Department of Electrical &

Electronics Engineering

A Report on

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HORIZONTAL AXIS

ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE
Submitted towards mini-project (EEP67) carried out as part of 6th semester curriculum of

Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

By

SHWETHA 1MS21EE051
SUSHMITHA T 1MS21EE059
PUNYASHREE Y R 1MS21EE042
GUNDAMMA M 1MS21EE026

Under the guidance of

Dr. HEMACHANDRA. G
Asst. PROFESSOR
EEE Dept, MSRIT

M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated To VTU)
Bengaluru – 560054
JUNE 2024
 Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering
______________________________________________________________________________

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the mini-project (EEP67) work entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
HORIZONTAL AXIS ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE” is carried out by SHWETHA-
USN 1MS21EE051, SUSHMITHA 1MS21EE059, PUNYASHREE USN 1MS21EE042 and
GUNDAMMA USN – 1MS21EE026, bonafide students of M S Ramaiah Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment of 6th semester curriculum of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of mini-project (EEP67) work
prescribed for the said degree.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr. PRADIPKUMAR DIXIT

External Examiners
Name of Examiners: Signature with Date
1.
2.
 Department of Electrical
&
Electronics Engineering
______________________________________________________________________________

DECLARATION

We, hereby, declare that the entire work embodied in this mini-project (EEP67) report

has been carried out by us at M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, under the

supervision of Dr. HEMACHANDRA G This report has not been submitted in part or

full for the award of any diploma or degree of this or any other University.

SHWETHA 1MS21EE051

SUSHMITHA 1MS21EE059

PUNYASHREE 1MS21EE042

GUNDAMMA 1MS21EE026
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere appreciation to all individuals who contributed to the
successful completion of our group project. Firstly, we are grateful to our teammates, [Names],
for their dedication, cooperation, and hard work throughout this project. Each team member
brought unique skills and perspectives that were crucial to object’s success. We would also like
to thank our project supervisor, for their valuable guidance, insightful feedback, and unwavering
support at every stage of the project. Additionally, we acknowledge department for their
assistance. Finally, we are thankful to our classmates and friends who provided encouragement
and understanding during challenging times. Together, your contributions have made this project
a rewarding and enriching experience

4
 ABSTRACT

Wind energy has emerged as a crucial renewable resource in the quest for sustainable energy
solutions. Traditional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) dominate the landscape of wind
farms worldwide, yet they face challenges such as noise pollution, intermittency in low wind
conditions, and space requirements. In contrast, the Archimedes wind turbine presents a unique
and innovative approach, drawing inspiration from the ancient principles of the Greek
mathematician Archimedes.The Archimedes wind turbine differs significantly from conventional
designs. Instead of relying on multiple rotating blades, it features a helical or spiral-shaped rotor.
This design innovation allows the turbine to capture wind energy efficiently across a wider range
of wind speeds, including low and turbulent winds. The helical shape creates a vortex effect,
enhancing airflow and increasing the turbine’s efficiency. This design also contributes to quieter
operation compared to traditional turbines, making it potentially suitable for urban and
residential environments where noise concerns are paramount.Archimedes wind turbines have
versatile applications across different sectors:Urban Environments: Their reduced noise levels
and compact size make them suitable for installation in urban areas, including rooftops and city
parks, where space and noise are limiting factors for traditional turbines.Rural and Off-Grid
Settings: In remote or off-grid locations, Archimedes turbines can provide sustainable electricity
generation without the need for extensive infrastructure.Marine and Coastal Areas: Their robust
design and ability to harness energy from lower wind speeds make Archimedes turbines suitable
for marine environments, including offshore installations.

Horizontal axis Archimedes wind turbines represent a promising innovation in wind energy
technology, offering potential solutions to the limitations of traditional turbines. Inspired by
ancient principles and adapted through modern engineering, these turbines showcase efficiency
improvements, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced suitability for diverse deployment
scenarios. Continued research, development, and investment are essential to unlocking their full
potential and integrating them into the global renewable energy landscape effectively.

5
CONTENTS

6
LIST OF FIGURES

7
LIST OF TABLES

8
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION

9
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO HORIZONTAL AXIS ARCHIMEDES
WIND TURBINE

PROBLEM STATEMENT; Use of conventional horizontal axis wind

turbines causes threat to bird life, and produces noise during it’s
operation which causes sound pollution.

OBJECTIVE; Design and development of horizontal axis Archimedes

wind turbine which doesn’t produce noise and bird friendly.

