Wolaita Sodo University

College of Engineering

Term Paper on: performance analysis of microstrip

antenna on rectangular patch and defected ground structure at
2.45 GHZ Communication system

Submitted By:

S.No. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S) Id No.

1. Abush Wotango PGR/61622/14

2. Desta Chuche PGR/61634/14
3. Kalikidan Daya PGR/61639/14
4. Hizkiel Tumea PGR/61638/14
Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stream: MSc in Communication Engineering (Regular)

Advisor Name: Dr Kinde

April 2, 2022

Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Abstract
Communication systems have been driven towards the fifth generation (5G) due to the
demands of compact, high speed, and large bandwidth systems. These types of radio
communication systems require new and more efficient antenna designs.
This article presents a new design solution of a rectangular microstrip antenna intended
for use communication systems A rectangular microstrip antenna has been proposed for
applications in response to the growing demand for mobile data and mobile devices. This
antenna has a resonance Frequency of 2.45.00 GHz, for which the reflectance is equal to -
9.52 dB the proposed
Antenna has a radiation efficiency of -5.86 db and the antenna gain for the resonance
frequency is 1.92 dB. , which is a good result, because the antenna is not very compact
and lightweight, which makes it suitable for devices where space. Much greater than
results achieved in other published works, such as, where the operating bandwidth of the
proposed antennas is around 1 GHz. The proposed antenna would be a good option for
mobile communication, as it offers the high throughput required.

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1. Introduction
The growing demand for telecommunications services is stimulating the development
Of new call-handling technologies. Each generation of mobile technologies has brought
With it an increase in the data transmission speed along with improved connection
quality and new functionalities. The fourth generation (4G) technology, which is
currently in use, has been available worldwide since 2009. The fifth generation (5G)
network will enable a number of new services, including those related to the Internet of
Things (IoT) and the concept of smart cities. The new technology will make use of low,
medium, and high frequency bands, all of which have their advantages and limitations.
However, wide-scale deployment of a 5G network requires preparation of antenna
infrastructure and implementation of new technological solutions. A significant number
of antennas (apart from antennas used for mobile devices) will be to be installed inside
buildings, especially public utility buildings, including stadiums, railway stations, and
shopping Centers. It should be noted, at this point, that antennas installed in locations
close to crowds would be smaller than those used in current macrocell transmitters. This
is a fundamental difference and a common misunderstanding in public discussion. In a
traditional antenna system, the power is radiated according to the established spatial
characteristics. Therefore, the area in which users can be located is predefined. In
contrast, the power in a 5G antenna is radiated directionally, and focused on individual
users or groups of users. Antenna radiation directions can change almost automatically, to
focus on mobile users A rectangular microstrip antenna has been proposed for
applications in response to the growing demand for mobile data and mobile devices.

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2. Analysis of Current Antenna Solutions Operating in communication Systems at
a 2.4 GHz Frequency
Current literature contains many proposed solutions of microstrip antennas
operating in 5G systems at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. These solutions are
characterized by their compactness, small geometric dimensions, and antenna
bandwidth of about 2 GHz. Many of them are based on a RT Duroid laminate
with a permittivity of 2.2. In the analyzed antennas, the radiator is mostly
rectangular, and is powered by a microstrip feed line. The proposed antenna is
different, due to the modifications made to the shape of the patch, which were
made on the basis of solutions originally used in fractal antennas. These
modifications can be used to create a proposed antenna capable of supporting
different bandwidths.

The antenna, proposed in this article, is capable of operating in systems intended

for wireless communication, is designed for a resonance frequency equal to 2.4
GHz, and is based on a RT Duroid laminate with a rectangular radiator. The
proposed antenna is designed to achieve a greater bandwidth than the antennas
analyzed in the literature mentioned above. Antennas with a wider operating
band can only be created by using complex spatial radiating structures, which
makes them difficult to implement in mobile devices.

The developed antenna, despite the use of the well-known inset feed in its
design, has achieved a much wider bandwidth than similar constructions of
this type f o u n d in the literature. This effect was achieved through optimization
with a large number of variables, which was aimed at achieving the lowest
possible reflectance and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in the widest
possible frequency range. The results significantly exceed the previously
published parameter values for this type of antenna in terms of bandwidth,
especially in cases of strict matching conditions (VSWR ≤ 2, VSWR ≤ 1.5, and
VSWR ≤ 1.25).

