INTERNSHIP REPORT

SUBSTATION CASE STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN
VISAKHAPATNAM

BY M KEZIYA RANI
(320114214068)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MRS.HEMALATHA

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that investigatory project entitled” SUBSTATION CASE

STUDY” has been submitted by me in partial fulfilment of
Requirement of the
award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology by ANDHRA
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN,
Visakhapatnam.

I also here by declare that this project is the result of my own

effort and it has not been submitted anywhere else.

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 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Line diagram of 33/11KV Substation, Maddilapalem, Visakhapatnam
3. 33/11KV Substation, Maddilapalem, Visakhapatnam
4. Busbars
5. Transformer
6. Current transformer
7. Potential transformer
8. Insulators
9. Air brake switch
10. Lightning arrestors
11. Horn gap fuse
12. Feeder
13. Circuit breaker
14. Capacitor bank
15. Cross arms
16. Energy meter
17. Fuses
18. Firefighting Equipment
19. Earthing
20. Conclusion

List of figures
Figure no. Name of the figure page no

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Figure 1.1 Thermal power plant
Figure 1.2 Transformer
Figure 1.3 Current Transformer
Figure 2.1 Line Diagram
Figure 3.1 33/11KV substation Maddillapalem, Visakhapatnam
Figure 4.1 Bus bars
Figure 5.1 Distribution Transformer
Figure 5.2 Core of Transformer
Figure 5.3 Windings
Figure 5.4 Transformer Tank
Figure 5.5 Insulating materials
Figure 5.6 Transformer Oil
Figure 5.7 Conservator
Figure 5.8 Breather
Figure 5.9 Silica gel
Figure 5.10 Tap Changer
Figure 5.11 Radiator
Figure 5.12 Buchholz Relay
Figure 5.13 Explosion Vent
Figure 5.14 Bushings
Figure 5.15 Oil Gauge
Figure 5.16 Temperature Gauge
Figure 5.17 Transformer
Figure 5.18 Parallel Operation of Transformer
Figure 6.1 Current Transformer
Figure 7.1 Potential Transformer
Figure 8.1 Pin Insulator
Figure 8.2 Suspension Insulator
Figure 8.3 Strain Insulator
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Figure 8.4 Shackle Insulator
Figure 8.5 Disc Insulator
Figure 9.1 Air Brake Switch
Figure 10.1 Lightning Arrester
Figure 11.1 Horn Gap Fuse
Figure 12.1 Feeder
Figure 13.1 Circuit Breaker
Figure 14.1 Capacitor Bank
Figure 15.1 Cross Arms
Figure 16.1 Energy meter
Figure 17.1 Fuses
Figure 18.1 Fire Fighting Equipment

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 1. INTRODUCTION:
Electricity is Most necessary thing in this world. We can’t
imagine our universe without electricity. Electricity is one form
of energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed it can
change from one form to another form. Likewise, electricity
also is produced from one of the Energy forms from the
universe.

Fig 1.1Thermal Power Plant

Electricity is produced from different power plants Like Hydel,
thermal, solar, tidal and other power plants. But in our country
electricity is mainly produced from hydel and thermal power plants
Hydel power plants Produce electricity from water which is natural
gift and freely available. Nuclear power plants use radioactive
materials as raw material. Radioactive materials produce electricity
with a less quantity of raw material. But these power plants are
highly dangerous. As it can cause explosion which is highly
dangerous. But, due to inventions in the modern days new and
different power plants are being constructed. solar, tidal, Wind and
other power plants are constructed. These power plants will not work
for long days and are not efficient. Hence these power plants are
used only for temporary and during peak load times. The
Government of Andhra Pradesh assists different companies such as

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APEPDCL, APCPDCL, APNPDCL and APSPDCL for distributing
electricity.

SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANFORMER USED

IN 33/11 KV SUBSTATION

Fig 1.2 Transformer in substation

TRANSFORMER:
Ratings:
1) Schnider Electric India

2) 5 MVA

3) OIL natural, Air natural cooling

4) Total weight -14000 KGS

5) Maximum temperature of oil 40˚/50˚

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 6) Weight of oil -2490

7) Basic installation resistance H V -170 KV

8) Basic installation resistance L V -75 KV

9) Weight of core -3575kgs

10) Weight of copper-2100kgs

SPECIFICATIONS OF C.T USED IN 33/11KV SUBSTATION

FIG 1.3Current Transformer in Substation.