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW;

Research paper Insights Author/Publisher

1. Design and Performance of an Conference: ISME
simulation of Archimedes 2022 (30th Annual
Archimedes horizontal axis wind International
horizontal axis wind turbine has been Conference of Iranian
turbine investigated and Society of Mechanical
simulated. Numerical Engineers)
simulation was
performed using At: Iran
Ansys Fluent 18.2
(SST k-w model and
rotating coordinate
system method).
Archimedes
horizontal axis turbine
has been simulated
and investigated in
three case studies of 3
blades, 4 blades and 6
blades. The
relationship between
torque, angular

10
 velocity and power
with the blade tip
speed ratio has also
been investigated
2. Design and The ultimate objective S. Srinivasa Rao#1
Analysis of of this paper is the Kota Shanmukesh#2,
Archimedes Aero-Foil torque comparison of M K Naidu3, Praveen
Wind Turbine Blade Archimedes aerofoil Kalla4 1,3,4 Associate
for Light and wind turbine with an Professor, 2
Moderate Wind Archimedes spiral Postgraduate student
Speeds wind turbine. The Department of
design of a new wind Mechanical
turbine blade has done Engineering, MVGR
by introducing NACA College of
6409 by using CREO Engineering (A
software package and
the computation fluid
dynamics (CFD)
analysis was used to
estimate the torque
characteristics of the
AAWT blade. From
the CFD analysis, it is
concluded that

3 Design and Review An attempt has been

of Spiral Wind made to use such
Turbine turbines in urban Kanchan D. Ganvirl,
areas while reducing Akash Chakole2,
the installation height. Prajwal Bomble3
3D model of the Assistant Professor,
blades was designed Department of
on solid works to Mechanical

11
 study the static Engineering1
simulation. Study Students, Department
showed that such of Mechanical
turbines can yield Engineering2,3
RPM at low wind Priyadarshini
speeds 5 m/s. Results Bhagwati College of
showed that the Engineering, Nagpur,
modified spiral wind Maharashtra, India
turbine is ideal for
urban locations due to
its property to
withstand wind
turbulence. The
results showed that
the minimum speed
required to function
the turbine is 5 m/sec.
The maximum
efficiency on theory
basis was found to be
71.38%. The turbines
exhibit high response
towards varying

wind speed
4. Aerodynamic and Aerodynamic Arman Safdari and
Structural Evaluation characteristics of Kyung Chun Kim
of Horizontal small-scale of mall. Wind World
Archimedes Spiral Archimedes spiral Report Summary
Wind Turbine wind turbine blade are 2012, World Wind
presented in this Energy
paper. Numerical
simulation for
aerodynamic
performance of the

12
 blade was carried out
for different
configuration of inlet
velocity
ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE;The horizontal axis Archimedes wind turbine is a unique an
innovative design in the field of wind energy technology. Unlike traditional horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWTs) that use multiple blades to capture wind energy, Archimedes turbines employ
a helical or spiral-shaped rotor.Design and Working PrincipleThe key feature of the horizontal
axis Archimedes wind turbine is its helical design. This design consists of a twisted rotor blade
that resembles a screw or a helix. When wind flows through the helical rotor, it creates a pressure
difference between the windward and leeward sides of the blade. This pressure difference
generates lift and drag forces, causing the rotor to rotate around its axis. This rotational motion is
then transferred to a generator through a shaft, where it is converted into electrical energy.

HISTORY OF ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE;

The history of Archimedes wind turbines, also known as Darrieus wind turbines, spans several
decades of development and evolution in wind energy technology. Here’s a detailed exploration
of their historical journey:Early Concepts and DevelopmentDarrieus Rotor Invention: The
origins of Archimedes wind turbines can be traced back to 1931 when French engineer Georges
Darrieus patented his vertical axis wind turbine design. His invention featured a vertical
arrangement of curved blades, resembling an egg beater, which later became known as the
Darrieus rotor.Early Experimental Models:20th century, various researchers and engineers
experimented with Darrieus rotor designs, exploring different blade configurations and materials
to optimize efficiency and reliability.Research and Innovation: The 1960s and 1970s saw
significant advancements in VAWT technology, with increased research funding and
experimental installations aimed at harnessing wind power more efficiently.Public and Private
Sector Collaboration: Government agencies and private companies in countries like the United
States, Canada, and Europe invested in developing Darrieus turbines for potential commercial
use, driven by growing interest in renewable energy sources.Challenges and Iterative Design:
Early Darrieus turbines faced challenges such as oscillation, structural stress, and low efficiency
at varying wind speeds, prompting iterative design improvements and aerodynamic
refinements.Evolution in Design and TechnologyAerodynamic Enhancements: Engineers
focused on refining blade shapes and profiles to enhance aerodynamic efficiency, reduce drag,
and improve energy capture capabilities across a broader range of wind speeds.Material
Innovations: Advances in materials science led to the adoption of lightweight yet durable
materials for turbine blades, such as composites and advanced polymers, improving overall
turbine performance and longevity.Structural Integrity: Enhancements in structural design and
manufacturing techniques bolstered the structural integrity of Darrieus turbines, enabling them to
withstand harsh environmental conditions and operational stresses.Patents and Intellectual

13
Property: Continued innovation in turbine design and operational strategies spurred a wave of
patent filings and intellectual property developments among leading wind turbine manufacturers
and research institutions.Academic and Research Contributions:

Universities and research institutions worldwide contributed to the advancement of Darrieus

turbine technology through theoretical research, computational modeling, and experimental
validation.Commercialization and DeploymentEarly Commercial Installations: By the 1980s and
1990s, Darrieus turbines began to see commercial installations in various applications, including
small-scale wind farms, rural electrification projects, and experimental renewable energy
initiatives.Utility-Scale Applications: Advancements in manufacturing scalability and
operational efficiency enabled the deployment of larger Darrieus turbines in utility-scale wind
farms, contributing to grid-connected renewable energy generation.Market Expansion: Increased
global demand for renewable energy solutions and government incentives for clean energy
adoption fostered the growth of the Darrieus turbine market, particularly in regions with
favorable wind resources.Performance Optimization: Ongoing research and development efforts
focused on optimizing turbine performance metrics such as power output, capacity factor, and
reliability through iterative testing and data-driven design refinements.Technological Integration:
Integration with digital technologies, smart grid solutions, and predictive analytics enhanced the
operational flexibility, grid stability, and overall system efficiency of Darrieus wind
turbines.Challenges and Innovations in the 21st CenturyEfficiency

