Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station A Project Report On
Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station A Project Report On
K.SAICHARAN (B16EE046)
MD.NEHAZ HUSSAIN (B16EE033)
K.ADITHYA (B16EE049)
K.SAIKIRAN (B16EE017)
Under the estimated guidance of
SRI.M.VENUGOPAL REDDY
SR.MANAGER (EMD)
CERTIFICATE
K.SAICHARAN (B16EE046)
K.ADITHYA (B16EE049)
K.SAIKIRAN (B16EE017)
WARANGAL-506015
This bona fide work has been carried out by students of KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, WARANGAL carried out, project work under our
guidance and supervision at “NTPC Limited-Ramagundam”, during the academic year
2016-2020.
We sincerely express our gratitude and respect to all those who guided, inspired and
helped me in the completion of the project. We are grateful to them who are generous and
cooperative during our project.
K.SAICHARAN
MD.NEHAZ HUSSAIN
K.ADITHYA
K.SAIKIRAN
CONTENTS
1. NTPC INTRODUCTION
5.1 Tank
5.3 Winding
5.5 Bushing
5.6 Conservator
5.7 Radiator
7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
8. SWITCH YARD
Mission:
Provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and
environment friendly manner, driven by innovation and agility.
Overview:
NTPC is India’s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to
accelerate power development in India. Since then it has established itself as the dominant
power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. From
fossil fuels it has forayed into generating electricity via hydro, nuclear and renewable energy
sources. This foray will play a major role in lowering its carbon footprint by reducing green
house gas emissions. To strengthen its core business, the corporation has diversified into the
fields of consultancy, power trading, training of power professionals, rural electrification, ash
utilisation and coal mining as well.
NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010, one of the only four companies to
be awarded this status. NTPC was ranked 512th in the ‘2018, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of
the World’s biggest companies.
The total installed capacity of the company is 52,946 MW (including jvs) with 20 coal
based, 7 gas based stations, and 1 Hydro based station and 1 Wind based station. 9 Joint
Venture stations are coal based and 11 Solar PV projects. The capacity will have a diversified
fuel mix and by 2032, non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 30% of
NTPC’s portfolio.
NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company
has 15.56% of the total national capacity, it contributes 22.74% of total power generation due
to its focus on high efficiency.
2. INTRODUCTION TO NTPC LTD., RAMAGUNDAM
NTPC Ramagundam, a part of National Thermal Power Corporation, is a 2600 MW
Power station situated at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district in the Indian state of Telangana,
India. It is the current largest power station in South India. It is the first ISO 14001 certified
"Super Thermal Power Station" in India.
The TG Hall or the Turbo-Generator hall or the Turbine-Generator Hall is the hall or
space where the turbine-generator sets are present.
NTPC Ltd., Ramagundam has two TG Halls one for STAGE-I and the other common
for STAGE-II and STAGE-III. These TG halls are equipped with heavy overhead cranes that
assist in transportation of material within the TG hall. These cranes find their use greatly
during overhauls.
PROFILE:
The whole plant is divided into 3 stages, each stage being planned at one time.
STAGE 1 (3×200 MW):
This stage consists of three units (Unit-1, Unit-2, Unit-3) each with a generation
capacity of 200 MW. The turbines for these three units were manufactured by The Ansaldo
Energy Ltd. The construction began in the late 1970s and these units have performed well
over a long period setting many records regarding maintenance and generation over the other
two stages. But stage (1, 2, and 3) cwp motors are manufactured by BHEL. And all motors
are manufactured by Amado. S-I coal mill motors are 240 KW and PA fans are 400 KW. All
equipment is very important in plant.
STAGE 2 (3×500 MW):
This stage again consists of three units (Unit-4, Unit-5, Unit-6) each with a generation
capacity of 500MW. The turbines for these three units were manufactured by Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited (BHEL).
Stage 3 (1×500 MW):
This stage comprises only one unit (Unit - 7). This is a first of its kind in South India
being a computer operated unit. A wide disparity may be seen between the control rooms of
the other two stages and this computerised unit. To this day, many Power plant engineers
train in this unit to upgrade themselves to this new mode of operation. This unit also has the
tallest chimney in India (height: 275 metres).
Overhauls:
Once in two years, these units are stopped and overhauled, one unit at a time. The
overhauls are usually taken up during the months June to September as the monsoons activate
hydel power generation which substitute the power generation lost due to the overhaul of the
unit. The same practice is followed all through the country. The overhauls usually take 15 to
20 days per unit provided there is no major repair involved. Major repairs include turbine
casing, turbine rotor damage and other damages that require transporting the equipment to
another location (usually the manufacturer). The overhauls are the dissipaters of the annual
PLF of any power plant.