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3. The procedure for designing Rectangular microstrip antennas
The design process of a microstrip antenna consists of multiple stages. The main steps
Of the project process are presented below. The procedure for designing a single-piece
Rectangular microstrip antennas are the following:
 Determine operational frequency;
 Determine operational bandwidth;
 Choose a substrate;
 Choose substrate height;
 Determine the dimensions of the patch;
 Determine the power supply;
 Determine the electrical parameters and characteristics of the antenna;
Optimize the antenna to obtain the best possible parameters in the given frequency range.
Before the development of a proper numerical model of the designed antenna could
Begin, it was necessary to perform preliminary calculations of its geometric parameters.
These calculations were done to work out an approximate shape of the antenna,
Which would ensure that the structure complied with the assumptions adopted for its
Design. The dimensions of the individual edges of the antenna depend primarily on the
Resonance frequency, fr, and the relative permittivity, of the dielectric layer of the copper
Laminate, which are the foundation of the new antenna’s the antenna is designed to
operate in a communication system on frequencies ranging from
1 GHz to 3 GHz (LMDS band) and the center frequency f= 1.5.00 GHz. Choosing the
thickness of the substrate is one of the most important stages in the antenna design
process, as the thickness of the substrate directly affects the efficiency and bandwidth of
the microstrip antenna. One of the assumptions for this antenna is to obtain the widest
Bandwidth possible. As the thickness of the substrate increases, the antenna’s bandwidth
Increases, while its efficiency decreases. The upper value of the substrate thickness was
Determined from the following relationship:

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 Parameters list
Name Value
Ht 0.035
Gbf 1
Hs 1.6
W 36.27
L 36.27
Fi 4.8
Wf 2.932
Lg 72.54

5. Optimization Process and Discussion of Simulation Results

Computer simulations can help to determine the electrical parameters and radial
Characteristics of the antenna; in this case, we used CST software developed by the
Altair Company.characteristics of the antenna; in this case, we used CST software
developed by the Altair Company. The analysis of electrical parameters of the radiating
element design solution and other antenna elements indicates that there is room to
improve the electrical parameters of the analysis of electrical parameters of the radiating
element design solution and other antenna elements indicates that there is room to
improve the electrical parameters

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 Parameters list
Name Value
Ht 0.03
Gbf 1
Hs 1.6
W 28.45
L 28.45
Fi 9
Wf 1.137
Lg 56.9

Increasing antenna gain. For this purpose, the design was optimized for the parameters
mentioned above, using CST software from the Altair company. The calculated
parameters of the rectangular patch were used to create a preliminary simulation of the
electrical parameters of the developed antenna model. Then, the model underwent a
process of optimization, with the main assumption that the antenna must operate at the
resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz.
He antenna by reducing VSWR, increasing the width of the operating band, miniaturizing
Antenna dimensions and increasing antenna gain. For this purpose, the design was
optimized For the parameters mentioned above, using CST software from the Altair
Company.
The calculated parameters of the rectangular patch were used to create a preliminary
Simulation of the electrical parameters of the developed antenna model. Then, the model
Underwent a process of optimization, with the main assumption that the antenna must
Operate at the resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. The CST software supports the ability to
define the electrical parameters optimization. In the next step, we define the range of
parameters to be changed, specifying their Minimum, maximum, and initial values. For
each optimization parameter, a minimum value and a maximum value must be defined,
and optionally, an initial value can be given as well.

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The initial value will influence the optimization process when using particle swarm
optimization or genetic algorithm. If the starting value is not specified by the user, the
value in the middle of the range of the parameter will be taken as the starting point of the
optimization. In our optimization process, we selected the minimum, maximum, and start
values based on calculated parameters of the rectangular patch and the center frequency.
In the next step, we define an optimization mask. An optimization mask is a set of user-
defined values forming a continuous line. The mask is a criterion to which the optimal
solution must adhere. It is specified that the optimized solution is smaller, equal, or larger
Than the mask. When calculating an optimal solution, the target values are compared
with the mask. If the mask criterion is met, the values are added to the value table. We do
not define an optimization mask in our optimization process.
The last step of the optimization process is the selection of the optimization target.
The objectives, which need to be defined, specify the desired state that the optimization
process should try to achieve by changing certain parameters of the antenna model.
For each optimization search, goals should be defined to determine the desired state that
the optimization process should aim to achieve. Many goals can be defined, but a correct
optimization search must include at least one goal. During the optimization process we
define the following goals:
Impedance goal (input impedance, input admittance, reflection coefficient (S),
transmission
 coefficient, VSWR, return losses, current);
 Near-field goal (E field – electric field, H field – magnetic field, directional
component, coordinate system);
 Far-field goal (E field, antenna gain, directivity, RCS – Radar Cross Section);
 S-parameter goal (coupling coefficient, reflection coefficient, transmission
coefficient,VSWR, return losses);
 SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) goal;
 Power goal (efficiency, active power, power loss);
 Transmission/reflection coefficients goal (reflection, transmission, co-
polarization,
 and cross-polarization);

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  Receiving antenna power goal (efficiency, active power, and power loss).