Improvements: Continued efforts to improve the power coefficient and overall efficiency of
Darrieus turbines through advanced blade designs, control systems, and aerodynamic modeling
techniques.Offshore Applications: Exploration of offshore wind energy potential led to
adaptations of Darrieus turbines for floating and fixed-bottom installations, tapping into stronger
and more consistent offshore wind resources.Environmental Impact Mitigation: Addressing
environmental concerns such as bird strikes and noise emissions through innovative turbine
designs, operational strategies, and environmental impact assessments.Grid Integration
Solutions: Development of grid-friendly technologies and integration strategies to enhance the
stability, reliability, and marketability of Darrieus wind power in complex electrical grid
systems.Policy Support and Market Dynamics: Government policies, subsidies, and regulatory
frameworks played a crucial role in incentivizing investment in Darrieus wind turbine projects
and fostering market competitiveness.Recent Developments and InnovationsDigital Twin
Technology: Adoption of digital twin technology for virtual simulation, monitoring, and
predictive maintenance of Darrieus turbines to optimize performance and minimize
downtime.Hybrid Energy Systems: Integration of Darrieus wind turbines with complementary
energy sources such as solar photovoltaics, energy storage systems, and grid-scale batteries for
hybrid renewable energy solutions.Community and Stakeholder Engagement: Emphasis on
community consultation, stakeholder engagement, and public acceptance strategies to address
local concerns and promote the benefits of Darrieus wind energy projects.Global Market

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Expansion: Expansion into emerging markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, driven by
rising energy demand, urbanization trends, and efforts to diversify energy sources away from
fossil fuels.Advanced Manufacturing Techniques: Utilization of additive manufacturing (3D
printing), robotics, and automation to streamline production processes, reduce costs, and
accelerate the deployment of Darrieus turbines.Future Outlook and Potential
DirectionsTechnological Convergence: Convergence with emerging technologies such as
artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain to enhance operational efficiency,
grid integration, and energy market participation.Energy Storage Integration: Optimization of
energy storage solutions to mitigate intermittency challenges and support reliable, dispatchable
power generation from Darrieus wind turbines.Climate Resilience Strategies:

Integration of climate resilience strategies into Darrieus turbine design and operational planning
to adapt to changing weather patterns and extreme climate events.Policy and Regulatory
Evolution: Evolution of regulatory frameworks to support long-term investment in Darrieus wind
energy projects, ensure market stability, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon
economy.Sustainability and Lifecycle Assessment: Adoption of comprehensive lifecycle
assessments (LCAs) and sustainability standards to minimize environmental impact, optimize
resource use, and promote circular economy principles.Innovations and Research FrontiersBio-
inspired Design: Exploration of bio-inspired design principles and biomimicry to enhance
aerodynamic efficiency, noise reduction, and ecological compatibility of Darrieus wind
turbines.Urban and Architectural Integration: Advancements in integrating Darrieus turbines into
urban landscapes, architectural designs, and building structures to enhance energy self-
sufficiency and urban resilience.Resource Optimization: Optimization of wind resource
assessment techniques, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms to identify optimal
turbine siting locations and maximize energy yield.Electrification and Decentralization:
Contribution to the electrification of remote communities and decentralized energy systems
through distributed generation and microgrid integration with Darrieus wind power.Industry
Collaboration: Collaboration among industry stakeholders, academia, research institutes, and
government agencies to foster innovation, knowledge sharing, and technology transfer in
Darrieus wind turbine development.Socioeconomic Impacts and BenefitsJob Creation and
Economic Development: Generation of employment opportunities in manufacturing, installation,
maintenance, and related sectors, contributing to local economic development and skills
enhancement.Energy Access and Equity: Promotion of equitable access to clean, affordable
energy resources, particularly in underserved communities and rural areas lacking access to
centralized electricity grids.Health and Wellbeing: Public health benefits associated with reduced
air pollution, respiratory illnesses, and environmental degradation due to the displacement of
fossil fuels by Darrieus wind energy.Energy Security: Enhancement of energy security and
resilience through diversification of energy sources, reduced dependence on imported fossil
fuels, and increased domestic energy production capacity.Education and Capacity Building:

15
Investment in education, training, and capacity building initiatives to build a skilled workforce
capable of supporting the growing renewable energy sector and advancing technological
innovation.Global Impact and SustainabilityCarbon Emission Reductions: Contribution to global
efforts to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing carbon
sequestration, and promoting sustainable energy practices.Environmental Conservation:
Protection of biodiversity, ecosystems, and natural habitats through responsible siting,
biodiversity monitoring, and environmental stewardship in Darrieus wind turbine projects.Water
and Land Use Efficiency: Preservation of water resources and land use efficiency by minimizing
the environmental footprint of Darrieus wind energy projects and promoting responsible land
management practices.Responsible Governance: Adherence to ethical standards, corporate
governance principles, and international best practices in corporate social responsibility (CSR) to
ensure transparent, accountable, and sustainable business practices.Resilient Infrastructure:
Development of resilient infrastructure and disaster preparedness strategies to withstand natural
disasters, extreme weather events, and other environmental challenges associated with climate
change.