GENERATION DISTRIBUTION STATES:
States:
As NTPC Ltd. Is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), the generation is almost uniformly
distributed to 5–6 states all of them sharing about 20–25 percent of the Generation. The
States include:
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Karnataka
Maharashtra
INPUTS:
Water:
The power station gets its water periodically released from the SRSP- Sriram Sagar
project. This water is stored in the balance reservoir. The water level in the balance reservoir
is monitored daily.
Coal:
NTPC Ramagundam is a Thermal Power Station and hence uses coal. This coal is
available at a large scale from the Singareni Coal mining company nearby and is transported
using the MGR(Merry-go-round) system wherein, a train comes on one rail route, delivers
coal and returns on another route. The wagons arriving by this route are taken for coal
collection wherein a mechanism provided underneath the wagons opens on application of air
pressure and drops the coal it is carrying. A separate department (MGR Dept.) Handles this
process.
Coal also arrives by the Indian Railways. The wagons are routed via Ramagundam
railway station to the separate plant line and these coaches arrive at the wagon tippler. The
wagons arriving in this manner must be tilted at the wagon tippler to obtain the coal as they
do not have the drop mechanism underneath.
Other petroleum products required:
The station also requires various oils for the following purposes:
Height of chimneys:
Stage 1: 210 m
Stage 2: 225 m
Stage 3: 275 m
Electrical Maintenance:
This is the largest department under the Maintenance section. This department takes care
of all the electrical aspects of the plant. It takes care of the following sections.
Switchyard
Generator
Generator Transformer
Conveyor motors and other motors
All power transmissions
The Switchyard:
The switchyard is the place where the station last takes care of the power it produces. The
switchyard links the power generated to the southern power grid. The major transmission
points are:
Nagarjunasagar
Chandrapur
Hyderabad
Khammam
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY:
Total capacity of RSTPS is 2600 MW. NTPC is distributing the electricity to the following:
The use of Transformers has become inevitable in any thermal power plant rather in
any industry today. In 500 MW generation at RSTPS stage-II, stage-III the electricity is
generated at 21KV and current is approximately 16000A.If we transmit the same electrical
energy to the grid then to transmit a current of 16000A, we need very heavy conductors, very
strong transmission towers. Moreover, the lines loss shall be extremely high because current
is very high and loss is proportional to the square of the current.
Types of Transformers:
1. Generator Transformer
2. Unit Auxiliary Transformer
3. Station Transformer
4. Tie Transformer
5. Auto Transformer
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Manufacturer Mitsubishi
2. No. of units 3
3. Rated HV&LV 200MVA for stage 2&3
240 MVA for stage 1
4. Rated Voltage, HV 420/3KV
5. Rated current, LV 9520 A
6. Rated voltage, LV 21KV
7. Rated current, HV 825A
8. Type of cooling OFAF
9. Connection symbol YD 11
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. Voltage Ratio 21/6.9KV
3. Vector Group Dynl
4. Cooling ONAN/ANAF
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. No. of units 1
3. Capacity 33/11.5 76.9 KV
4.4. TIE TRANSFORMERS:
The TIE Transformers are installed to tie between GRID and the station auxiliaries
through station transformers.
Generally it is used for two purposes one for it takes 400KV voltage from 400KV bus
bar and step down to 33KV and it is used for station supply system having 33KV
switch gear.
The capacity of TIE Transformer should be at least the sum of connecting station
Transformers plus miscellaneous requirements.
The no. of TIE Transformers are four that improves reliability.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. No. 1
3. Capacity Ratio 100MVA
4. Voltage Ratio 400/34.5 KV
5. Cooling ONAN/ONAF
4.5. AUTOTRANSFORMER:
Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down voltages in the 110-115-
120 V range and voltages in the 220-230-240 V range - for example, providing 110 V or 120
V (with taps) from 230 V input, allowing equipment designed for 100 or 120 V to be used
with a 230 V supply. In all cases the supply and the autotransformer must be correctly rated
to supply the required power.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Capacity 315
2. Voltage HV/IV/LV 400/220/33 KV
3. Current HV/IV/LV 454.7/826.3/1837 A
4. Cooling ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
5. Connection symbol YNa0D11
5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES OF TRANSFORMER:
5.1. TANK:
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer
main tank. The main function tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.