RATINGS:
1) CONCORD ELECTRICALS

2) 12KV

3) 6KVA/1SEC

4) Frequency 50HZ

5) Total weight of C.T 155KG

6) CORE-1

7) CORE-2

8) C.T RATIO -10/5A

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 3

In Shivajipalem Substation there are two incoming feeders namely

➢ 33KV Dairy form

➢ 33KV Pedda Waltair

In Shivajipalem Substation there are four outgoing feeders namely

➢ 11KV AUCEW
➢ 11KV Mangapuram

➢ 11KV Ushodaya

➢ 11KV DTR station

Transformers used in 33/11KV Substation

➢ 3.5MVA

➢ 5 MVA
Circuit Breakers used in 33/11KV Substation

➢ Vaccum Circuit Breaker

➢ Oil circuit breakers

➢ SF6

2.SINGLE LINE
DIAGRAM

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3. 33/11 KV SUBSTATION:
Electrical power is generated at generating stations, these stations
which are located far away from the different consumers. As we
know that, there is no storage device for electrical power, hence
the generated power must be conveyed to the consumer premises
with less transmission and distribution losses. In order to fulfil the
above conditions, we need a special apparatus system which
changes the characteristics of electrical supply from one to
another is called SUB STATION.

Substations transform voltage from high to low or the reverse or

perform any several other important functions.

Substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage

while decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer
decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic
and commercial distribution.

Substations have some additional functions. They provide points

where safety devices may be installed to disconnect equipment
or circuit in the event of fault. Voltage On the outgoing
distribution feeders can be regulated at a substation. A
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substation is a convenient place for installing synchronous
condensers at the end of the transmission line for the purpose
of improving power factor and make measurements to check
the operations of the various parts of power system Substation
are a part of an electrical generation, transmission and
distribution system. Electric power may flow through several
substation between generating station to consumer and its
voltage may change in several steps. Electrical power is
generated transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating
current the electric energy is generated at low voltage but it is
stepped up to high voltage for transmission. The place where
stepping up and stepping down the voltage is done is known as
substation. In our substation, there are 4 number of 33 KV AB
switches,12 number 33 KV lightning arresters, 2 horn gap fuses,
6 circuit breakers,11number of 11 KV AB switches,6 current
Transformers and one potential transformer.

The substation may perform following functions such as

switching operation, voltage transformation operation, power
converting operation, frequency changing operation, power
factor correction operation.

Fig 3.1
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TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS:

➢ INDOOR SUBSTATION

A substation in which the apparatus is equipped inside the

substation building is called indoor substation.

Such type of substation is mainly used for the voltage up to

11000 v, but when the surrounding air is contaminated by
impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive
dust, etc., their voltage can be raised up to 33000 V to 66000 v.

➢ OUTDOOR SUBSTATION

A substation which is used for all voltage levels between 55 KV to 765

KV is called outdoor substation.
Such type of substation requires less time for construction but uses
more space. The outdoor substations are mainly classified into two
types, namely pole-mounted substation and foundation-mounted
substations.

4. BUSBAR
Bus bar is a conducting bar that carries heavy currents to supply
several electric circuits. Bus bar is made from Copper and Aluminium.

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 Fig 4.1 Bus bars
Electrical bus bars use isolators and circuit breakers that operate at fault
times and protect the equipment in the substation. In small substations
where there is no constant need for power, a single bus bar system is
used. But more than one bus bar is used in a large substation as
compared to a smaller substation. Due to which the problem of power
trips does not arise.

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 5. TRANSFORMER:
Transformer is a static device that transfers Electric power from one
circuit to another circuit at different levels of voltages at constant
power and frequency.

Transformers used in substation:

(I)Distribution transformers

(II)Instrument transformers

a. Current transformer

b. Potential transformer

(I)DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER:
Distribution transformer is used to step-down the voltage and transfer
power from one A.C voltage to another A.C Voltage at same frequency.
Distribution transformers normally have ratings less than 200 KVA,
although some national standards can allow for units up to 5000 KVA to
be described as distribution transformers

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 Fig 5.1 Distribution Transformer
Parts of transformer:
Core:

The core of the transformer is used to support the windings. It is made of

silicon steel with thin laminations to reduce eddy current loss and
Hysteresis loss, and provides low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic
flux. Transformer core is designed to provide a path for the magnetic field
to flow around, which is necessary for induction of the voltage between
the two windings. The diameter of a transformer’s core is directly
proportional to copper loss and inversely proportional to iron loss.