WORKING PRINCIPLES:

When wind flows into the helical rotor of the Archimedes turbine, the spiral shape creates a
pressure difference between the windward and leeward sides of the blades.This pressure
difference generates both lift and drag forces on the blades, causing them to rotate around their
axis.Conversion of Mechanical Energy:The rotational motion of the helical rotor is transferred
via a shaft to a generator located inside the turbine structure.As the shaft spins the generator,
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction
principles.Efficiency in Low Wind Conditions:One of the significant advantages of the
Archimedes turbine is its ability to operate efficiently at lower wind speeds compared to
traditional turbines.The helical design allows it to capture wind from a broader range of
directions and speeds, including turbulent and gusty conditions.Noise Reduction:The helical
blades produce less noise compared to the rapidly rotating blades of traditional wind
turbines.This makes Archimedes turbines suitable for urban and residential environments where
noise pollution is a concern.Scalability and Versatility:Archimedes turbines can be scaled from
small-scale applications suitable for residential rooftops to larger installations for industrial and
commercial use.Their modular design allows for flexibility in deployment, making them
adaptable to various environmental and spatial constraints.They are effective in off-grid and
remote locations where traditional grid connections are limited. They provide a sustainable
source of electricity without extensive infrastructure.Complexity in Design:

The helical blade design requires precise engineering and manufacturing, which can increase
initial costs.Performance Optimization: Further research and development are needed to optimize
the efficiency and performance of these turbines across various environmental conditions.Helical

16
Design:Inspiration from Archimedes: The turbine’s helical or spiral-shaped blades are inspired
by Archimedes’ screw, a device historically used for lifting water. This design principle
leverages the efficiency of the screw shape to capture wind energy.2. Aerodynamics:Pressure
Difference: As wind flows through the helical blades, it encounters varying pressure distributions
between the windward and leeward sides of each blade.Lift and Drag Forces: This pressure
difference creates both lift (upward force) and drag (resistance) forces on the blades. The
combination of these forces causes the blades to rotate around their axis.3.

Efficiency in Wind Capture:Wide Range of Wind Speeds: The helical design allows the turbine
to capture wind energy efficiently across a broader range of wind speeds, including low-speed
and turbulent conditions.Multi-Directional Wind Capture: Unlike traditional turbines that are
optimized for wind coming from specific directions, Archimedes turbines can capture wind from
multiple directions due to their helical shape.4. Noise Reduction:Quiet Operation: The helical
blades generate less noise compared to traditional turbine blades. This characteristic makes
Archimedes turbines suitable for installation in urban and residential areas where noise pollution
is a concern.5. Mechanical to Electrical Conversion:Rotor to Shaft to Generator: The rotational
motion of the helical blades is transferred via a shaft to a generator housed within the
turbine.Electromagnetic Induction: Inside the generator, the mechanical energy from the rotating
shaft is converted into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction principles.6.
Scalability and Adaptability:Modular Design: Archimedes turbines can be scaled from small-
scale applications suitable for residential rooftops to larger installations for industrial and
commercial use.Versatile Deployment: Their compact size, reduced noise levels, and aesthetic
appeal make them adaptable to various environmental and spatial constraints, including urban,
rural, and marine environments.7. Environmental Considerations:Wildlife Impact: The slower
rotational speed and helical blade design of Archimedes turbines may pose lower risks to birds
and wildlife compared to traditional turbines, which operate at higher speeds.

Fig 1.1 Typical Archimedes wind turbine

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 Fig 2.2 Major Components of Archimedes Wind Turbine

1.2 STRUCTURE OF HORIZONTAL AXIS ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE;

Fig 1.3 Various View Of Spiral Structure From different Angles

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Design FeaturesHelical Blades:The Archimedes wind turbine features blades that are twisted into
a helical or spiral shape along their length. This helical design is inspired by Archimedes’ screw,
which historically was used for lifting water and other materials.Unlike traditional wind turbine
blades that are straight and rotate around a horizontal axis, the helical blades of the Archimedes
turbine spiral around a central vertical axis.Spiral Geometry:The blades of the Archimedes
turbine are typically twisted around a central mast or shaft, forming a spiral staircase-like
structure when viewed from the side.This spiral geometry allows the turbine to efficiently
capture wind energy from multiple directions and over a wider range of wind speeds compared
to traditional turbines.