Function:
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A tank of transformer provides adequate space to this expanded
transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high
permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space and the
core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path
which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores
constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs
mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs
constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained
in use.
5.3. WINDING:
High-frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz often have
windings made of braided Litz wire to minimize the skin-effect and proximity effect losses.
Power-frequency transformers may have taps at intermediate points on the winding,
usually on the higher voltage winding side, for voltage adjustment. Taps may be manually
reconnected, or a manual or automatic switch may be provided for changing taps.
5.5. BUSHING:
Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of
polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide
careful control of the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.
Functions:
Electrical insulation to the conductor for the working voltage and for various over
voltages, which occur in service.
Mechanical support against various Mechanical forces & carry full load current.
5.6. CONSERVATOR:
It is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof of the
transformer's main tank.
Function:
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to
this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
5.7. RADIATORS:
Because of flow of electric current through the winding of Transformer and due to
core losses, heat is produced in the windings and core. Because of this heat the temperature of
Transformer oil increases. Thus cooling of Transformer Oil is must as we know that the
rating of any electrical equipment depends upon its allowable temperature rise limit.
Therefore, if the temperature rise of the Transformer insulating oil is controlled, the
rating of Transformer can be extended up to significant limit. The Radiator of Transformer
accelerates the cooling rate of Transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing loading
capacity of Transformer. Cooling of Transformer Oil is the basic and main purpose of
Radiator.
As we know that increasing the surface area increases the rate of cooling. Therefore
by any mean if we can increase the surface area of Transformer Oil then cooling of
Transformer Oil can be accelerated. Radiator of Transformer serves this purpose of
increasing the surface area of Oil. Cooling in Radiator is due to natural convection in the
Transformer Oil
.
5.8. AIR CELL:
The Air Cell (Flexible Separator) is fitted inside a conservator tank, isolating
insulating oil from the atmosphere, and thus preventing contamination of gas and/or moisture
from coming in to contact with the transformer oil due to oxidation and hydrolysis. The bag
is vented o the transformer through flange type mounting such that it inflates or deflates to
accommodate oil volume displacements due to changes in the transformer temperature.
Advantages:
Dehydrating breathers are used to prevent the normal moisture in the air from coming
in contact with the oil in electrical equipment. They are frequently used on the oil
compartment of a load tap changer or on the air side of a power transformer conservator.
The breather contains silica gel which has the ability to scrub the moisture from the air as it
passes through the breather. Some breathers are designed for sealed tank transformers and
breathe only at preset pressure levels. The dehydrating breathers are filled with Silicage1 that
can absorb 20 percent of its own weight in moisture. The breathers are also provided with an
oil trap preventing continuous contact between the moist air and the Silicage1.
Dehydrating breathers are rated by the amount of oil that the breather can protect - the
smallest breather can protect an oil volume of 300 gallons - the largest breather can protect an
oil volume of 9600 gallons. Multiple breathers can be applied to the same tank or
conservator to protect larger volumes. The smallest breather contains about one-half pound
of silica gel and the largest breather contains about 18 pounds of silica gel.
DEHYDRATING BREATHER
This method is used for oil immersed transformers. In this method, the heat generated
in the core and winding is transferred to the oil. According to the principle of convection, the
heated oil flows in the upward direction and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up
by cooled oil from the radiator. The heat from the oil will dissipate in the atmosphere due to
the natural air flow around the transformer. In this way, the oil in transformer keeps
circulating due to natural convection and dissipating heat in atmosphere due to natural
conduction. This method can be used for transformers up to about 30 MVA.
Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF):
The heat dissipation can be improved further by applying forced air on the dissipating
surface. Forced air provides faster heat dissipation than natural air flow. In this method, fans
are mounted near the radiator and may be provided with an automatic starting arrangement,
which turns on when temperature increases beyond certain value. This transformer cooling
method is generally used for large transformers up to about 60 MVA.
PRINCIPLE:
The Buchholz relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz relay function
is based on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever
there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between
turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be
decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to
decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz
container which causes fall of oil level in it.
The (OTI) oil temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb, capacity tube, and a dial
thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil. The sensor bulb and
capacity tube are fitted with evaporation liquid. The vapour pressure varies with temperature
and is transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial thermometer, which moves in accordance
with the changes in pressure, which is proportional to the temperature. In OTI, there are 2
(two) nos. Of mercury switch i.e. (S1 and S2). S1 is used for Alarm and the S2 switch is used
for Trip.
