CHAPTER I

This chapter presents the Rationale of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Hypotheses,

Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Research Paradigm, Scope and Limitations,

Significance of the Study, and Definition of Terms.

Rationale of the Study

Tardiness comes from the Latin words “tardus”which means "slow, sluggish, dull, or

stupid". Tardiness is the quality of being late. When people do not show up on time, they are

guilty of tardiness. When you are late for something, you are tardy, so tardiness refers to the

habit of being late. Due to tardiness, some people almost never arrive at work, school, or other

places where they are expected.

Tardiness has already been a habit of some students nowadays. It can also lead to more

serious problems that can affect their learning especially in their academic performances. If a

student is not on time every day, he/she cannot perform well during class discussions. Being

tardy is not only a duty for students, but also a part of good manners, respect and reputation.

Hence, students should

know how to value their time and do their best not to be tardy at all times.

On the other hand, academic performances describes how well a learner performs in

school courses like Social Studies, History, English, Science, and Mathematics and also include

the "specials" or elective courses in Arts, Music, Health, Business,and others. Academics are

courses that are graded and retained for school records.

 Generally, the main focus of the study is to know the relationship between tardiness and

academic performance of the Senior High School Students.

We need to study this problem to know what are the causes and effects of tardiness and how to

avoid it. These issues affect the students' concentration in their academic performances and may

also make them lazy in school. That is the reason why we conducted this study to help our fellow

ENAnians to overcome the issue that bothers them, so that they can perform well at school and

can give more importance on their studies which is our most significant goal as the researchers.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the "Causes and Effects of Tardiness to the Academic

Performances of the Senior High School Students" and aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents when grouped according to:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Type of school graduated (Elementary & Junior High School)

d. General Performance Average

2. What is the level of extent of Tardiness towards the Academic Performance of the Senior High

School Students when grouped according to:

a. Age

b. Sex
 c. Type of school graduated (Elementary & Junior High School)

d. General Performance Average

3. Is there a significant relationship between tardiness and the academic performance of the

students?

Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship with the profile of the respondents when grouped

according to:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Type of school graduated(Elementary & Junior High School)

d. General Performance Average

2. There is no level of extent of Tardiness towards the Academic Performance of the Senior

High School Students when grouped according to:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Type of school graduated

3. There is no significant relationship between tardiness and the academic performance of

the students.
Theoretical Framework

The theory will be considered mostappropriate for this study is “Causes and Effects of

Tardiness to the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students.” The theory will be

developed byLauby (2009) puts it as a term used to describe “people not showing up on time”.

She contributed by saying that lateness is synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies being

slow to act or slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. Time is the

criteria and determinant of lateness. Lateness to school by students is one of the observable

problems in education system. Lateness to school relates simply to the failure to be present at

appropriate times for school activities/lesson – leading to certain deficiencies in the attainment of

the goals and objectives of the institution.

Conceptual Framework

This study will investigate the causes and effects of tardiness among the student’s

academic performance.

The diagram shows the profile of the students, the effects of tardiness to their academic

performance and the possible outcomes of it.

The diagram shows the flow of relationship between variables.

Research Paradigm

The paradigm below shows the relationship between tardiness and its effects to

their academic performance.

Profile  Survey Academic

Instrument Performance
Name  Questionna
ire
Age
Scope and Limitations

The researchers’ study will be limited in the campus of East Negros Academy,Inc. The

respondents are the Senior High School students in the academic year 2019-2020 only.

The scope of the study will be limited on the causes and effects of tardiness to their

academic performance.

Significance of the Study

This study is most beneficial to the following:

Students. This may pave way for the awareness to the students and could give them an idea of

the different causes and effects of their bad habit for their self-assessment. For the much older

generation of students, understanding brought by this study could help them in bridging

generation gap created by this habit for their more comfortable learning.

Teachers. This study may help provide an insight in understanding the tardiness of the students

and help them adapt more to this form of this habit by giving quality education to their students.
School Administrators. The useful and accurate outcome of the study may encourage the school

administrators by utilizing the effects of tardiness that will enable them to know the students’

areas of difficulty and strength.

Parents. The result of this study may provide valuable information to the parents on how they

would discipline their children well.

Other Researchers. The possible outcome of this study may help the future researchers to have

a better understanding about this issue and could give them a more convenient way of studying

the topic.

