Predictive Analytics

Data440 – Intro to python

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Python for data analytics

• Python is a programming language frequently used for

data analysis and data visualization.
• The Python interpreter is a computer program that
executes Python code .
• An interactive interpreter is a program that allows
the user to execute one line of code at a time.
Python development environments:
➢ Visual Basic
➢ Jupyter Notebook [ Anaconda ]
➢ Colab
➢ Cloud9

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Data types

Type Description Examples

int An integer number. 0, -1, 4
2.7168, -
float A decimal number or number in scientific notation.
2.0, 1.618, 6.02e23, 1.60e-19
A sequence of characters (stored and output surrounded
string 'Hello', 'pie', '3.14'
by single or double quotes).
boolean A value that is either true or false. True, False

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Data Structures

Type Description Examples

{1, 2, 3}, { 'First name', 'Last name'
set An unordered collection of items.
}
An ordered collection of changeable items.
[1, 2, 3], ['Height', 6.1], [ [1, 2], [3,
list Two-dimensional arrays can be formed from
4] ]
lists of lists.
tuple An ordered collection of unchangeable items. (1, 2, 3), ('Hello', 'World')
{'Home': '310-555-5555', 'Office':
A collection of mappings between keys and
dictionary (or dict) '951-555-5555'}, {'C': 'do', 'D': 're',
values.
'E': 'mi', 'F': 'fa', 'G': 'sol'}

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Common Python data visualization
and analysis modules

Module name Alias Description

numpy np Mathematical functions, required by other libraries
scipy.stats st Statistical functions
pandas pd Data frames, statistical functions
matplotlib.pyplot plt Data visualization
scikit-learn sks Machine learning and data analysis
seaborn sns Data visualization

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Statements

• Statement: a command/instruction/task that the

programmer writes and gives to the computer to
perform
➢ Example: y = -10
print(“Hello”)

• A program is a set of statements/commands

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Assignment statements
• Creation of a variable and assigning a value to it using the
assignment symbol =
• Example: a = 6
b=4
a+b
10
sum = a + b
sum
10
• The = symbol is not an operator. The right side of the = executes
first then the result is assigned to the variable on the left
• Remark: Good practice is to insert one space on both sides of the
operators like =, +, …

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Arithmetic Expression

• Expression is combination of variables, operators,

parenthesis that evaluate the value
• e.g. Mass-Energy equivalence equation E=mc2
• Task: What is Arithmetic expression for E=mc2

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Getting an Integer input from the User
• If you need to read an integer from the user, you should
convert the string to an integer using built-in int function

• Ex: age = input(“How old are you ? “ )

How old are you? 20
age = int(age)
print (age)
20

• You should convert the inputs to int type if you want to use
them as integers, otherwise, they are treated as strings.
E.g. adding 2 strings concatenates them not add them

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Exercise - Real Estate Summary

• Write a program with two inputs, current price and last

month's price (both integers). Then, output a
summary listing the price, the change since last month,
and the estimated monthly mortgage computed as
(current_price * 0.051) / 12.
• Task 1
• Identify the inputs
• Choose meaningful names
• Types of variables

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Exercise - Real Estate Summary

Task 2
• Math operations or Expression
• What formula I need?
• Example:
• Change_price = current_price - last_months_price
• Monthly_Mortgage=(current_price * 0.051) / 12

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Exercise - Real Estate Summary

• Task 3 - Outputs
• What are the outputs?
• Listing the price,
• The change since last month
• The estimated monthly mortgage

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Comparison operators

Algebraic operator Python operator Sample condition Meaning

> > x>y x is greater than y
< < x<y x is less than y

≥ >= x >= y x is greater than or equal

to y
≤ <= x <= y x is less than or equal to
y
= == x == y x is equal to y

≠ != x != y x is not equal to y

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Conditions

• A condition is a Boolean expression with the value True

or False
• True and False are Python Keywords
• Comparison operators are used to create conditions
• Example:
In [1]: 8 > 3
Out[1]: True
In [2]: 8 < 3
Out[2]: False

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Equality operator == not =

• Using the assignment symbol (=) instead of the

equality operator (==) in an if statement’s condition is
a common syntax error. To help avoid this, read == as
“is equal to” and = as “is assigned.” You’ll see in the
next chapter that using == in place of = in an
assignment statement can lead to subtle problems.

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Control Statements

• Python provides three selection statements that

execute code based on a condition that evaluates to
either True or False:
• The if statement performs an action if a condition is True or
skips the action if the condition is False.
• The if…else statement performs an action if a condition is
True or performs a different action if the condition is False.
• The if…elif…else statement performs one of many different
actions, depending on the truth or falsity of several
conditions.

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Decision Making: The if Statement

• Syntax: if test_expression:
statement(s)
• The program evaluates the test_expression and will
execute statement(s) only if the test_expression is
True
• If the test_expression is False, the statement(s) are
not executed
• An “test_expression” is a logical condition. It’s value is
True or False
• The body of the if block is indicated by indentation and
is called a suite

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Decision Making: The if Statement

• Example: if number1 == number2:

print(number1, 'is equal to', number2)
• If the condition is True, print “number1, 'is equal to',
number2”

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If-else statement

• The if…else statement performs an action if a

condition is True or performs a different action if the
condition is False.

Syntax: if experssion1: Example:

#statements If x > 10:
Else: num_val = 100
#statements else:
num_val = 50

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Multi-branch if-else statements

• The if…elif…else statement performs one of many

different actions, depending on the truth or falsity
of several conditions.