1.30 ADVANTAGES OF ARCHIMEDES WIND TURBINE OVER CONVENTIONAL WIND

TURBINE

Archimedes wind turbines over traditional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs):Efficiency at
Low Wind Speeds: Archimedes turbines start generating electricity at lower wind speeds
compared to HAWTs, making them more suitable for variable wind conditions.Improved Wind
Capture: The helical design captures wind from multiple directions, optimizing energy
production in turbulent and gusty conditions.Reduced Noise Levels: Helical blades generate less
noise than traditional turbine blades, making Archimedes turbines more suitable for urban and
residential environments.Compact Design: Their spiral structure often results in a more compact
and aesthetically pleasing design, suitable for various installation environments.Scalability:
Archimedes turbines can be scaled from small-scale residential installations to larger industrial
applications, providing flexibility in deployment.Less Visual Impact: The compact and often
vertical installation of Archimedes turbines reduces visual impact compared to the expansive
blades of HAWTs.Reduced Risk to Wildlife: Slower blade speeds and the helical design
potentially reduce risks to birds and other wildlife compared to traditional turbines.Lower
Maintenance Requirements: The simpler design with fewer moving parts may lead to lower
maintenance costs and downtime.Adaptability to Rooftops: Their compact size and reduced
noise make Archimedes turbines suitable for rooftop installations in urban areas.Versatility in
Installation: They can be installed in diverse environments, including urban rooftops, rural areas,
and offshore locations.Operational Reliability:

The helical design enhances stability and reliability in variable wind conditions, contributing to
consistent energy production.Increased Efficiency per Unit Area: Archimedes turbines may
generate more energy per unit of swept area compared to traditional turbines due to their helical
blades.Ease of Integration: They can be integrated into existing structures or landscapes more
seamlessly than traditional turbines.Environmental Compatibility: Their quieter operation and
reduced impact on wildlife make Archimedes turbines environmentally preferable in sensitive

19
areas.Enhanced Aesthetics: The spiral design offers a modern and visually appealing alternative
to traditional turbine designs.Rapid Deployment: Their modular construction and simpler
installation process may lead to quicker deployment and commissioning times.Reliable Power
Output: The helical design ensures a more constant torque and smoother power output, reducing
fluctuations in energy production.Lower

Wind Shear Dependency: Archimedes turbines are less affected by wind shear, which can
improve performance in complex terrain.Longer Lifespan: With fewer moving parts and
potentially lower stress on components, Archimedes turbines may have a longer operational
lifespan.Innovation Potential: Ongoing research and development into helical blade technology
continue to unlock new efficiencies and applications for Archimedes turbines.

CHAPTER 2; DESIGN ASPECTS OF HORIZONTAL AXIS ARCHIMEDES WIND

TURBINE

2.1: SPIRAL STRUCTURE ;Various parameters are employed to define the simulation system,
which gives the turbine and its surroundings their Virtual existence. Some of the parameters that
are considered during the design process are:Wind Velocity The wind velocity, which is the
velocity of air at the turbine’s inlet. The wind’s power is proportional to itsVelocity to the third
power. So, while there is no useful energy available at lower wind speeds, it
increases.Exponentially as the wind speed increases. The simulation is run with a wind speed of
4 m/s.

. Design Parameters estimation In order to define the system used in simulation,various

parameters are used that give the turbine aud its surroundings their virtual existence. Different
parameters considered for design process are discussed as follows:3.1.1 Wind Velocity of air at
the inlet of turbine is known as the wind velocity which is the velocity of free stream.Power of
the wind is proportional to the third power of velocity. So, even though no beneficial energy is
available at lower wind velocity, it grows exponentially with increase in velocity.
Initially,simulation is performed at wind speed of 3.5 m/s. For the best geometry obtained
simulation is performed on range of wind speed to study the variation in powercoefficient.3.1.2
Tip speed ratio (TSR)TSR, denoted λ a wind turbine is the ratio of tangential speed of the tip of
a blade to the actualvelocity of free stream, v. It is related to the efficiency the turbine, with the

20
optimum value depending on the geometry of the turbine blade. Tangential speed is the product
of angular velocity of blade,ωand radius of the blade, R. Mathematically, can be represented by
the following formula. λ=ωRv3.1.3 Pitch of the blade Pitch of the blade is the axial distance
measured whenthe spiral turns one complete rotation. The estimation of the proper pitch
becomes an essential factor for producing maximum power coefficient. The pitch is varied and
studied in the simulation process.3.1.4 Opening angleThe opening angle, denoted by θ of the
turbine determines the angle at which air exits the turbine with respects to the incoming air. It
also determines the tip vortex created at the end of the turbine blade. Likewise, the pressure
difference created along theblades of turbine
Tip speed ratio (TSR)
TSR, denoted by a of a wind turbine is the ratio of tangential speed of the tip of a blade to the
actual velocity of free stream, v. It is related to the efficiency of the turbine, with the optimum
value depending on the geometry of the turbine blade. Tangential speed is the product of angular
velocity of blade, o and radius of the blade, R. Mathematically, A can be represented by the
following formula.

Power coefficient (Cp)

Power coefficient is the measure of capability of wind turbine to convert kinetic energy of wind
rotational energy of turbine. It is the ratio of output rotational power of shaft to the input power
of the wind. Power coefficient is the function of tip speed ratio for a given geometry of turbine
blade and is virtually independent of the wind speed. It can be calculated by using following
formula.