Definition of Terms

Tardiness- Conceptually according to Weade (2004), defined tardiness “being late for any

measurable length of time past the stated or schedule start school.

-Operationally it is the habit of being late and the lack of concentration of a student inside

their classroom.

Lateness- Conceptually according to Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), “lateness” can be defined

as the “situation where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time.

According also to Breeze et al. (2010) lateness is synonymous to “Tardiness”, which

implies being slow to act or being slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual

timing.

-Operationally lateness is the act of being late.

Academic Performance- Conceptually according to Wikipedia (2013), academic performance is

the outcome of education; it is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved

their educational goals.

-Operationally it is the performance of the student inside their classroom including the

daily quizzes, class participation and exams.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

In a study on Absenteeism of the Students of LPU- Batangas, it disclosed several reasons

on absenteeism such as health reasons, financial concern, transportation difficulties, peer

pressure and no assignments. Students who are from nearby towns take public transportation in

going to school experience difficulties in arriving to their classes on time, hence became late/

tardy (Counseling & Testing Center LPU-Batangas)

To deal with the issue of truancy in Lyceum of the Philippines University, the

management comes up with the referral system. The main goal of this system or process is to

prevent absences of the students and to improve their academic performance. In this system,

those students who incurred absences should be reported by the teachers to their respective

guidance counsellor. In response to this referral, guidance counsellor should inform student’s

parent/guardian in order for them to be aware of the student’s performance in school. All referred

students should report to Counseling and Testing Center office to undergo counseling.

As cited by Garcia (2017), researchers Dela Cruz, Christine et. al. (2011) looked at

decreasing tardiness in primary school-aged students using teacher-written praise notes. These

are their findings. The researchers found out that students who are frequently late to school often

miss out on important opening announcements and academic activities. Tardy behavior can also

negatively affect the overall classroom environment, the study says. Arriving late to school can

also mean that students miss out on activities designed to build connections with their peers,

potentially impacting their social interactions and creating a greater sense of alienation from their

classmates. The researchers found out that punishing students due to being tardy is not helpful to

the problem and may aggravate the situation. Thus, the researchers instead used praise notes so

that the students may be more motivated to come to school early

When students are tardy or absent, or when they drop out of school, sequential learning

cannot occur, subject matter and skills cannot be developed, and much student talent is wasted.
These students need assistance to overcome their problems and to achieve in school. When

counseling in the school setting is not sufficient, these students need to be referred to appropriate

services in the community. For some high school students the immediate earnings from

employment seems more significant than staying in school. These students need courses in

vocational education and assistance to help them develop positive attitudes towards education,

perceive alternative to dropping out, and realize the worth of long term goals. Family situations

such as cultural differences between values taught at home and school, separation, divorce and

school personal need to be determine the causes of tardiness, absenteeism and dropping out and

to provide necessary remediation.

In evaluating the deleterious effects of missing in school time, research has almost

exclusively focused on absences, and almost no attention has been paid to tardiness. Hence, this

study contributes a new dimension to the field by examining the effect of student’s tardiness on

academic achievement. First, students with greater tardiness perform worse on both standardized

reading and math test. Second, holding constant an individual’s own record of tardiness, students

whose classmates are tardy more frequently also have lower test score. Hence, the achievement

gap widens even further for students who also have greater individual level of tardiness. Policy

implications are discussed (Michael Gottfried 2012).

Personally as the end result of the typical ways in which and person reacts, the products

of his motivation, emotions, feeling tones, style of thinking attitudes”, personality is partly in

born and nervous system are largely responsible for the inborn aspects that associate either

through imitation or through hostile reactions when we are thwarted habits are reaction so often

repeated as to become fixed characteristics or tendencies good habits result from choice and are

required through effort.

 Age children have television sets in their bedrooms and probably many are watching late

movie or one of the late night talk shows when they should be sleeping and if they have an alarm

clock,they just continue sleep after it goes off. A study by Hammill Institute on Disabilities

(Caldarella, Christensen, Young &Densley, 2011),looked at decreasing tardiness in primary

school-aged students using teacher-written praise notes.