Winding temperature indicator (WTI) consists of a sensor bulb placed in the oil filled
pocket in the transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument housing by
means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary is connected to the measuring bellow of
the instrument and the other to a compensation bellow.
The measuring system is filled with a liquid, which changes its volume with rising
temperature. Inside the instrument is fitted with a heating resistance which is fed by a current
proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with a maximum temperature indicator. The heating resistance is
fed by a current transformer associated with the loaded winding of the transformer. (The
heating resistance is made out of the same materials as that of the winding) The increase in
the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of
the instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer; therefore, the winding
temperature indicates (WTI) a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature above
hot oil i.e. the hot spot temperature. In the WTI, there are four nos. Of the mercury switch.
Two of them is used for Fan and motor pump control and another two nos. The switch is used
for high-temperature warning alarm and trip circuit contact.
When the pressure in front of the piston exceeds the counter force of the spring, the
piston will move operating the switching contacts. The micro switch inside the switching
unit is hermetically sealed and pressurized with nitrogen gas.
The simplest form of pressure relief device is the widely used frangible disk. The
surge of oil caused by a heavy internal fault bursts the disk and allows the oil to discharge
rapidly. Relieving and limiting the pressure rise prevent explosive rupture of the tank and
consequent fire.
Also, if used, the separate tap changer oil enclosure can be fitted with a pressure
relief device.
7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The electrical equipment and circuits in a substation must be protected in order to
limit the damages due to abnormal currents and over voltages.
All equipment installed in a power electrical system have standardized ratings for
short-time withstand current and short duration power frequency voltage. The role of the
protections is to ensure that these withstand limits can never be exceeded, therefore clearing
the faults as fast as possible.
In addition to this first requirement a system of protection must be selective.
Selectivity means that any fault must be cleared by the device of current interruption (circuit
breaker or fuses) being the nearest to the fault, even if the fault is detected by other
protections associated with other interruption devices.
As an example for a short circuit occurring on the secondary side of a power
transformer, only the circuit breaker installed on the secondary must trip. The circuit breaker
installed on the primary side must remain closed. For a transformer protected with MV fuses,
the fuses must not blow.
They are typically two main devices able to interrupt fault currents, circuit breakers
and fuses:
The circuit breakers must be associated with a protection relay having three main
functions:
Measurement of the currents
Detection of the faults
Emission of a tripping order to the breaker
The fuses blow under certain fault conditions.
Stresses generated by the supply
Two types of over voltages may stress and even destroy a transformer:
The lightning over voltages due to lightning stroke falling on or near an overhead line
supplying the installation where the transformer is installed
The switching over voltages generated by the opening of a circuit breaker or a load
break switch for instance.
Depending of the application, protection against these two types of voltage surges may
be necessary and are often ensured by means of zno surge arrestors preferably connected on
the MV bushing of the transformer.
Stresses due to the load
A transformer overload is always due to an increase of the apparent power demand
(kva) of the installation. This increase of the demand can be the consequence of either a
progressive adjunction of loads or an extension of the installation itself. The effect of any
overload is an increase of the temperature of oil and windings of the transformer with a
reduction of its life time.
The protection of a transformer against the overloads is performed by a dedicated
protection usually called thermal overload relay. This type of protection simulates the
temperature of the transformer’s windings. The simulation is based on the measure of the
current and on the thermal time constant of the transformer. Some relays are able to take into
account the effect of harmonics of the current due to non-linear loads such as rectifiers,
computers, variable speed drives etc. This type of relay is also able to evaluate the remaining
time before the emission of the tripping order and the time delay before re-energizing the
transformer.
In addition, oil-filled transformers are equipped with thermostats controlling the
temperature of the oil.
Dry-type transformers use heat sensors embedded in the hottest part of the windings
insulation.
Each of these devices (thermal relay, thermostat, heat sensors) generally provides two
levels of detection:
Differential protection
Merz price circulating current principle or differential protection is commonly employed for
power transformer protection from internal fault.
1.the different of current in primary and secondary must be equalized in diff relay by using
appropriate turns on ct’s connected with both primary and secondary
2. The phase difference of current still generates a relay current. To neutralize it is case of
healthy condition it is required to connect the cts in phase opposition with respect to ad joint.
Gas Analysis:
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil.
Insulating materials within transformers and electrical equipment break down to
liberate gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases can be related to the type of
electrical fault, and the rate of gas generation can indicate the severity of the fault. The
identity of the gases being generated by a particular unit can be very useful information in
any preventative maintenance program.
The collection and analysis of gases in an oil-insulated transformer was discussed. As
of 2018, many years of empirical and theoretical study have gone into the analysis of
transformer fault gases.
