torque it is said deformable body. Material generates
stresses against deformation.
FORCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE
Force:
▪ Force is an agent, which generates or tends to generate and destroy or tends to
destroy the motion in a body
❖ Characteristics of a Force:
▪ It has a magnitude
▪ It has a direction
▪ It has a point of application
▪ It has a nature;
• Tensile Force 10 kN

• Compressive Force
• Pull Force
• Push Force
10 kN
SYSTEM OF FORCES
When two or more forces act on a body, they are called as a system of forces.

1. Coplanar Forces: F3
F1

 The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same F2

plane, are known as coplanar forces. Coplanar Forces

2. Collinear Forces:
F1
▪ The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same line, F3
F2

are known as collinear forces.

Colinear Forces

3. Concurrent Forces:
▪ The forces, whose line of action meet at one point, F1
F3
are known as concurrent forces. The concurrent F2
forces may or may not be collinear.
Concurrent Forces
SYSTEM OF FORCES
4. Coplanar Concurrent Forces:
 The forces, which meet at one point and their line of F1
action also lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar F3
F2
concurrent forces.
Concurrent Forces

5. Coplanar Non-Concurrent forces:

F1
▪ The forces, which do not meet at one point, but their F3
lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as F2
coplanar non-concurrent forces.
Coplanar Non-Concurrent Forces
SYSTEM OF FORCES
6. Non-Coplanar Concurrent Forces: F2

 The forces, which meet at one point, but their lines of action F1
do not lie on the same plane, are known as non-coplanar
concurrent forces.
F3 F4

Non-Coplanar Concurrent
Forces

7. Non-Coplanar Non-Concurrent Forces: F3

▪ The forces, which do not meet at one point and their lines of
action do not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar F2
F1
non-concurrent forces.

Non-Coplanar Concurrent Forces

COMPOSITION OF FORCES
When two or more forces are added, is called composition of forces.

Figure No. 1 Figure No. 2 Figure No. 3

▪ Two force P and Q as shown in figure No. 1, are composed by, the law of parallelogram
shown in figure No. 2 and law of triangle shown in Figure No.3, So we get the resultant
force R.

▪ But in case of more than two forces, repetition of these laws done for addition of forces or
Polygons law can be used.
RESOLUTION OF FORCES
▪ To divide the force into components is called resolution of a given force. The fore can be resolved
into orthogonal components i.e. the components are perpendicular to each other or into oblique
components

figure 1 figure 2

▪ Let the force F is resolved into two orthogonal components as FX and FY as shown in figure 1
and it can be resolved into oblique components as shown in figure 2
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
▪ The principle of transmissibility states that a force may be applied at any point on its given
line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on
which it acts.
F

▪ Thus, whenever we are interested in only the resultant external effects of a force, the force may
be treated as a sliding vector, and we need specify only the magnitude, direction, and line of
action.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
▪ The effect of a force on a body remains same or remains unaltered if a force system, which is
in equilibrium, is added to or subtracted from it.

≅
F A F A F1 F1
B
LAW OF GRAVITATION
▪ Magnitude of gravitational force of attraction between two particles is proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centers.
m

Mass m2
R
Mass m1
W = mg
1 2

Force F Force F M
1 2
LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES
▪ The law of parallelogram states that two forces acting on a particle are taken as two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, than the diagonal passing through the intersection of two
forces gives the resultant.

▪ As shown in figure, P and Q are the two forces acting on a body, are represented as two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram ACBD, than the diagonal AC represents the resultant R.

R= Tanα =
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTIONS
Newton’s First Law
▪ If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will remain rest(if originally at rest) or will
move with constant velocity in a straight line(if originally in motion).
∑F = 0, where ∑ F = resultant force of the system.
Newton’s Second Law

▪ If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero then the particle will have an acceleration, in
the direction of resultant force and it is directly proportional to resultant force.

 Mathematically it is represented as, ∑F α a, F = ma,

Where, ∑ F = resultant force, m = mass and a = acceleration.
Newton’s Third Law
▪ The forces of action and reaction between bodies in contact will have same magnitude, same
line of action and will be in a direction opposite to each other.