The researchers found that students who are frequently late to school often miss out on

important opening announcements and academic activities. Teachers can become frustrated as

late students disrupt instruction, often requiring re-teaching of what they have missed. Tardy

behavior can also negatively affect the overall classroom environment, the study says.

Arriving late to school can also mean that students miss out on activities designed to

build connections with their peers, potentially impacting their social interactions and creating a

greater sense of alienation from their classmates. So, how can teachers tackle this issue? The

report suggests it is generally not helpful for teachers to punish late students once they get to

class, because it could potentially aggravate the situation. These appear to be lack of empirical

evidence that punishment for tardiness yields any positive results, the study says. Instead, the

authors suggest using praise as a specific positive reinforcement strategy, as it has proved to be

effective for addressing problem behavior.

Praise has been recognized as perhaps the easiest modification teachers can make to

address students’ problem behaviors, the study notes.

When implementing this strategy, the authors point out that there are several things to

consider. Firstly, they suggest using recent school data to identify which students show a

consistent pattern of being late. For example, it makes little sense to intervene with a student who
had a pattern of tardiness at the beginning of the school year but is currently tardy only

occasionally. They also note that young students often rely on an adult to get them to school on

time, and teachers should be cautious of the fact that the students’ tardiness may be a result of

parent behavior rather than student behavior. ‘In such cases, intervention may need to be directed

more to the parents,’ the study says.

In his 2014 academic paper – The achievement effects of tardy classmates: Evidence in

urban elementary schools – Michael Gottfried explores the impact of tardy students’ behavior on

their peers.

Gottfried acknowledges that if teachers respond to the educational needs of late students

by reallocating regular class time, then other students are adversely affected and classroom

instruction is slowed by this disruption. With tardy students entering the school day at abnormal

times and potentially missing a large number of cumulative instructional hours, teachers must

divert their attention away from regular teaching time and towards remediation, he says. As such,

there are negative effects on achievement generated when one student’s actions impede learning

for other classmates.

Arriving to school on time is important. Schools stress the need for students to get to

school and class on time and with good reason. Studies conducted by the U.S. Department of

Education on truancy, which is connected with tardiness, show that school attendance is a major

factor when it comes to school success and student behavior.( Stacy Zeiger, eHow Contributor)

The most crucial learning hours of a school day are the morning hours, because they are

when students are most attentive. Students who are tardy miss the beginning of their morning

classes, and they also cause a distraction when they arrive late to class. Students who are
frequently tardy have lower GPAs, lower scores on standardized assessments, and lower

graduation rates. Chronic tardiness in elementary and middle school is also linked to failure in

high school.

According to Oxford Advanced learners’ Dictionary, the term “lateness “implies a

situation where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual. Breezes et al. (2010)

contributed by saying that lateness is synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies being slow to

act or slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. It is obvious therefore

that lateness could be seen as a system of network breakdown (Difiaghor, 2011); a situation of

not meeting up with program, a function of time. Time is the criteria and determinant of lateness.

Lateness to school by students is one of the observable problems in education system. Lateness

to school relates simply to the failure to be present at appropriate times for school

activities/lesson – leading to certain deficiencies in the attainment of the goals and objectives of

the institution. The subject of lateness to school, though not specifically mentioned in the

National Policy on Education, may however be related to ascertain elements in every aspects of

the policy. A student who was not in the school during morning assembly may miss-out on some

important.

Another study was the one conducted by EnamiroroOghuvbu in Nigeria. The objective of

the study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and lateness among the secondary

students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to the growing problem.

As UP students, they are expected to perform well with excellence in everything that we do,

most especially in the academic aspect. One factor that dictates the quality of performance of a

student is his/her punctuality that is, getting to school on time or being tardy. As cited by
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), and Breeze et al. (2010) contributed by saying that, lateness is

synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not

meeting up with proper or usual timing. According to Zeiger (2010), the most essential learning

time of the day for the students lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00 to 9:30 AM. It is

because the students are most mindful and observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason

why the most important lessons and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when

students are late or are not present during this time of the day, they, in effect, miss out most of

the important lessons to be noted and learned.

Another research partly studied about tardiness but tackled a specific reason or factor. A

study by Pimentel and Quijada (2011) focused on the frequency of use by the UP Cebu freshmen

students of Facebook and a part of the study tackled about the effect of the famous social

networking site to UP Cebu students’ punctuality and academic performance.

