Cat-1 Dom Answer

Continuous Assessment Test - I (2023)
PART A (10*2=20 MARKS)
1. State conditions for equilibrium of two force members.

Forces in a two-force member must satisfy certain conditions for the member
to remain in equilibrium. A two-force member is a structural element
subjected to only two forces, which are equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction, and act along the same line. The conditions for equilibrium of a two-
force member are as follows:
Forces Must Be Equal in Magnitude: The two forces acting on the member
must have the same magnitude. This ensures that the member does not
accelerate in any direction.
2. Define crank effort.
Crank effort refers to the force or torque exerted on a crankshaft or crank
mechanism to rotate it. In mechanical engineering, a crank is a lever arm
attached to a rotating shaft (the crankshaft) that converts reciprocating motion
into rotational motion or vice versa.
3. State conditions of dynamic balancing.
Dynamic balancing is a technique used to minimize or eliminate vibrations in
rotating machinery by ensuring that the rotating parts are in balance. To
achieve dynamic balancing, certain conditions need to be met.
4. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine?
Complete balancing in reciprocating engines is challenging due to several
inherent design factors and operational characteristics of such engines:
Reciprocating Motion: Reciprocating engines, such as internal combustion
engines, produce reciprocating motion in their pistons. This motion involves
rapid changes in direction, resulting in fluctuating forces and moments within
the engine's components. Achieving perfect balance in reciprocating motion is
difficult due to the dynamic nature of these forces.
5. State the D Alembert’s principle.
In simpler terms, D'Alembert's principle allows one to simplify the analysis of
a mechanical system by considering the system as if it were in static
equilibrium, with the external forces replaced by equivalent inertial forces.
These inertial forces arise due to the acceleration of the system's particles and
rigid bodies and are treated as if they were additional external forces acting on
the system.
6. State the function of flywheel in a prime mover.
The flywheel serves several important functions in a prime mover, which is a
device that converts energy into mechanical motion. Some of the key
functions of a flywheel in a prime mover include:
Energy Storage: One of the primary functions of a flywheel is to store kinetic
energy. During the power stroke of the prime mover, when the energy input is
high, the flywheel stores excess energy by increasing its rotational speed. This
stored energy can then be used to maintain the rotational speed and provide
smooth operation during the non-power strokes or when the energy input is
temporarily reduced.
7. What is meant by static balancing and dynamic balancing?
Static balancing and dynamic balancing are two techniques used to minimize
or eliminate unbalanced forces and moments in rotating machinery. These
techniques aim to ensure smooth operation, reduce vibrations, and prevent
premature wear or damage to the equipment. Here's a brief explanation of
each.
8. Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?
Rotating masses need to be dynamically balanced to ensure smooth operation,
reduce vibrations, and prevent premature wear or damage to the equipment.
Here's why dynamic balancing of rotating masses is crucial.
9. Define the significance of inertia force analysis.
Design Optimization: By incorporating inertia force analysis into the design
process, engineers can optimize the design of mechanical systems to minimize
weight, material usage, and energy consumption while maximizing
performance and efficiency. This optimization process helps to achieve cost
savings, improve functionality, and meet design objectives more effectively.
10. Define the terms coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
The coefficient of fluctuation of energy is a term used in
mechanical engineering and fluid dynamics to quantify the
variation or fluctuation in energy levels within a fluid flow system.
It is denoted by the symbol
PART B (3*10=30 MARKS)
11 The length of crank and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating
engine are 200 mm and 1 meter respectively. The crank is rotating at 400 rpm.
When the crank has turned through 30º from the inner dead centre. The
difference of pressure between cover and piston rod is 0.4 N/mm2. If the mass of
the reciprocating parts is 100 kg and cylinder bore is 0.4 meters, then calculate:
(a) Internal force, (b) Force on the piston, (c) Piston effort, (d) Thrust on the
sides of the cylinder walls, (e) Thrust in the connecting rod and (f) Crank effo
To calculate the various parameters, we'll use the equations related to the motion
of the piston and connecting rod in a reciprocating engine. Let's break down the
calculations:
Given data:
- Length of the crank (\(r\)) = 200 mm = 0.2 meters
- Length of the connecting rod (\(l\)) = 1 meter
- Crank speed (\(N\)) = 400 rpm

- Angle turned by the crank (\(\theta\)) = 30 degrees
- Difference of pressure between cover and piston rod (\(P\)) = 0.4 N/mm²
- Mass of the reciprocating parts (\(m\)) = 100 kg
- Cylinder bore (\(D\)) = 0.4 meters
(a) Internal force:
The internal force (\(F_{\text{int}}\)) can be calculated using the difference in

pressure between the cover and piston rod:
\[ F_{\text{int}} = P \times A \]
where \(A\) is the area of the piston. The area of the piston (\(A\)) can be calculated
using the formula for the area of a circle:
\[ A = \frac{\pi D^2}{4} \]
Now, we can substitute the given values:
\[ A = \frac{\pi \times (0.4)^2}{4} = \frac{\pi \times 0.16}{4} = 0.04\pi \, \

text{m}^2 \]
\[ F_{\text{int}} = 0.4 \times 0.04\pi \, \text{N/mm}^2 \times 0.04\pi \, \text{m}^2 \]
\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]
(b) Force on the piston:

The force (\(F_{\text{piston}}\)) on the piston can be calculated using the formula:
\[ F_{\text{piston}} = F_{\text{int}} \times \cos(\theta) \]
where \(\theta\) is the angle turned by the crank.
\[ F_{\text{piston}} = 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \times \cos(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]
(c) Piston effort:
The piston effort is the difference between the force on the piston and the weight of
the reciprocating parts.
\[ \text{Piston effort} = F_{\text{piston}} - m \times g \]
where \(g\) is the acceleration due to gravity (\(9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2\)).
(d) Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls:
The thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls is equal to the force on the piston.
\[ \text{Thrust on the cylinder walls} = F_{\text{piston}} \]
(e) Thrust in the connecting rod:
The thrust in the connecting rod can be calculated using the formula:
\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} = F_{\text{int}} \times \sin(\theta) \]
(f) Crank effort:
The crank effort (\(C\)) can be calculated using the formula:
\[ C = \frac{F_{\text{piston}} \times r}{l} \]
Now, let's perform the calculations.
First, let's calculate \(F_{\text{int}}\):
\[ F_{\text{int}} = 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]
\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]
\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.001586 \, \text{N} \]
Now, let's calculate \(F_{\text{piston}}\):
\[ F_{\text{piston}} = 0.001586 \times \cos(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]
\[ F_{\text{piston}} ≈ 0.001372 \, \text{N} \]
Now, let's calculate the piston effort:
\[ \text{Piston effort} = 0.001372 - 100 \times 9.81 \, \text{N} \]
\[ \text{Piston effort} ≈ -975.628 \, \text{N} \]
Thrust on the cylinder walls is equal to \(F_{\text{piston}}\):

\[ \text{Thrust on the cylinder walls} ≈ 0.001372 \, \text{N} \]
Now, let's calculate the thrust in the connecting rod:
\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} = 0.001586 \times \sin(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]
\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} ≈ 0.000793 \, \text{N} \]
Finally, let's calculate the crank effort:
\[ C = \frac{0.001372 \times 0.2}{1} \, \

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Continuous Assessment Test - I (2023)

PART A (10*2=20 MARKS)

1. State conditions for equilibrium of two force members.

- Length of the crank (\(r\)) = 200 mm = 0.2 meters

- Length of the connecting rod (\(l\)) = 1 meter

- Crank speed (\(N\)) = 400 rpm

- Angle turned by the crank (\(\theta\)) = 30 degrees

- Mass of the reciprocating parts (\(m\)) = 100 kg

- Cylinder bore (\(D\)) = 0.4 meters

(a) Internal force:

The internal force (\(F_{\text{int}}\)) can be calculated using the difference in

Now, we can substitute the given values:

\[ A = \frac{\pi \times (0.4)^2}{4} = \frac{\pi \times 0.16}{4} = 0.04\pi \, \

\[ F_{\text{int}} = 0.4 \times 0.04\pi \, \text{N/mm}^2 \times 0.04\pi \, \text{m}^2 \]

\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]

(b) Force on the piston:

\[ F_{\text{piston}} = F_{\text{int}} \times \cos(\theta) \]

where \(\theta\) is the angle turned by the crank.

\[ F_{\text{piston}} = 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \times \cos(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]

(c) Piston effort:

\[ \text{Piston effort} = F_{\text{piston}} - m \times g \]

where \(g\) is the acceleration due to gravity (\(9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2\)).

(d) Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls:

\[ \text{Thrust on the cylinder walls} = F_{\text{piston}} \]

(e) Thrust in the connecting rod:

\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} = F_{\text{int}} \times \sin(\theta) \]

(f) Crank effort:

The crank effort (\(C\)) can be calculated using the formula:

\[ C = \frac{F_{\text{piston}} \times r}{l} \]

Now, let's perform the calculations.

First, let's calculate \(F_{\text{int}}\):

\[ F_{\text{int}} = 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]

\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.04 \times 0.04\pi^2 \, \text{N} \]

\[ F_{\text{int}} ≈ 0.001586 \, \text{N} \]

Now, let's calculate \(F_{\text{piston}}\):

\[ F_{\text{piston}} = 0.001586 \times \cos(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]

\[ F_{\text{piston}} ≈ 0.001372 \, \text{N} \]

Now, let's calculate the piston effort:

\[ \text{Piston effort} = 0.001372 - 100 \times 9.81 \, \text{N} \]

\[ \text{Piston effort} ≈ -975.628 \, \text{N} \]

Thrust on the cylinder walls is equal to \(F_{\text{piston}}\):

\[ \text{Thrust on the cylinder walls} ≈ 0.001372 \, \text{N} \]

Now, let's calculate the thrust in the connecting rod:

\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} = 0.001586 \times \sin(30^\circ) \, \text{N} \]

\[ \text{Thrust in connecting rod} ≈ 0.000793 \, \text{N} \]

Finally, let's calculate the crank effort:

\[ C = \frac{0.001372 \times 0.2}{1} \, \

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