Complex Analysis 1988
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UPSC Civil Services Main 1988 - Mathematics
Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh
July 19, 2010
Question 1(a) By evaluating z dz +2 over a suitable contour C prove that
0
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Solution. By using the unit circle |z| = 1 as contour, and integrating
|z|=1
z dz +2 , we have proved
2 0
1 = 2 so 5 + + that 2cos 4cos d = 0 see 1997, question 1(b). Now in
2
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d put
2
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos
d =
0
15+ + 2cos(2 4cos(2 ) ) (d) =
10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d Thus
2 0
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 2
10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d showing that
0
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 . Note: If the contour was not prescribed, we could have put z = ei to get
2 0
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 1 i
|z|=1
z(5z z2 + + 2z2 z + + 1 2) dz 1
The integrand has residue at z = 0 is two poles at z = 0,z 1
and the residue at z = = 1 1
2 2
inside is |z| = 1, which 1
2
, so we get are simple poles. The
|z|=1
z2 + z + 1
2
z(5z + 2z2 + 2)
0
1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Question 1(b) If f(z) is analytic in |z| R and x,y lie inside the disc, evaluate the integral dz = 0 f(z)dz z is a constant.
|z|=R
(z x)(z y) and deduce that a function analytic and bounded for all nite Solution. Cauchys integral formula states that if f(z) is analytic on and within the disc |z| R, then for any which lies within the disc f() =
|z|=R
f(z)dz z Thus
|z|=R
1 2i f(z)dz (z x)(z y) =
1 [ xy
|z|=R
] =
|z|=R
] We now prove the remaining part, which is Liouvilles theorem. Let |f(z)| M for every z. Clearly |z x| |z| |x| = R |x| and similarly |z y| R |y| on |z| = R, and therefore f(z)dz zx f(z)dz zy 2i xy [ f(x) f(y)
|z|=R
M 2R (R |x|)(R |y|) Thus |f(x)f(y)| (z f(z)dz x)(z y)
1 2i (R |x y| M 2R |x|)(R |y|) R (R |x|)(R |y|) 0 as R , it follows that |f(x) f(y)| = 0 or f(x) = f(y), so f is constant. Question 1(c) If f(z) = . Since that
n=0
zn has radius of convergence R and 0 < r < R, prove 1 2 a
n
2 0
|f(rei)|2 d = |2r2n
n=0
Solution. |f(z)|2 = f(z) f(z) = |a
n
a
n
zn
a
m
zm = a
p
a
q
zpzq
n=0 m=0 n=0 p+q=n
We know that if a power series has a radius of convergence R, then it is uniformly and
absolutely convergent in |z| r where 0 < r < R, therefore 1 2
2 0
|f(z)|2 d =
n=0
2 1
2 0
rprqei(pq) d
p+q=n
Since a
p
a
q
0 2
ei(pq) d = 0 when p = q, we get 1 2
2 0
|f(z)|2 d = |a
n
|2r2n
n=0
(Note: This shows that if |f(z)| M on |z| = r, then
n=0
|2r2n M2.) Question 2(a) Evaluate |a
n
zez (z dz a)3 if a lies inside the closed contour C. is Solution. Clearly the only pole of (z zez a)3 is of order 3 at z = a. The residue at this pole 1 2! d2 ( (z a)3zez ) ( dz2 (z a)3
z=a
) ( zez + ez
z=a
) zez + ez + ez
z=a
( ) 1+ Thus by Cauchys residue theorem,
C
1 2 = d dz = 1 2 = ea
a 2 ( 1+ ) = iea(2 + a) Question 2(b) Prove
0
zez dz (z a)3 = 2i ea a 2 ex2 cos(2bx)dx = 2 eb2 (b > 0) by integrating ez2 along the boundary of the rectangle |x| R,0 y b. Solution. Let the rectangle be ABCD where A = (R,0),B = (R,0),C = (R,b),D = (R,b) oriented positively. Since ez2 has no pole inside ABCD, we get R lim D(R,b) C(R,b) y = b x = R C x = R ez2 dz = 0.
ABCD
A(R,0) (0,0) B(R,0) 3 y=0
(Note that ez2 has no pole in the entire complex plane.)
1. On BC, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore ez2 dz
b
eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy = eR2
b
ey2 dy = (constant)eR2
BC 0 0
Clearly eR2 0 as R , so R lim
BC
ez2
dz = 0. 2. On DA, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore
DA
b 0
b 0
ey2 dy Thus R lim ez2 dz = eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy eR2
DA
ez2 dz = 0. 3. On AB, z = x so R lim
AB
. 4. On CD, z = x + ib, therefore
R
lim ez2 dz = ex2 dx = ez2 dz =
ex2 ei2b2 e2ibx dx = eb2
ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx
CD
Using the above calculations, we get 0 = R lim ez2 dz = eb2
ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx
C
Equating real and imaginary parts,
ex2 sin2bxdx = 0 and
eb2 Thus
0
ex2 cos2bxdx = ex2 cos2bxdx = 1 2
ex2 cos2bxdx =
eb2 2 4
of Question 2(c) Prove that the coecients c
the expansion 1 1 z z2
n=0
zn satisfy c
n
= c
n
=c
n1
+c
n2
,n 2. Determine c
n
. Solution. z2 + z 1 = 0 z = analytic in the disc |z| < as both 1 the 2
5
. singularities Let = 1+ at 2
z5 , = = and 1
2 5
. z = Thus lie outside f(z) = 1zz2 it. 1 is Thus f(z) powers Let has we f(z) Taylor get = series
n=0
c expansion n zn, then with (1 center z z2) z
=
n=0
0. c
n
zn = 1. Equating coecients of like c
0
=1 c
1
=0 c
2
c
0
=0 ... c
n
c
1
c
0
=0 Thus c
n
c
n1
c
n2
=c
n1
+c
n2
,n 2. The c
n
s are Fibonacci numbers. Now f(z) = 1 (z )(z ) = ]
= 1 [ z1 z1 1 5 [ 1 ( 1 z )
1
1 ] If we conne z to the disc |z| < , then |
z
( 1 z )
1
| < 1,|
z
| < 1 and we have f(z) = 1 5
]
n=0
zn n+1 zn
n=0
n+1 = zn
n=0
where c
n
c
n
are given as above. But the Taylor series of a function is unique, therefore we have c
n
= 1 5 ] = [ 1 n+1 n+1 1 ] = 1 5 [( 5
2 5+1 )
n+1
( )
n+1
1) 5 2 +1 5 1) 51 51 ] = 1 5 [( 2( )
n+1
( 2( )
n+1
[( 52 +1 )
n+1
+ (1)n 1 5 ( 51 )
n+1
] 2 5