Tardiness among students has its own negative repercussions. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor

(2011) emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not just the problem of the late student but it

affects the surrounding people. A student coming late in class distracts the rest of the students

and disrupts the flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the

late students ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and

Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the

possible effects of lateness or tardiness, it is necessary for solutions to be executed.

Due to the fact that tardiness has been giving negative effects on the students nowadays,

the most important thing to do is to develop a firm, consistent and functional policy that

addresses late students. There must be defined sanctions and penalties for late students.
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) stated that school administrators must lead by example. They

should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think that being late is

just alright since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well teach it and

integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does not start and

end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the government must take

part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students getting stuck in traffic

or encountering other obstacles down the streets.A study by Hammill Institute on Disabilities

(Caldarella, Christensen, Young &Densley, 2011), looked at decreasing tardiness in primary

school-aged students using teacher-written praise notes.

The researchers found that students who are frequently late to school often miss out on

important opening announcements and academic activities.

‘Teachers can become frustrated as late students disrupt instruction, often requiring

reteaching of what they have missed. Tardy behavior can also negatively affect the overall

classroom environment,’ the study says.

Arriving late to school can also mean that students miss out on activities designed to

build connections with their peers, potentially impacting their social interactions and creating a

greater sense of alienation from their classmates.

In his 2014 academic paper – The achievement effects of tardy classmates: Evidence in

urban elementary schools – Michael Gottfried explores the impact of tardy students’ behaviour

on their peers.
 Gottfried acknowledges that if teachers respond to the educational needs of late students

by reallocating regular class time, then other students are adversely affected and classroom

instruction is slowed by this disruption.

‘With tardy students entering the school day at abnormal times and potentially missing a

large number of cumulative instructional hours, teachers must divert their attention away from

regular teaching time and towards remediation,’ he says. As such, there are negative effects on

achievement generated when one student’s actions impede learning for other classmates.

Synthesis

Lateness can be identified as the “situation where an individual arrives after the proper,

scheduled or usual time.” Being tardy is a form of truancy and is a reason why students can’t

come to school early. It is not just the problem of the late students but also to the people

surrounding them because it can distract the whole class during class discussions. Tardiness of

the students is a problem in the education system. It can be a hindrance to their achievements and

can affect their behavior.

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the method of research and design. The subject respondents of the

study, the research locale, the data gathering procedures and the procedure followed in analyzing

the data gathered.

Locale of the Study

 This study was conducted at East Negros Academy, Inc. located at San Jose St., Brgy.

Poblacion, Toboso, Negros Occidental and it is 109.9 km away from Bacolod City, the

provincial capital. This institution offers the following departments: Elementary Department,

Junior High School Department and Senior High School Department with the General Academic

Strand and Technical Vocational Livelihood. This institution is being administrated by the

Dominican Sisters of the Most Holy Rosary of the Philippines. This study will be conducted

during A.Y. 2019-2020.

Research Design

This study employs the descriptive research. It attempts to analyze, organize and interpret

data on the status of an institution of an area (Jalom

1981).Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative. This study involves a

collection of qualitative information that can be a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-

depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting.

Research Respondents

The research respondents of this study are the 135 Senior High School students of East

Negros Academy, Inc. They were officially enrolled during the A.Y. 2019-2020. The official

master lists of students were taken at the registrar’s office with the permission of the school

administrators.

Category N %
 A. Entire Group 135 100

B. Grade Level

Grade 11

GAS 43 31

TVL 24 18

Grade 12

GAS 44 33

TVL 24 18

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers submitted a letter to the administrators to ask permission to conduct this

study. Upon the approval of the panel in regards to the research title “Causes and Effects of

Tardiness to the Academic Performance of the Senior High School Students”. Then, the

researchers formulated a written questionnaire and had it validated by the experts. Then, they

distributed the questionnaire to the respondents and made a sampling procedure. The result was

checked by the statistician and the study was reliable.

Validity of the study

The research instrument was validated by the experts and has an average mean of 4.0

interpreted as “Very good”.

Reliability of the Study

The data below presents the reliability of the

Case Processing Summary
research instrument.
N %
Valid 23 76.7
Cases Excludeda 7 23.3
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all
variables in the procedure.
 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.717 15