Syntax: if experssion1:
Example: if num == 1:
#statements
print(" first year ")
elif expression2:
elif num == 2:
#statements
print("second year")
else:
else:
#statements
print("third year")

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Precedence rules for arithmetic, logical
and relational operators

Operator/convention Grouping Description

() Left to right Parentheses evaluate first

** Right to left Exponentials

*/%+- Left to right Arithmetic operator

< <= > >= == != Left to right Relational, (in)quality and membership operator

not Not (logical NOT)

and Logical AND

or Logical or

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Logical operators

• Write an expression that prints "Eligible" if user_age is

between 18 and 25 inclusive, else prints "Ineligible".
Example:
user_age = int(input())
if (user_age >= 18) and (user_age <= 25):
print('Eligible')
else:
print('Ineligible')

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loops

• A loop is a set of statements that repeatedly executes

while the loop's expression is true and exits when
false. Each time the program loops through the
statements called iteration.

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While Statement

• The while statement allows you to repeat one or more

actions while a condition remains True.
• Example expression:
• while expression: # Loop expression
• # Loop body: Sub-statements to execute
• # if the loop expression remains True
•
• # Statements to execute when the expression
become False

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While Statement

• Example:
In [1]: product = 3
In [2]: while product <= 50:
product = product * 3
In [3]: print (product)
Out[3]: 81

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For Statement

• The for statement allows you to repeat an action or

several actions for each item in a sequence of items.
• Example expression :
• for variable in container:
• # Loop body: Sub-statements to execute
• # for each item in the container
•
• # Statements to execute after the for loop is
complete

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For statement

• Problem:
• Example:
weekdays = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri’ ]
Weekends = [‘sat’, ‘sun’]
for weekday in weekdays:
print(weekday)

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Nested for loop

• Problem: Given the number of rows and the number of

columns, write nested loops to print a rectangle.

Example:
num_rows = int(input())
num_cols = int(input())

for rows in range(num_rows):

for cols in range(num_cols):

print('*', end=' ')

print()

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Built-In range function

• Let’s use a for statement and the built-in range

function to iterate precisely 10 times, displaying the
values from 0 through 9:
• Example:
for counter in range(10):
print(counter, end=' ')
Output:
0123456789

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Built-In Function range: A Deeper Look

range(y) range(3) generates a sequence of all non- 0,1,2

negative integers less than Y.

range(x,y) range(-7, -3) generates a sequence of all integers >= X -7, -6, -5, -4
and < Y.
range(X, Y, Z) range(0, 50, 10) where Z is positive, generates a 0, 10, 20, 30, 40.
sequence of all integers >= X and
< Y, incrementing by Z
range(X, Y, Z) range(3, -1, -1) where Z is negative, generates a 3, 2, 1, 0
sequence of all integers <= X and > Y,
incrementing by Z

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Break Statement

• Break Statement : Executing a break statement in a while or

for immediately exits that statement. In the following code,
range produces the integer sequence 0–99, but the loop
terminates when number is 10:
Example: for number in range(100):
if number == 10:
break
print(number, end=' ')
Output
0123456789

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Continue Statement

• Continue statement : Executing a continue statement

in a while or for loop skips the remainder of the loop’s
suite. In a while, the condition is then tested to
determine whether the loop should continue executing.
In a for, the loop processes the next item in the
sequence (if any):
Example: for number in range(10):
if number == 5:
continue
print(number, end=' ')
Output
012346789

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Loop else construct

• Sometime a loop can include an else clause that

executes only if the loop terminates normally, and it is
optional. We use else when we are not using a break
statement.

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Lists

• List is a comma-separated collection of items enclosed

in square brackets [ ]. Each sequence has an iterator.
• We will be learning about lists in detail in coming
sessions
• Ex:
In [3]: total = 0
In [4]: for number in [2, -3, 0, 17, 9]:
total = total + number
Print(total)
Out[5]: 25

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Functions

• Function – is a block code which only runs when it is

called
• Parameter/argument - information or data that passed
to the function
• Parameter is the variable inside the parenthesis in function
• An argument is the value that is sent to the function
• Python has two types of functions:
• Built-in functions
• User-defined functions

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Functions

• Built-in functions:
• int, float, print, input, type, sum, len, min and max
• statistics module (mean, median and mode, Each performed
a single, well-defined task.
• User defined functions: user can define function
using def as follows
def square(number): #defining function
#Calculate the square of number
return number ** 2

square(7)

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Functions

• A function begins with the def keyword, followed by

the function name (square), a set of parentheses and a
colon (:).
• function names should begin with a lowercase letter
and in multiword names underscores should separate
each word.

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Functions

• Parameters: The required parentheses contain the

function’s parameter list—a comma-separated list
of parameters representing the data that the function
needs to perform its task.

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Functions

• When a function finishes executing, it returns control to

its caller—that is, the line of code that called the
function. In square’s block, the return statement:
return number ** 2

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Functions
def celsius_to_kelvin(value_celsius): value_c = 10.0
value_kelvin = 0.0
print(value_c, 'C is',
value_kelvin = value_celsius + 273.15 celsius_to_kelvin(value_c), 'K')
return value_kelvin

def kelvin_to_celsius(value_kelvin): value_k = float(input())

value_celsius = 0.0 print(value_k, 'K is',
value_celsius = value_kelvin - 273.15 kelvin_to_celsius(value_k), 'C')
return value_celsius

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Functions - modules
• A programmer may find themselves writing the same function over and over again
in multiple scripts
• A solution is to use a module, which is a file containing Python code that can be
imported and used by scripts or other modules
• To import a module means to execute the code contained by the module, and
make the definitions within that module available for use by the importing program

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Create your own module

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