Radius

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Radius is the maximum distance of the turbine blade from the center of the shaft. It determines
the swept area of the turbine during rotation which dictates the amount of air interacting with the
turbine. To provide same input power, constant radius of 75 mm is considered for all geometry.
Pitch of the blade
Pitch of the blade is the axial distance measured when the spiral turns one complete rotation. The
estimation of the proper pitch becomes an essential factor for producing maximum power
coefficient. The pitch is varied and studied in the simulation process.
2.2 MATERIAL SELECTION:

S NO TYPE OF MATERIAL PURPOSE

1 Aluminum For Spiral Structure

2 Iron For base and foundation

3 Aluminum rod For shaft

4 Wires, Generators For grid connection

5 Bulb For testing process

S no MATERIAL SIZE SPECIFICATIONS

1 Aluminum sheets 0.5 mm for spiral structure

2 Iron foundation For support. 2/3 bars

3 Shaft ; Aluminum 30 cm

S no ANGLE
SPECIFICATIONS

Theta 1 30 degree

Theta 2 50 degree

Theta 3 60 degree

Table 2.3 : Angle Specifications

22
2.3 OVERALL DEVELOPMENT;

Fig 1.4 Overall Development

CHAPTER 3; POWER GENERATION AND GRID CONNECTION OF ARCHIMEDES

WIND TURBINE

3.1 NECESSARY CONDITIONS;

Generating power from an Archimedes wind turbine requires several necessary conditions to
ensure efficient operation and optimal energy production. Here are the key factors and conditions
that must be considered:
1. Wind Speed: Minimum Startup Speed: The turbine needs a minimum wind speed to start
rotating and generating electricity. For Archimedes turbines, this speed can be lower compared
to traditional turbines, making them suitable for areas with lower average wind speeds. Rated
Wind Speed: There is an optimal range of wind speeds where the turbine operates most
efficiently and generates maximum power. This rated wind speed varies depending on the
specific design and size of the turbine.
2. Wind Direction: Archimedes wind turbines are designed to capture wind from multiple
directions due to their helical blades. However, ensuring the turbine can orient itself to face the
predominant wind direction enhances energy capture efficiency.
3. Aerodynamic Efficiency: The helical blades of Archimedes turbines are optimized for
aerodynamic efficiency, allowing them to capture more energy from the wind compared to

23
traditional turbines, especially in turbulent or variable wind conditions
.4. Structural Integrity: The turbine blades and structure must be robust enough to withstand
wind loads, vibrations, and other environmental stresses over its operational lifespan. This
requires careful engineering and material selection to ensure longevity and reliability.
5. Electrical Generation System: An efficient electrical generation system is essential to convert
the rotational energy of the turbine blades into usable electrical power. This typically involves a
generator, power electronics, and grid connection components.
6. Control and Monitoring Systems: Implementing control systems is crucial to optimize the
turbine’s performance under varying wind conditions. This includes mechanisms for yaw control
(to orient the turbine into the wind), pitch control (to adjust blade angle), and real-time
monitoring of power output and turbine health.
7. Environmental Considerations: Consideration of environmental factors such as noise levels,
visual impact, and impact on wildlife is essential, especially for installations in urban or
ecologically sensitive areas.
8. Maintenance and Serviceability:Regular maintenance and service schedules ensure the turbine
continues to operate efficiently and reliably. This includes inspections, lubrication, and
occasional repairs or component replacements as needed.

3.2 INTEGRATION OF GENERATOR TO AWWT;

Fig: 1.5 Flow Diagram

Generator Integration Process Selection of Generator Type:The choice of generator depends on
various factors such as the turbine size, desired power output, efficiency requirements, and
environmental conditions. Mechanical Connection:The rotational motion of the turbine’s shaft is
transferred to the generator through a gearbox or direct drive system. The gearbox steps up or
down the rotational speed to match the optimal operating speed of the generator.In direct drive
systems, the generator is directly connected to the turbine shaft, eliminating the need for a

24
gearbox and reducing mechanical losses.Electrical Conversion:The generator converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction principles. As the
turbine blades rotate, they spin the generator rotor within a magnetic field, inducing an
alternating current (AC) output.Power electronics such as inverters are used to convert the
generator’s AC output into grid-compatible AC power, ensuring stable frequency and voltage
levels suitable for grid integration.Control and Monitoring Systems:Advanced control systems
are essential for regulating the turbine’s rotational speed and optimizing power output. This
includes pitch control systems to adjust the angle of the blades for optimal aerodynamic
efficiency and yaw control systems to align the turbine with the wind direction.Real-time
monitoring systems track various parameters such as wind speed, turbine speed, power output,
and generator performance to maximize energy capture and operational efficiency.Grid
Integration:Wind turbines equipped with generators must comply with grid connection standards
and regulations. This includes synchronization with the grid frequency and voltage, as well as
ensuring seamless integration into the electrical grid.
3.3 GENERATOR CALCULATIONS:
. Determine Wind Turbine Parameters Firstly, we need to establish the wind turbine’s
operational parameters:Rated Power Output (P_turbine): The power output of the wind turbine in
watts or kilowatts under optimal wind conditions.Rotor Diameter (D): The diameter of the
turbine rotor in meters.Cut-in Wind Speed (V_cut-in): The minimum wind speed required for the
turbine to start generating electricity.Rated Wind Speed (V_rated): The wind speed at which the
turbine generates its rated power ougenerlculate Power Coefficient (Cp)The power coefficient
( C_p ) relates the power extracted by the turbine to the power available in the wind. It is a
function of the turbine’s aerodynamic efficiency and is typically determined through
aerodynamic analysis or manufacturer data.