In our optimization process, we chose an impedance target (reflectance and VSWR)

With a target minimization operator. The impedance target provides optimization related

To the impedance and admittance of any voltage or current source, which is solved
within The CST model? The reflectance ratio is calculated in relation to the indicated
reference impedance. In the case of an impedance target, the reflection factor is
calculated directly from the observed input impedance. Therefore, this value is the active
reflection factor, and may

5. Q Factor
The Q factor of an antenna is defined in the same way as for resonant circuits, i.e,
The ratio of energy stored to energy lost during one period of vibration. The difference is
In the user’s expectations, while for resonant circuits, a high Q factor is usually required,
The opposite is true for antennas. By determining the Q factor, it is possible to easily
Estimate the bandwidth of an antenna. The larger BW is because of a reduction in the Q
factor of the patch resonator, which is due to less energy being stored beneath the patch,
and due to higher radiation. In order to determine the Q factor value in the first step, we
analytically determine the bandwidth of the antenna based on the dimensions of the
proposed antenna model (dimensions of the radiating element and the thickness of the
Substrate), using the following dependencies.

6. Reflection Coefficient
The base value of the reflection coefficient is assumed to be -9.52 dB, which means that
10% of the incident power is reflected, i.e., 90% of the power is received by the antenna,
Which is considered to be perfect for mobile communication. The proposed antenna
has a resonance at 2.4 GHz with a reflection loss of 9.52 dB, as shown in Figure.
The S The proposed antenna has a resonance at 2.4 GHz with a reflection loss of 9.52 dB
as shown in Figure the S11 parameter was obtained by powering the antenna using the
edge port. The antenna has an operating bandwidth of 1.92 GHz, which gives a relative
operating bandwidth of 19.89%. The bandwidth

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Determined from the results of computer simulations is slightly smaller than the
theoretical bandwidth determined on the basis of Relation due to the inset feed used as a
power supply. Nevertheless, this method of supplying power to a microstrip antenna
provides us with better impedance matching (lower reflection factor value) for a
resonance frequency. Parameter was obtained by powering the antenna using the edge
port. The bandwidth determined from the results of computer simulations is slightly
smaller than the theoretical bandwidth determined on the basis of Relation (13), due to
the inset feed used as a power supply. Nevertheless, this method of supplying power to a
microstrip antenna provides us with better impedance matching.

7. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

In the case of a patch antenna, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) should not
greater than 2 across the entire frequency band. Ideally, this value should equal the
voltage standing wave ratio as a function of frequency is shown in Figure. As can be seen
in Figure, the VSWR value obtained at a resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz equals 1.162,
and the VSWR value of 2 was determined at 2.005 and 2.28 GHz respectively.

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The above values show that the proposed antenna operates in the whole assumed
frequency band (LMDS), i.e., from 2 to 2.45 GHz. be greater than 2 across the entire
frequency band. Ideally, this value should equal 1
The voltage standing wave ratio as a function of frequency is shown in Figure .As can be
seen in Figure, the VSWR value obtained at a resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz equals
1.962, and the VSWR value of 2 was determined at 2.005 and 2.28 GHz respectively..

Figure 3.4 shows Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

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Figure 3.5 shows total efficiency

Figure 3.6 shows field energy

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 Figure 3.7 shows radiation efficiency

Figure 3.8 shows power in real part loss in dielectric

Figure 3.9 shows power in real part power absorbed

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Figure 3.10 shows power in real part power outgoing

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Limitation for Broadband Microstrip Antenna for 5G Wireless Systems Operating
at 28 GHz.
 Major limitation of the antenna is very compact and lightweight, which makes it
suitable for devices where space so that our project title solves this problem This
antenna has a resonance Frequency of 2.45.00 GHz, for which the reflectance is
equal to -9.52 dB the proposed Antenna has a radiation efficiency of -5.86 db and
the antenna gain for the resonance frequency is 1.92 dB. , which is a good result,
because the antenna is not very compact and lightweight, which makes it suitable
for devices where space

Conclusion
A rectangular microstrip antenna has been proposed for applications in response to the
growing demand for mobile data and mobile devices. This antenna has a resonance
Frequency of 2.45.00 GHz, for which the reflectance is equal to -9.52 dB the proposed
Antenna has a radiation efficiency of -5.86 db and the antenna gain for the resonance
frequency is 1.92 dB. , which is a good result, because the antenna is not very compact
and lightweight, which makes it suitable for devices where space. Much greater than
results achieved in other published works, such as, where the operating bandwidth of the
proposed antennas is around 1 GHz. The proposed antenna would be a good option for
mobile communication, as it offers the high throughput required.
Generally, we concluded that Smaller or larger W can be taken than the W obtained from
this expression. BW a W and Gain a W Increase h and reduce L with increase in x, input
impedance plot shifts right
Towards higher impedance values. With increase in W, aperture area, e and fringing
fields increase, hence frequency decreases and input impedance plot shifts towards lower
impedance values. BW a W and Gain a W As h increases, fringing fields and probe
inductance increase, frequency decreases and input impedance plot shift upward. As
probe diameter decreases, its inductance increases, so resonance frequency decreases and
input impedance locus move upward to the inductive region. With increase in tan d,
dielectric losses increase, so input impedance locus moves left towards lower impedance
value. BW increases but efficiency and gain decrease.

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