MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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University Examinations 2019/2020

FIRST YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER SPECIAL / SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH

CCM 3123: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY I

DATE: NOVEMBER 2020 TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
This examination consists of Three sections
Section One: Multiple Choice Questions

Each question consists of a common stem that gives rise to four responses (A-D). In every
question identify THE MOST CORRECT (BEST RESPONSE) answer.

Section Two: Short Answer Essay Questions

Section Three: Long Answer Essay Questions
All questions are compulsory.

SECTION ONE: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS INDICATE TRUE OR FALSE

FOR ALL RESPONSES. (50 MARKS)
1. Which of the following catalyzes the cutting of P1P2 into 2 moles of IP3 and
diacylgylcerol in cell signaling?
a) Phosphokinase C.
b) Phospholipase C.
c) Lipokinase C.
d) Phosphodiesterase C
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2. The common progenitor cell for granulocytes and monocytes is
a) GM-CSF
b) Eo-CSF
c) GM-CFC
d) G-CSF
3. An ideal semi-permeable membrane
a) Is permeable to water only
b) Is permeable to water and solutes
c) The cell membrane is a prototype because it is impermeable to crystalloids
d) Is porous
4. Which is not physiological
a) Salivating at the smell of food
b) Palpitations at the sight of a snake
c) Hyperventilating while resting
d) Increased insulin production after a starch meal
5. Which is not a characteristic of a living being
a) Transduction of energy for metabolism
b) Eukaryotic cellular organization
c) Genetic inheritance
d) Dormant to noxious stimuli
6. which is not a function of the integumentary system
a) Perception of stimuli
b) Thermoregulation
c) First line of body defense
d) Endocrine function
7. In the homeostatic control of insulin secretion
a) The effect of the response is to increase blood sugar level
b) The effecter is the beta cells of the islet of Langerhan
c) The sensors are mechanoreceptors
d) None of the above
8. Organ systems:
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 a) Perform only one function
b) The brain is an example
c) May have several organs involved
d) All the above are correct
9. Functions of blood include the following except:
a) Excretory functions
b) Role in defense mechanisms in the body
c) Nutrients detoxification
d) Transportation of various substances around the body
10. Net movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration is?
a) Active transport
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Osmosis
d) Simple diffusion
11. The second messenger responsible for release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum is:
a) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
b) Diacylgylcerol (DAG)
c) Protein kinase A (PKA)
d) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
12. Fluid in this compartment is not categorized as transcellular fluid. Which one?
a) Peritoneal
b) Plasma
c) Cerebrospinal fluid
d) Intraocular
13. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will be?
a) Lysed
b) Flaccid
c) Turgid
d) Shriveled
14. Which one is incorrect about DNA structure?
a) It is a type of nucleic acid
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 b) It is a type of organic compound
c) It is not a polymer
d) It directs protein synthesis
15. Which one is false concerning golgi apparatus?
a) Repackaging, modification and storage of proteins
b) Formation of lysosomes
c) Manufacturing of glycoproteins
d) Degradation of foreign bodies
16. The respiratory system serves many functions in the human body. These include
respiration, olfaction and?
a) Impulse integration
b) Lactation
c) Phonation
d) Detoxification
17. The functions of cell membrane include all of the following except?
a) Structural integrity
b) Protein synthesis
c) Protection
d) Conduit for ions
18. Which statement is not correct about genes?
a) Genes code for a protein
b) Genes are long strands of DNA on chromosomes
c) Genes coding for similar proteins are located at different gene loci
d) Genes are hereditary
19. The following is not a structural component of the nucleus
a) Lipid monolayer membrane
b) Chromatin
c) Nucleolus
d) Nuclear pore
20. Which of the following is usually the dominant pacemaker and fires the fastest?
a) SA node
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 b) AV node
c) His bundle
d) Purkinje fibers
21. Which of the following is NOT a part of the specialized conduction system of the heart?
a) Cells of the SA node
b) Cells of the AV node
c) Working myocardial cells
d) His bundle
22. Which of the following vessels has the largest effect on total peripheral resistance?
a) Arteries
b) Arterioles
c) Veins
d) Venules
23. Which of the following blood vessels has the greatest compliance?
a) Arteries
b) Veins
c) Arterioles
d) Capillaries
24. Which of the following will NOT increase aortic systolic blood pressure?
a) Decrease in arterial compliance
b) Decrease in aortic distensibility
c) Increase in stroke volume
d) Decrease in ejection velocity
25. If a patient is suffering from swollen hands, feet and face, all of the following could be a
cause, except?
a) Large decrease in arterial blood pressure
b) Lymphatic blockage
c) A decrease in plasma proteins
d) Increase in capillary permeability to proteins
26. CO2 is primarily transported in arterial blood as
a) Carboxyhaemoglobin
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 b) Carbonic acid
c) Carbamino-hemoglobin
d) Bicarbonate
27. Which of the following is a CORRECT order of blood flow through the heart?
1. Right atrium
2. Left atrium
3. Right ventricle
4. Left ventricle
5. Vena cava
6. Pulmonary artery
7. Pulmonary vein
8. Tricuspid AV valve
9. Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
10. Pulmonary valve
11. Aortic valve
12. Aorta
a. 5,1,9,3,10,6,7,2,8,4,11,12
b. 5,1,8,3,10,7,6,2,9,4,11,12
c. 5,1,8,3,10,6,7,2,9,4,11,12
d. 5,1,8,3,11,6,7,2,9,4,10,12
28. Lymph flow from the foot is
a) Increased when an individual rises from the supine to standing position
b) Increased by massaging the foot
c) Increased when capillary permeability is decreased
d) Decreased by exercise
29. Which of the following statements concerning the normal heart sounds is true?
a) The first heart sound corresponds with the closure of the mitral and tricuspid
valves.
b) The first heart sound occurs just before the R wave of the ECG
c) The first heart sound is split into two components during inspiration