Determine Generator Efficiency Generator efficiency is the ratio of electrical power output to
mechanical power input, typically ranging from 80% to 95% for most wind turbine generators.

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 CHAPTER 4: OUTCOMES OF ARCHIMEDES WIND TTURBINE
4.1: OUTCOMES OF THE TURBINE;
Efficient operation at low to moderate wind speeds.Suitable for urban and residential
environments due to compact design.Less sensitive to wind direction compared to horizontal axis
turbines.Lower start-up speed requirement.Can generate electricity in turbulent or gusty wind
conditions.Minimal noise generation during operation.Reduced visual impact compared to
traditional wind turbines.Scalable design for various applications (residential, commercial,
industrial).Integration potential with buildings, rooftops, and other structures.Potentially lower
maintenance requirements due to simpler design.Can be deployed in areas with complex terrain
or obstacles.Durability in harsh weather conditions (e.g., high winds, ice).Relatively
straightforward installation and assembly.Fewer moving parts compared to horizontal axis
turbines.Minimal vibration during operation.Ability to capture wind from multiple
directions.Modular design allows for easy upgrades and expansions.Suitable for off-grid
applications in remote areas.Can be combined with solar panels for hybrid renewable energy
systems.Potential for aesthetic integration in architectural designs.Favorable economics for
small-scale distributed generation.Efficient energy production in coastal and offshore

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environments.Lower environmental impact during manufacturing and installation.Enhanced
safety features due to slower rotational speeds.Adaptability to varying wind conditions
throughout the day.Potential for educational and demonstration purposes.Relatively quick return
on investment for residential installations.

Contribution to local energy resilience and independence.Innovation potential for future

technological advancements.Flexibility in tower height and support structure design.Lower
sensitivity to wind shear compared to horizontal axis turbines.Possibility to operate in tandem
with traditional turbines for hybrid power generation.Encouragement of community involvement
in renewable energy initiatives.Potential for integration with energy storage systems.Lower
transportation and logistics costs during deployment.Ability to operate in regions with complex
wind patterns.Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence.Support for
renewable energy targets and sustainability goals.Contribution to job creation in manufacturing
and installation sectors.Alignment with global efforts to combat climate
change.Considerations:Reduced efficiency at high wind speeds.Potential challenges in grid
integration and synchronization.Design complexity for optimal aerodynamic
performance.Limited track record compared to traditional wind turbine technologies.Compliance
with local regulations and noise ordinances.Maintenance requirements for gearbox or direct drive
systems.Potential for blade fatigue and wear over time.Need for skilled technicians and
specialized training.Risk of bird and wildlife interactions.Impact on radar and aviation systems in
some installations.Initial investment costs and financing challenges.Perception and acceptance
by local communities.Regulatory hurdles and permitting processes.Compatibility with existing
infrastructure and power grids.Availability of suitable wind resources in certain
regions.Variability in energy output depending on wind conditions.Requirements for site
assessments and environmental impact studies.Challenges in scaling up for large-scale
commercial applications.Competition with other renewable energy technologies.Technology
maturity and ongoing research needs.Weather-dependent energy production fluctuations.Impact
on property values in nearby areas.Decommissioning and end-of-life disposal
considerations.Need for continuous monitoring and performance optimization.Vulnerability to
extreme weather events and natural disasters.Long-term availability and reliability of
components.Operational limitations in very low wind speed regions.Potential for electromagnetic
interference.Limited availability of spare parts and maintenance services in remote
locations.Perception of aesthetic impact in historical or scenic areas.Public awareness and
education about wind energy benefits and challenges.Impact of ice and snow buildup on turbine
performance.Importance of wind resource assessment prior to installation.Mitigation measures
for noise and vibration.Requirements for insurance and liability coverage.Sensitivity to changes
in government policies and incentives.Need for community engagement and stakeholder
consultations.Integration challenges in hybrid energy systems.Technological barriers to
maximizing energy capture efficiency.Ethical considerations related to land use and resource
allocation.
4.2 FUTURE SCOPE AND FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
The future scope and potential improvements of Archimedes wind turbines encompass a wide
range of technological advancements, design innovations, and strategic enhancements aimed at
maximizing efficiency, scalability, and applicability in diverse environments. Here’s an

