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    Complex Analysis 1988

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    Suresh Kannan
    The document contains text extracted from a PDF or image file about questions from a 1988 UPSC Civil Services exam on complex analysis and complex integrals. The questions cover topics like evaluating integrals using Cauchy's integral theorem, Liouville's theorem, Taylor series expansions, and finding Taylor coefficients. The summaries provide solutions to evaluating the integrals and finding expressions for the Taylor coefficients.

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    Complex Analysis 1988

    Uploaded by

    Suresh Kannan
    78 views26 pages
    The document contains text extracted from a PDF or image file about questions from a 1988 UPSC Civil Services exam on complex analysis and complex integrals. The questions cover topics like evaluating integrals using Cauchy's integral theorem, Liouville's theorem, Taylor series expansions, and finding Taylor coefficients. The summaries provide solutions to evaluating the integrals and finding expressions for the Taylor coefficients.

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    UPSC Maths 1988 , COmplex analysis

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    The document contains text extracted from a PDF or image file about questions from a 1988 UPSC Civil Services exam on complex analysis and complex integrals. The questions cover topics like evaluating integrals using Cauchy's integral theorem, Liouville's theorem, Taylor series expansions, and finding Taylor coefficients. The summaries provide solutions to evaluating the integrals and finding expressions for the Taylor coefficients.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    78 views26 pages

    Complex Analysis 1988

    Uploaded by

    Suresh Kannan
    The document contains text extracted from a PDF or image file about questions from a 1988 UPSC Civil Services exam on complex analysis and complex integrals. The questions cover topics like evaluating integrals using Cauchy's integral theorem, Liouville's theorem, Taylor series expansions, and finding Taylor coefficients. The summaries provide solutions to evaluating the integrals and finding expressions for the Taylor coefficients.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    UPSC Civil Services Main 1988 - Mathematics

    Complex Analysis
    Sunder Lal
    Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

    July 19, 2010


    Question 1(a) By evaluating z dz +2 over a suitable contour C prove that
    0

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Solution. By using the unit circle |z| = 1 as contour, and integrating
    |z|=1

    z dz +2 , we have proved
    2 0

    1 = 2 so 5 + + that 2cos 4cos d = 0 see 1997, question 1(b). Now in


    2

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d put


    2

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos

    d =
    0

    15+ + 2cos(2 4cos(2 ) ) (d) =

    10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d Thus


    2 0

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 2

    10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d showing that


    0

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 . Note: If the contour was not prescribed, we could have put z = ei to get
    2 0

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 1 i

    |z|=1

    z(5z z2 + + 2z2 z + + 1 2) dz 1

    The integrand has residue at z = 0 is two poles at z = 0,z 1

    and the residue at z = = 1 1


    2 2

    inside is |z| = 1, which 1


    2

    , so we get are simple poles. The


    |z|=1

    z2 + z + 1
    2

    z(5z + 2z2 + 2)
    0

    1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Question 1(b) If f(z) is analytic in |z| R and x,y lie inside the disc, evaluate the integral dz = 0 f(z)dz z is a constant.
    |z|=R

    (z x)(z y) and deduce that a function analytic and bounded for all nite Solution. Cauchys integral formula states that if f(z) is analytic on and within the disc |z| R, then for any which lies within the disc f() =
    |z|=R

    f(z)dz z Thus
    |z|=R

    1 2i f(z)dz (z x)(z y) =

    1 [ xy
    |z|=R

    ] =
    |z|=R

    ] We now prove the remaining part, which is Liouvilles theorem. Let |f(z)| M for every z. Clearly |z x| |z| |x| = R |x| and similarly |z y| R |y| on |z| = R, and therefore f(z)dz zx f(z)dz zy 2i xy [ f(x) f(y)
    |z|=R

    M 2R (R |x|)(R |y|) Thus |f(x)f(y)| (z f(z)dz x)(z y)

    1 2i (R |x y| M 2R |x|)(R |y|) R (R |x|)(R |y|) 0 as R , it follows that |f(x) f(y)| = 0 or f(x) = f(y), so f is constant. Question 1(c) If f(z) = . Since that
    n=0

    zn has radius of convergence R and 0 < r < R, prove 1 2 a


    n

    2 0

    |f(rei)|2 d = |2r2n
    n=0

    Solution. |f(z)|2 = f(z) f(z) = |a


    n

    a
    n

    zn

    a
    m

    zm = a
    p

    a
    q

    zpzq
    n=0 m=0 n=0 p+q=n

    We know that if a power series has a radius of convergence R, then it is uniformly and