d) The second heart sound occurs during the T-wave
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30. The aortic valve
a) Prevents the backflow of blood into aorta during ventricular diastole
b) Prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricular diastole
c) Prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular
systole
d) Prevents the backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular systole
31. Which of the following indicates the causes of the first and second heart sound in the
correct order?
a) Atrial systole – ventricular systole
b) Semilunar valve closure – atrioventricular valve closure
c) Ventricular diastole – semilunar valve closure
d) Ventricular systole – ventricular diastole
32. Which of the following is the first branching of the brochial tree that has gas exchanging
capabilities?
a) Terminal bronchioles
b) Respiratory bronchioles
c) Alveoli
d) Alveolar ducts
33. An ECG report should contain:
a) Rhythm
b) Conduction intervals
c) A description of the QRS complexes, ST segments, T-waves
d) All of the above
34. Ventricular muscle depolarization is represented by:
a) P wave
b) T wave
c) The QRS complex
d) U wave
35. P wave represents:
a) Depolarization of right ventricle
b) Depolarization of both atria
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 c) Depolarization of left ventricle
d) Atria to ventricular conduction time
36. The rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane is inversely proportional
to
a) Pressure gradient across the respiratory membrane
b) Surface area of the respiratory membrane
c) Solubility of the gas
d) Thickness of the respiratory membrane
37. Type II alveolar pneumocytes
a) Develop from type I pneumocytes
b) Secrete surfactant
c) Are macrophages
d) Form the primary lining cells of the alveolar epithelium
38. Concerning Stroke Volume, End Systolic Volume means?
a) Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
b) Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat
c) Amount of blood in a ventricle at end of diastole
d) Percentage of end diastolic volume that is pumped by the ventricle
39. Gaseous exchange between the lung alveoli and the blood of the pulmonary circulation
depends on all except?
a) Gas partial pressure differences
b) The amount of cilia on the inner lining of the alveoli
c) The integrity of lung membranes
d) Blood flow in and out of the lungs
40. Cardiorepiratory adaptation during training includes all except?
a) Increase in heart mass and LV volume
b) Increase in HR with age
c) Increase in TV and lung perfusion
d) Increase in O2 extraction due to increased oxidative capacity
41. During inhalation?
a) The diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax
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 b) The diaphragm and intercostals muscles contract
c) The diaphragm domes upwards
d) The lung volume decreases
42. Endoplasmic Reticulum
a) Granular endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for synthesis of lipid
substances
b) Main function of endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize new protein
molecules in the cells.
c) Agranular endoplasmic reticulum is attached to many ribosomes for synthesis
of protein molecules.
d) All parts of endoplasmic reticulum is lined with rough granules
43. In eukaryotic cells:
a) Cytoskeleton determines the shape and size of the cell
b) The cytoskeleton is not attached to the organelles and proteins
c) Cell to cell recognition is not a function of the plasma membrane
d) Carrying of genetic material is not a function of the nucleus.
44. During forced inspiration, this muscle spreads the ribs apart, thus increasing thoracic
volume. Which one?
a) Scalenes
b) External intercostals
c) Internal intercostals
d) Abdominal obliques
45. One of the following is not a component of connective tissue. Which one?
a) Matrix
b) Cells
c) Fibers
d) Neurons
46. Which of the following vessels has the largest effect on total peripheral resistance?
a) Arteries
b) Arterioles
c) Veins
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 d) Venules
47. Which one correctly depicts the hierarchical organization of life?
a) Organisms-species-population-ecosytem-biosphere
b) Organisms- population-ecosystem-species-biosphere
c) Organisms-species-ecosystem-population-biosphere
48. All of the following are types of T-lymphocytes except?
a) Helper
b) Plasma
c) Suppressor
d) Memory
49. One of the following is not a function of the integumentary system
a) Perception of pain
b) First line body defense
c) Synthesis of cholecalciferol
d) Excretion
50. Membranes are physical barriers that form part of structural components of cells. Which
one of the following is TRUE concerning membranes?
a) An ideal semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water and impermeable
to solutes
b) A permeable membrane allows passage of solutes but bars the solvent
c) An ideal semi-permeable membrane is permeable to solutes but impermeable
to water
d) A permeable membrane allows passage of solvent but bars the solutes

SECTION TWO: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (60 MARKS)

1. Describe five roles of the epithelia tissue (5 marks)

2. Describe how the secretion of oxytocin is regulated through homeostatic control systems.
(5 marks)
3. Discuss five characteristics of life (5 marks)
4. List four types of plasma proteins and state the functions of globulins. (5 marks)
5. a) What is endocytosis? (2 marks)
b) Identify and briefly describe the types of endocytosis. (3 marks)
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6. Explain five mechanisms through which the integumentary system conserves body heat.
(5 marks)

7. Briefly discuss the structure of a nucleus. (5 marks)

8. Describe the composition and function of plasma. (5 marks)

9. a) List three ions found in the extracellular fluid space. (3 marks)
b) State two examples of trancellular fluid (2 marks)
10. Outline the functions of the epidermis. (5 marks)
11. List the factors affecting cardiac output and the effect of each. (5 marks)
12. Briefly describe the forces involved in tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) formation (5 marks)

SECTION THREE: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS. (40 MARKS)

1. Discuss the chemical control of respiration (10 marks)

2. Discuss the functions of blood as a tissue (12 marks)
3. Discuss the homeostatic mechanisms of thermoregulation by the skin. (10 marks)
4. Explain the physiological basis of the heart sounds. (8 marks)

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