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extensive exploration across various aspects:Technological AdvancementsAdvanced Blade
Materials: Research focuses on developing lightweight, durable materials such as advanced
composites or nanomaterials to enhance blade efficiency and longevity.Smart Blade Technology:
Integration of sensors and actuators within blades for real-time adjustment of pitch and shape
based on wind conditions, optimizing aerodynamic performance.Improved Aerodynamics:
Further refinement of blade profiles and aerodynamic shapes through computational modeling
and wind tunnel testing to increase energy capture efficiency.Next-Generation Generators:
Adoption of high-efficiency permanent magnet generators (PMGs) and direct-drive systems to
minimize mechanical losses and improve power conversion efficiency.Control Systems:
Implementation of advanced control algorithms and machine learning techniques for predictive
maintenance, optimal yaw control, and adaptive turbine operation.Energy Storage Integration:
Enhanced integration with energy storage systems (e.g., batteries, hydrogen storage) to mitigate
intermittency and optimize energy dispatchability.Grid Integration Solutions: Development of
smart grid technologies and grid-friendly operation strategies to facilitate seamless integration of
variable renewable energy sources like Archimedes turbines.IoT and Connectivity:
Utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud-based platforms for remote monitoring,
diagnostics, and performance optimization of wind turbines.Hybrid Energy Systems: Integration
with other renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) or geothermal energy to
form hybrid energy systems for enhanced reliability and energy yield.Floating and Offshore
Applications: Adaptation of Archimedes turbines for floating offshore installations to access
stronger and more consistent winds, expanding deployment possibilities in offshore wind
farms.Design Innovations Modular Design Concepts: Development of modular turbine
components for ease of transportation, assembly, and scalability in varying wind resource
conditions.Vertical Axis Turbine Arrays: Optimization of turbine layout and spacing in arrays to
mitigate wake effects and maximize land use efficiency in wind farms.Urban Integration
Solutions: Tailoring turbine designs for urban environments, including noise reduction measures,
compact footprints, and aesthetically pleasing architectures.Biologically Inspired Designs:
Drawing inspiration from natural structures and biomimicry principles to enhance efficiency and
reduce environmental impact.Robustness in Extreme Environments: Design enhancements to
withstand harsh weather conditions, including extreme temperatures, high winds, and saltwater
exposure in marine environments.Low-Cost Manufacturing Techniques: Exploration of additive
manufacturing (3D printing) and automated production methods to reduce manufacturing costs
and increase production efficiency.Innovative Blade Shapes: Experimentation with
unconventional blade geometries (e.g., helical, curved, twisted) to optimize energy capture
across varying wind speeds and directions.Ice and Debris Mitigation: Implementation of
technologies to prevent ice buildup and debris accumulation on turbine blades, ensuring
consistent performance in cold climates.Adaptive Rotor Systems: Development of rotor systems
capable of dynamically adjusting to changing wind conditions for continuous optimization of
energy production.Noise Reduction Technologies: Application of advanced noise reduction
techniques and materials to minimize operational noise levels, enhancing acceptance in noise-
sensitive environments.Strategic EnhancementsLifecycle Assessment and Sustainability:
Comprehensive evaluation of environmental impacts, resource use, and lifecycle costs to
improve

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sustainability credentials and inform decision-making.Community Engagement and Acceptance:
Proactive engagement with local communities, stakeholders, and regulatory bodies to address
concerns, ensure transparency, and foster acceptance of wind energy projects.Policy and
Regulatory Support: Advocacy for supportive policies, incentives, and regulatory frameworks to
promote the deployment of renewable energy technologies like Archimedes wind
turbines.Research and Development Funding: Increased investment in R&D funding and
collaboration between academia, industry, and government agencies to accelerate technological
innovation and knowledge sharing.Standardization and Certification: Establishment of industry
standards, certification processes, and performance benchmarks to ensure reliability,
interoperability, and quality assurance of wind turbine technologies.Supply Chain Optimization:

Strengthening of global supply chains and local manufacturing capabilities to reduce lead times,
enhance supply chain resilience, and support regional economic development.Risk Management
and Resilience Planning: Integration of risk management strategies and resilience planning to
mitigate operational risks, respond to disruptions, and ensure long-term operational
viability.Financial Instruments and Investment Models: Development of innovative financing
mechanisms, including green bonds, carbon credits, and public-private partnerships, to attract
investment in renewable energy projects.Skills Development and Training: Investment in
workforce development programs, training initiatives, and skills enhancement to build a skilled
labor force capable of supporting the growing renewable energy sector.Technology Transfer and
Global Deployment: Facilitation of technology transfer agreements and international
collaborations to accelerate the global deployment of Archimedes wind turbines and renewable
energy solutions.Environmental and Societal Impacts Biodiversity Conservation: Continued
research on mitigating impacts on avian and marine wildlife through siting, monitoring, and
habitat management strategies.Climate Resilience and Adaptation: Contribution to climate
resilience efforts through reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy independence, and
enhanced energy security.Health and Wellbeing Benefits: Recognition of health benefits
associated with reduced air pollution and improved air quality resulting from the displacement of
fossil fuels by renewable energy sources.Equitable Access to Energy: Promotion of equitable
access to clean, affordable energy resources, particularly in underserved communities and
developing regions.Cultural Heritage Preservation: Consideration of cultural heritage and
Indigenous knowledge in wind energy development to respect local traditions and values.Market
Trends and Global OutlookRising Renewable Energy Targets: Alignment with national and
international renewable energy targets and commitments under agreements such as the Paris
Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Market Competitiveness: Increasing
competitiveness of renewable energy technologies, including cost reductions, technological
advancements, and economies of scale driving market adoption.Energy Transition Strategies:
Integration of Archimedes wind turbines into broader energy transition strategies aimed at
decarbonizing energy systems and achieving net-zero emissions.Emerging Market Opportunities:
Identification of emerging market opportunities in regions with favorable wind resources,
supportive policies, and growing energy demand.Global Expansion and Market Penetration:
Expansion of market presence through strategic partnerships, joint ventures, and market entry
strategies tailored to regional needs and market dynamics.

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