    absolutely convergent in |z| r where 0 < r < R, therefore 1 2


    2 0

    |f(z)|2 d =
    n=0

    2 1
    2 0

    rprqei(pq) d
    p+q=n

    Since a
    p

    a
    q

    0 2

    ei(pq) d = 0 when p = q, we get 1 2


    2 0

    |f(z)|2 d = |a
    n

    |2r2n
    n=0

    (Note: This shows that if |f(z)| M on |z| = r, then


    n=0

    |2r2n M2.) Question 2(a) Evaluate |a


    n

    zez (z dz a)3 if a lies inside the closed contour C. is Solution. Clearly the only pole of (z zez a)3 is of order 3 at z = a. The residue at this pole 1 2! d2 ( (z a)3zez ) ( dz2 (z a)3
    z=a

    ) ( zez + ez
    z=a

    ) zez + ez + ez
    z=a

    ( ) 1+ Thus by Cauchys residue theorem,


    C

    1 2 = d dz = 1 2 = ea

    a 2 ( 1+ ) = iea(2 + a) Question 2(b) Prove


    0

    zez dz (z a)3 = 2i ea a 2 ex2 cos(2bx)dx = 2 eb2 (b > 0) by integrating ez2 along the boundary of the rectangle |x| R,0 y b. Solution. Let the rectangle be ABCD where A = (R,0),B = (R,0),C = (R,b),D = (R,b) oriented positively. Since ez2 has no pole inside ABCD, we get R lim D(R,b) C(R,b) y = b x = R C x = R ez2 dz = 0.
    ABCD

    A(R,0) (0,0) B(R,0) 3 y=0

    (Note that ez2 has no pole in the entire complex plane.)

    1. On BC, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore ez2 dz


    b

    eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy = eR2


    b

    ey2 dy = (constant)eR2
    BC 0 0

    Clearly eR2 0 as R , so R lim


    BC

    ez2

    dz = 0. 2. On DA, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore


    DA


    b 0


    b 0

    ey2 dy Thus R lim ez2 dz = eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy eR2


    DA

    ez2 dz = 0. 3. On AB, z = x so R lim


    AB

    . 4. On CD, z = x + ib, therefore


    R

    lim ez2 dz = ex2 dx = ez2 dz =

    ex2 ei2b2 e2ibx dx = eb2

    ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx


    CD

    Using the above calculations, we get 0 = R lim ez2 dz = eb2

    ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx


    C

    Equating real and imaginary parts,


    ex2 sin2bxdx = 0 and


    eb2 Thus
    0

    ex2 cos2bxdx = ex2 cos2bxdx = 1 2

    ex2 cos2bxdx =

    eb2 2 4

    of Question 2(c) Prove that the coecients c

    the expansion 1 1 z z2
    n=0

    zn satisfy c
    n

    = c
    n

    =c
    n1

    +c
    n2

    ,n 2. Determine c
    n

    . Solution. z2 + z 1 = 0 z = analytic in the disc |z| < as both 1 the 2


    5

    . singularities Let = 1+ at 2

    z5 , = = and 1
    2 5

    . z = Thus lie outside f(z) = 1zz2 it. 1 is Thus f(z) powers Let has we f(z) Taylor get = series
    n=0

    c expansion n zn, then with (1 center z z2) z

    =
    n=0

    0. c
    n

    zn = 1. Equating coecients of like c


    0

    =1 c
    1

    =0 c
    2

    c
    0

    =0 ... c
    n

    c
    1

    c
    0

    =0 Thus c
    n

    c
    n1

    c
    n2

    =c
    n1

    +c
    n2

    ,n 2. The c
    n

    s are Fibonacci numbers. Now f(z) = 1 (z )(z ) = ]

    = 1 [ z1 z1 1 5 [ 1 ( 1 z )
    1

    1 ] If we conne z to the disc |z| < , then |


    z

    ( 1 z )
    1

    | < 1,|
    z

    | < 1 and we have f(z) = 1 5

    ]
    n=0

    zn n+1 zn
    n=0

    n+1 = zn
    n=0

    where c
    n

    c
    n

    are given as above. But the Taylor series of a function is unique, therefore we have c
    n

    = 1 5 ] = [ 1 n+1 n+1 1 ] = 1 5 [( 5

    2 5+1 )
    n+1

    ( )
    n+1

    1) 5 2 +1 5 1) 51 51 ] = 1 5 [( 2( )
    n+1

    ( 2( )
    n+1

    [( 52 +1 )
    n+1

    + (1)n 1 5 ( 51 )

    n+1

    ] 2 5

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