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 Fig 5.2 Core of Transformer

Windings:

Windings consist of several copper coil turns bundled together; each

bundle connected to form a complete winding.

Fig 5.3Windings
Windings can be based either on the input-output supply or on the
voltage range. Windings that are based on supply are classified into
primary and secondary windings, meaning the windings to which
the input and output voltage is applied respectively.

On the other hand, windings based on voltage range can be classified

into high voltage and low voltage windings.

Transformer Tank:
The main tank is a part of a transformer serves two purposes:

1. Protects the core and the windings from the external environment.

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2. Serves as a container for oil and support for all other transformer
accessories.

Fig 5.4 Transformer Tank

Tank bodies are made by fabricating rolled steel plates to containers.

They are provided with lifting hooks and cooling tubes.

In order to reduce weight and stray losses, aluminium sheets are also
used instead of steel plates. However, aluminium tanks are costlier than
steel ones.

Insulating materials:

Insulating materials like papers and card boards are used to isolate
primary and secondary windings from each other as well as the
transformer core.

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 Fig 5.5 Insulating materials

These windings are made of copper due to high conductivity and ductility.
High conductivity minimizes the amount of copper needed and minimizes
losses. Moreover, high ductility results in easy bending of conductors into
tight winding around the core that also minimizes the amount of copper
and volume of winding.

Transformer Oil:

The transformer oil insulates as well as cools the core and coil assembly.

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 Fig 5.6 Transformer Oil
The core and windings of the transformer must be completely immersed
in the oil that normally contains hydrocarbon mineral oils.

Generally, oil that is yellow, orange, or even somewhat red in colour is

fresher and will work as intended. As oil ages, it transforms to a brown or
black colour and its efficacy diminishes.

Conservator:

The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum fitted above the

transformer that conserves the transformer oil. It is vented at the top
and is filled only half with the oil to allow expansion and contraction
during temperature variations. The main tank of transformer with which
conservator is connected is completely filled with the oil through

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pipeline.

Breather:
The breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel, which is used
to keep the air that enters the tank moisture-free.

Fig 5.8 Breather

This is because the insulating oil when reacts with moisture can affect
the insulation and cause internal faults, which is why it is a must to
keep the air free from moisture. In the breather, when the air passes
through the silica gel, the moisture contents are absorbed by the silica

crystals.

Silica gel:

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Silica gel is used in breather transformers for controlling the level of
moisture and prevents it from entering the equipment.

Fig 5.9Silicagel

They are mainly useful in protecting the transformer oil from the
damaging effects of. Silica gel blue crystals and orange beads work
effectively in this application. Many companies that operate in the power
generation sector attach silica gel breathers to the conservators that are
used in oil filled transformers. The main purpose of this addition is to
remove moisture or water vapour content from the air used by the
transformer. Dust and other particles present in the air will also be
effectively trapped by the oil placed in the oil seal cup—which acts as a
barrier between the air and silica gel. Usually, the type of silica gel used
in breather transformers is Blue indicating silica gel, which consists of a
chemical compound called cobalt chloride that gives it its blue colour
breather.

Tap changer:

To balance voltage variations within the transformer, tap changers are

used.

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 Fig 5.10 Tap Changer
There are two types of tap changers – on load and off load. In on load tap
changers, tapping can be changed without isolating transformer from the
supply, while in off load, the transformer needs to be disconnected from
the supply.

Radiator:
Because of flow of electric current through the winding of Transformer
and due to core losses, heat is produced in the windings and core.
Because of this heat the temperature of Transformer oil increases. Thus,
cooling of Transformer Oil is must as we know that the rating of any
electrical equipment depends upon its allowable temperature rise limit.
Therefore, if the temperature rise of the Transformer insulating oil is
controlled, the rating of Transformer can be extended up to significant
limit. The Radiator of Transformer accelerates the cooling rate of
Transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing loading capacity of
Transformer. Cooling of Transformer Oil is the basic and main purpose of
Radiator.

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 Fig 5.11Radiator
Buchholz Relay:

Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank to
conservator tank the Buchholz Relay senses the faults occurring within
the transformer.

Fig 5.12 Buchholz Relay

It operates by the gases emitted due to decomposition of transformer

oil during internal faults. Thus, this device is used to sense and in turn
protect the transformer from internal faults.