DGA usually consists of sampling the oil and sending the sample to a laboratory for
analysis. Mobile DGA units can be transported and used on site as well; some units can be
directly connected to a transformer. Online monitoring of electrical equipment is an integral
part of the smart grid.
When gassing occurs in transformers there are several gases that are created. Enough useful
information can be derived from nine gases so the additional gases are usually not examined.
The nine gases examined are:
8. SWITCH YARD
It is a switching station which has the following credits:
Main link between generating plant and transmission system, which has a large
influence on the security of the supply.
Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node.
Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has effect on Quality of
power.
AUTO TRANSFORMERS:
Five Auto Transformers with no load Tap Changers are provided to interconnect the 400KV
system of NTPC and 220/132KV system of AP TRANSCO, situated at 1.8km away from
RSTPS switch yard.
TIE TRANSFORMER:
Four nos. Of Tie Transformers are provided for feeding power to station auxiliaries
like Cooling water & Raw water pumps, Coal Handling & water treatment Plants, Ash &
Fuel Handling pumps, Cooling towers and lighting requirements of station & colony.
SHUNT REACTORS
Long lines when lightly loaded, the receiving end voltage raises, due toferranti effect.
Shunt Reactors produce lagging MVAR there by control the receiving end voltages during
lightly loaded conditions. Shunt reactors also limit the short circuit fault levels. Therefore,
Shunt reactors are provided on both the ends of Nagarjuna Sagar lines 1 & 2, the length of
these lines being about 267 km.
As mentioned elsewhere, RSTPS switchyard is handling bulk power and its operation
and Maintenance has become critical. Any ambiguity in the operation of the switchyard may
lead to such disasters like grid failure, station outages crippling not only the normal life of
people but also the very economy of the country. Even in less serious situations such as
cascade tripping of Auto Transformers due to unplanned over loading has caused under
utilization of our generating capacity many times. The operation of switchyard calls for a
very alert staff that shall have to sense the abnormalities in time and prompt to concern timely
to enable normalcy of the system. The following are some of the identified activities of 400
KV switchyard operations.
5. Quick arrangement of startup power supply in case of grid failures, station outages.
6. Continuous monitoring of system parameters like voltage, frequency, line and
Transformer, loading unit generations, MVAR and MW net exported. recording and
corrective action where the abnormality found.
7. Preparing of daily power generation / export/import energy reports, exchanging data with
IOCC, OS (ED), OS (SR), collection of generation details from other power projects and
storing.
8. Assisting the shift in-charge in transmitting the flash report, availability report, unit
trip/synchronization messages, shutdown messages, generation back down messages,
modification of availability declarations, feed back to shift in charge, the deviation if any in
total generation with respect to the declaration.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is an automatic device capable of making and breaking Electrical Circuitunder normal and
abnormal conditions such as short circuits. SF6 is the arc quenching media for all the 400 KV
and 220 KV breakers installed in the switchyard. Pneumatic operating system is provided in
AEG, ABB and NGEF make breakers and Hydraulic operating system is provided in BHEL
make breakers. 132KV breakers provided in 132 KV lines are of Minimum oil type operating
on spring charge mechanism.
ISOLATORS
Isolator is an off load device provided in conjunction with circuit breaker to disconnect the
equipment or the section, which is to be isolated from all other live parts. The isolators
provided in the switchyard are of central break type. The operation of Isolators can be done
from control room (remote) or local. Motorized operation for opening & closing of Isolator is
provided, however Isolators can also be opened & closed manually in the event of non-
availability of motorized operation.
EARTH SWITCH
Earth switch is mounted on the isolator base on the line side or breaker side depending upon
the position of the isolator. The earth switch usually comprises of a vertical break switch arm
with the contact, which engages with the isolator contact on the line side. Earth switch is
required to discharge the trapped charges on the line or equipment (under shut down) to earth
for maintaining safety. Earth switch can be operated only from local either by electrical
operation or manually.
BUSBAR
Bus bar is an Aluminium tube of 4” IPS having wall thickness of 0.4”, where all incoming
and outgoing feeders are connected in a schematic way to enable smooth operation and
Maintenance of equipment without any interruption to the system. At RSTPS one and half
breaker scheme is provided for 200 MW generator feeders and 400 KV outgoing lines, Two-
breaker scheme is provided for 500 MW generator feeders
WAVE TRAP
Wave Trap is a parallel resonant circuit tuned to the carrier frequency
connected in series with the line conductor at each end of the protected transmission line
section. Wave trap offers high impedance path for high frequency signals and low impedance
path for power frequency current. This keeps carrier signal confined to the protected line
section and does not allow the carrier signals to flow into the neighboring sections.
