4.

1 – Balancing Chemical Equations

The number of atoms on the left must equal the number of atoms on the right

i.e. Reactants = products (in terms of number/types of atoms)

Ex. Combustion of natural gas (Methane)

CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2 O (unbalanced)

CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O (balanced)

There is no trick to know how to figure out the proper ratio. It requires a systematic approach!
 Example: Write a balanced equation for the combustion of butane, C4H10

Write a skeletal equation C4H10(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance atoms in complex 4C1x4

substances first C4H10(l) + O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + H2O(g)
10  H  2 x 5
C4H10(l) + O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)

Balance free elements by 13/2 x 2  O  13

adjusting coefficient in front C4H10(l) + 13/2 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)
of free element

If fractional coefficients, {C4H10(l) + 13/2 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)}x 2

multiply thru by 2 C4H10(l) + 13 O2(g)  8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
denominator

Check 8  C  8; 20  H  20; 26  O  26
11.2 – Aqueous solutions and solubility

- Aqueous solution = a solution where water is the solvent

- The solute can be either molecular or ionic as long as it dissolves in water!

- If a compound does not dissolve in water, the mixture is not homogeneous

- Water is polar, so solutes must also be polar in order to dissolve in water.

- Many ionic compounds dissolve in water because the ions interact with the water molecules

Each ion is attracted to the

surrounding water molecules and
pulled off and away from the crystal

When it enters the solution, the ion is

surrounded by water molecules,
insulating it from other ions

The result is a solution with free moving

charged particles able to conduct
electricity
 11.2 Electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions

 Materials that dissolve in water to form a

solution that will conduct electricity are called
electrolytes
 Materials that dissolve in water to form a
solution that will not conduct electricity are
called nonelectrolytes

- To conduct electricity, a material must have charged particles that are able to flow
- Electrolyte solutions all contain ions dissolved in the water
- ionic compounds are electrolytes because they dissociate into their ions when they dissolve
- Nonelectrolyte solutions contain whole molecules dissolved in the water
- generally, molecular compounds do not dissociate when they dissolve in water
-the notable exception being molecular acids
 11.2 Electrolytes Acids Strong/Weak

 Acids are molecular compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water
 the molecules are pulled apart by their attraction for the water
 when acids ionize, they form H+ cations and also anions
 The percentage of molecules that ionize varies from one acid to another
 Acids that ionize virtually 100% are called strong acids
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
 Acids that only ionize a small percentage are called weak acids
HF(aq)  H+(aq) + F−(aq)

• Strong electrolytes are materials that dissolve completely as ions

 ionic compounds and strong acids
 their solutions conduct electricity well

• Weak electrolytes are materials that dissolve mostly as molecules, but partially as ions
 weak acids
 their solutions conduct electricity, but not well
 When compounds containing a polyatomic ion dissolve, the polyatomic ion stays together
HC2H3O2(aq)  H+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)
 4.2 + 4.4 – Solubility + Precipitation Reactions (Irreversible)

- Some ionic compounds, such as NaCl, dissolve very well in water at room temperature
- Other ionic compounds, such as AgCl, dissolve hardly at all in water at room temperature
- Compounds that dissolve in a solvent are said to be soluble, where as those that do not are said to be insoluble
- NaCl is soluble in water, AgCl is insoluble in water
- the degree of solubility depends on the temperature
- even insoluble compounds dissolve, just not enough to be meaningful

Solubility Rules Solubility Rules

Compounds that Are Generally Soluble in Water Compounds that Are Generally Insoluble in Water
 Practice – Determine if each of the following is soluble in water

KOH KOH is soluble because it contains K+

AgBr AgBr is insoluble; most bromides are soluble, but AgBr is an exception

CaCl2 CaCl2 is soluble; most chlorides are soluble, and CaCl2 is not an exception

Pb(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 is soluble because it contains NO3−

PbSO4 PbSO4 is insoluble; most sulfates are soluble, but PbSO4 is an exception

Precipitation Reactions

• Precipitation reactions are reactions in which a solid forms when we mix two solutions
- reactions between aqueous solutions of ionic compounds produce an ionic compound that is insoluble in water
- the insoluble product is called a precipitate
2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
 No Precipitate Formation =
No Reaction

KI(aq) + NaCl(aq)  KCl(aq) + NaI(aq)

all ions still present,  no reaction
 Process for Predicting the Products of
a Precipitation Reaction

1. Determine what ions each aqueous reactant has

2. Determine formulas of possible products
 exchange ions
 (+) ion from one reactant with (-) ion from other
 balance charges of combined ions to get formula of each product
3. Determine solubility of each product in water
 use the solubility rules
 if product is insoluble or slightly soluble, it will precipitate
4. If neither product will precipitate, write no reaction after the arrow
 Procedure for writing equations for precipitate reactions

1. Write the formulas of the two

compounds being mixed as reactants in
a chemical equation.

2. Below the equation, write the formulas

of the products that could form from
the reactants. Obtain these by
combining the cation from each
reactant with the anion from the other.
Make sure to write correct formulas for
these ionic compounds, as described in
Section 3.5.

3. Use the solubility rules to determine LiNO3 is soluble. (Compounds containing NO3– are soluble and Li+ is not an exception.)
whether any of the possible products Na2SO4 is soluble. (Compounds containing SO42– are generally soluble and Na+ is not an
are insoluble. exception.)

4. If all of the possible products are soluble, Since this example has no insoluble product, there is no
there will be no precipitate. reaction.
Write NO REACTION after the arrow

5. If any of the possible products are

insoluble, write their formulas as the
products of the reaction using (s) to
indicate solid. Write any soluble
products with (aq) to indicate aqueous.
6. Balance the equation. Remember to
adjust only coefficients here, not
subscripts.

FOR PRACTICE
Write an equation for the precipitation reaction that
occurs (if any) when solutions of sodium hydroxide and
copper(II) bromide are mixed.
 4.1 Molecular, Complete + Net Ionic equations
Equations that describe the chemicals put into the water and the product molecules
are called molecular equations

2 KOH(aq) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)  2 KNO3(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

Equations that describe the material’s structure when dissolved are called complete ionic equations

aqueous strong electrolytes are written as ions

• soluble salts, strong acids, strong bases

insoluble substances, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes are written in molecule form
• solids, liquids, and gases are not dissolved, therefore molecule form

2K+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) K+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

Ions that are both reactants and products are called spectator ions

2 K+(aq) + 2 OH−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 NO3−(aq)  2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3−(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

An ionic equation in which the spectator ions are removed is called a net ionic equation
2 OH−(aq) + Mg2+(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s)
Homework End of Ch4: 1- 12