Introduction

Introduction to Electronics
Laboratory
Prepared by: Eng. Mohumed
abo khdair
2024-2025
Content
 Safety Rules and Operations Procedures
 Objectives
 Electronic components
 Marking System
 Experiments
Experiment 1 Electronic Lab Equipment
Familiarization Experiment 2 Silicon diode,
Plotting Characteristics Curves Experiment 3 Zener
diode, Characteristic
Experiment 4 Half-wave Rectification and Filtering
Experiment 5 Bridge circuit for Full-wave Rectification and
Filtering
Experiment 6 silicon controlled rectifier characteristics
Experiment 7 BJT transistors characteristics
Experiment 8 BJT transistors testing
Experiment 9 BJT transistors applications
 Safety Rules and Operations Procedures
The students are required to obey the following points in order to perform the experiments in a safe
environment and with creative results.
1. Note the location of the first aid box (red button near the door).
2. Students are allowed in the laboratory only when the lab instructor is present.
3. Open drinks and food are not allowed near the lab benches.
4. Report any broken equipment or defective parts to the lab instructor. Do not open, remove the
cover, or attempt to repair any equipment.
5. When the lab exercise is over, all instruments, except computers, must be
turned off. Return substitution boxes to the designated location. Your lab grade
will be affected if your laboratory station is not tidy when you leave.
6. University property must not be taken from the laboratory.
7. Do not move instruments from one lab station to another lab station.
8. Anyone violating any rules or regulations may be denies access to these facilities.
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules and procedures at
all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow these rules and procedures will
result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and additional disciplinary action may be taken.
 Objectives
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment
should be at the beginning of each experiment lab sheet. However, this course is designed to
help the students enrich their knowledges in;
1. The functions of the essential passive components like: resistor, capacitors, inductors,
potential dividers in the circuits.
2. The use of Oscilloscopes and multimeters to obtain required data.
3. The basic operational principles of diodes: Silicon and Zener diodes are as examples.
4. Applications of diodes.
Electronic components
There are numerous electronic components existed at presents. The followings are used in this course.
1. AC power Supply:
AC power supplies are used in supplying alternating current to an electronic device. They transform
AC power from the mains power supply or power storage device to an AC power acquiring the
right voltage, frequency, current, and form needed by the load. The input of the AC power supply
may be AC or DC power.
Figure 1: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of AC power supply.
Hint: AC power supply ports are always colored black.

2. DC power Supply:
A DC power supply provides direct current (DC) voltage to power and test a device under test such as a
circuit board or electronic product.
Figure 2: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of DC power supply.
Hint1: DC power supply ports are always colored Red, blue,
etc. Hint2: Some power supplies provides both AC and DC

signals.
3. Resistor:
It is a passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limiting or regulating the
flow of electric current in electrical circuits. The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current
flow and to lower the voltage in any particular portion of the circuit.
Figure 3: (a) Symbol, (b) actual layout of resistor.

Hint: The colored circles indicate the magnitude of the resistors (you
studied before?). Look at the figure below
Figure 3: (c) charts to determine
resistor value.
4. Capacitor:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by accumulating electric charges on two closely
spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other.
Figure 4: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of capacitor.
Hint: Some capacitors have polarity (+) and will not work in reverse direction.
5. Potential divider:
A potential divider is a simple circuit that uses resistors to supply a variable 'potential difference' (i.e.
voltage). This can be used for many applications, including control of temperature in a fridge or as
audio volume controls.
Variable port islocated at center

Figure 5: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of potential divider.
Hint: Potential divider has three ports.

6. Diodes:
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current
to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.
Figure 6: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of diode.
Hint: Most but Not All diodes work in forward direction.

7.Multimeter (Ammeter or Voltmeter?)
Multimeter is a versatile electronic device used to measure various electrical properties, including voltage,
current, and resistance. The device displays the measurements on a digital screen or scale, making it
easy to read and understand the results accurately.
Comments:
 Multimeter can measure AC and DC voltages and currents.

 When used as a Voltmeter in the electronic circuit, it has to be connected in parallel.
 When used as a Ammeter in the electronic circuit, it has to be connected in series.
 When used to measure DC Volts in the electronic circuit, the scale has to be directed to the DC
part.
When used to measure AC Volts in the electronic circuit, the scale has to be directed to the AC part.
Figure 7:
Digital
multimeter
.
Hint: Using wrong ports and scale lead to have wrong
measured volts and currents.
7. Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes (or scopes) test and display voltage signals as waveforms, visual representations of the
variation of voltage over time. The signals are plotted on a graph, which shows how the signal
changes. The vertical (Y) access represents the voltage measurement and the horizontal (X) axis
represents time.
(a) (b)
Figure 8: (a) Actual layout
of oscilloscope, and (b)
Plotted signal.
8. Function Generator
The Function Generator generates signals in the frequency range up to 3MHz some of the
most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square,
triangular shapes.
Figure 9: Actual layout of function generator.

 Marking System
Laboratory (100%)
MID (30%)
Lab Reports (30%)
Final lab exam

(40%)
The End

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Introduction to Electronics

Figure 1: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of AC power supply.

Hint: AC power supply ports are always colored black.

Figure 2: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of DC power supply.

Hint1: DC power supply ports are always colored Red, blue,

etc. Hint2: Some power supplies provides both AC and DC

Figure 3: (a) Symbol, (b) actual layout of resistor.

Figure 4: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of capacitor.

Variable port islocated at center

Hint: Potential divider has three ports.

Figure 6: (a) Symbol, and (b) actual layout of diode.

Hint: Most but Not All diodes work in forward direction.

 Multimeter can measure AC and DC voltages and currents.

Figure 9: Actual layout of function generator.

Final lab exam

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