CONTROL PANELS
Corridor type flat control panels are provided in U shape with doors at both the end
panels. Between the front and rear panels, there is adequate space for inspection of interior
wiring. The controlling knobs are provided on front panel for opening & closing of breakers
and isolators. The close/open position of the breakers / isolators / earth switches is indicated
through lamps or semaphore indicators. The relative position of each equipment is shown in
the mimic single line diagram that is painted on front side of the control panels. The
indicating instruments (MW, MVAR, voltage, current etc.) and annunciation windows are
provided on the top of front panel for monitoring of the equipment. Breaker monitoring and
protective relays such as LBB, Auto enclosure, check synchronization, Trip circuit
monitoring, Annunciation relays and energy meters are mounted on the rear side of the panel.
RELAY PANELS
Relay panels are of cubicle type, flat independent boxes with a door at backside. All
the protective relay units related to one bay are divided into two groups viz. Main 1
protection, stub protection, O/V protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 1 and
Main 2 protection, U/v protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 2 relays. Group 1
& group 2 relays are mounted on front side of two separate panels side by side. Fault locator
and disturbance recorder of the corresponding bay mounted on front side of the third panel. A
separate glass door is provided front side of all the panels to cover the relays from dust.
EVENT LOGGER
Even Logger recognizes the changes in signal-input states, plus time data allocation
for sequential recording of events. It displays the events in a time sequential of 1/ sec, such
as opening/closing of breaker poles, Isolator poles, E/S etc. pressure high/low of air, SF6, N2
Oil etc. Alarm Appeared/reset of all protection / trip relays, it also displays the status of
equipment, in service/ out of service in a regular period say 8 hrs. This is one of the
important diagnostic equipment available to operation staff to understand the type of
emergency in a flick of a second.
MASTER CLOCK
One maser clock (make Keltron) is provide in switchyard control room to synchronize
the timings of all the Event loggers, DAS (Data Acquisition system of units), Disturbance
Recorders, clocks provided in control rooms, etc., to maintain a uniform time, so that the
sequence of events can be recorded and analyzed to know the cause of disturbance.
TYPE OF DISPLAYS
Alpha Numeric Display Displays direct of measured parameter along
with name of parameter in tabular form
Mimic Diagram Display In this Display the single line diagram of the
circuit with position of the breakers along
with real time power flow is indicated.
Graphical display This displays the graph of quantities
Threshold display In Threshold blackout display the threshold
values of quantity are displayed
Alarm display Alarms are displayed to draw the attention of
operator
Trend display In this display the trend of the quantity real
values in a specified time blocks are shown.
The data Acquisition by GDAMS is more vital in analyzing the faults, forecasting the local
trends, impact of the line and unit outages, estimation of variations in frequency and voltages
in different seasons, generating reports.
DISTURBANCE RECORDER
All 400 KV lines connected to this switchyard are provide by the Disturbance
Recorders (D/R), D/R is a PC based or Microprocessor based on line monitoring equipment
D/R is the most vital diagnostic equipment in analysis of post fault trappings.
FAULT LOCATOR
When a line tripped on fault, the Fault Locator provided in the Relay panel indicates the
approximate distance of the fault location so that Maintenance group easily tract the fault and
clear it. When F.L. indicates zero or very less distance, operation staff should assume that the
fault is in the switchyard equipment, and check for all equipment connected to the concerned
bay, which was tripped on fault.
Inter tripping
In inter trip (direct or indirect trip) applications; if the command is
unmonitored by a protective relay at the receiving end, reception of the command causes
circuit breaker operation.
Permissive tripping
Permissive trip commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The circuit
breaker can be operated only when reception of the command coincides with operation of
protective relay responding to a system fault.
Blocking
Blocking commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The circuit breaker
can be operated only if the command is absent when the protection relay is operated by a
fault.
Telemetry
Telemetry refers to science of measurement from remote location. The
various measurements obtained from transducers converts into signals and these signals
transmit to remote control rooms through PLCC ex. All lines and generators of RSTPS
parameters like MW, MVAR, etc linked up to IOCC through PLCC.
Telephone
PLCC can be used as a speech channel. All substations connected to RSTPS are
providing by one direct telephone (hot line) for speedy communication. Communication is
also available for all PGCIL S/S through PLCC telephone exchanges.