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Explosion vent:
The boiling hot oil from the transformer is expelled during internal faults
through the explosion vent to avoid explosion of the transformer.

Fig 5.13 Explosion vent

This is generally placed above the level of the conservatory tank.

Bushings:

Bushing is a hollow electrical insulator that allows an electrical

conductor to pass safely through a conducting barrier such as the
case of a transformer or circuit breaker without making electrical
contact with it. Bushings are typically made from porcelain.

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 Fig 5.14 Bushings
The windings are connected to H.V line and L.V line through the insulator
bushings mounted on the top of the transformer tank. These connections

are insulated from the tank.

Oil Gauge:
Oil level gauge is a cost-effective device for distribution transformer to

view oil level in the conservator and transformer tank .

Fig 5.15 Oil Gauge

Temperature Gauge:

Oil and winding temperature are critical parameters that are measured
in power and distribution transformers. Temperature indicators are most
commonly utilized for the indication of top oil or winding hotspot
temperatures which are both critical parameters to measure within a
transformer. They are commonly referred to in the industry as Oil
Temperature Indicators (OTI) and Winding Temperature Indicators (WTI).
Electrical utilities often utilize oil and winding temperature indicators to
provide alarm and control signals that are used to activate cooling
control systems on a transformer.

They are commonly referred to in the industry as Oil Temperature

Indicators (OTI) and Winding Temperature Indicators (WTI). Electrical
utilities often utilize oil and winding temperature indicators to provide
alarm and control signals that are used to activate cooling control
systems on a transformer.

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 Fig 5.16 Temperature Gauge

Working Of Transformer:

The Transformer works on the principle of Faraday's laws of

electromagnetic induction. As the transformer is a static device, the
induction is the static based on the concept of mutual induction.
"Whenever a conductor links the changing flux, an EMF is induced in the
conductor". This induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkages and the number of turns.

Consider two coils, coil A and B wound on the iron core. Coil A is called
primary winding as it is connected to the AC supply. Current in the
primary winding produces alternate flux in the coil this alternate flux
passes through the core and links with the secondary coil with the
change in flux an EMF is induced in the secondary winding according to
the Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction this EMF is called mutual
inductance and the induced EMF produces current in secondary winding.

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 Fig 5.17 Transformer
The transformer is called step up Transformer if the primary number of
turns is less than the secondary number of turns and it is called step
down transformer if the primary number of turns is more than the
secondary number of turns.

The Reason for stepping up the voltage at generating stations:

It is not possible to produce or generate electrical power at generating

stations at large voltages as it is not economical. If the generated voltage
is more at generating stations the capital cost invested is more and the
unit charges of electrical energy are increased in order to avoid all these
circumstances electrical power is generated at low voltages means 6.6

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KV and it is stepped up by using power transformer and then it is
transmitted through transmission lines.

6.CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

An instrument transformer that is used to generate an AC within the

secondary winding of the transformer is known as a current transformer.
This is also known as a series transformer as it is allied in series with the
circuit for measuring different parameters of electric power.

Fig 6.1 Current Transformer

Here the current in the secondary winding is proportional to the current in
the primary winding. These are used to reduce high voltage currents to
low voltage currents.

7. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which
reduces the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower level for the
purpose of measurement. These are connected across or parallel to the
line which is to be monitored.

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The basic principle of operation and construction of this transformer is
similar to the standard power transformer. In common, the potential
transformers are abbreviated as PT

Fig 7.1 Potential Transformer

The primary winding consists of a large number of turns which is
connected across the high voltage side or the line in which
measurements have to be taken or to be protected. The secondary
winding has lesser number of turns which is connected to the voltmeters,
or potential coils of wattmeter and energy meters, relays and other
control devices. These can be single phase or three phase potential
transformers. Irrespective of the primary voltage rating, these are
designed to have the secondary output voltage of 110 V. Since the
voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance, a
small current flow through the secondary of PT. Therefore, PT behaves as
an ordinary two winding transformer operating on no load. Due to this low
load (or burden) on the PT, the VA ratings of PTs are low and in the range
of 50 to 200 VA.

8. INSULATORS

An insulator gives support to the overhead line conductors on the poles to

prevent the current flow toward earth. In the transmission lines, it plays
an essential role in its operation. The most common material used in the
insulator is porcelain and also special composition, steatite, glass
materials are also used.
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TYPES OF INSULATORS:

These are classified into different types based on their rating. These are
used in transmission & distribution system where each insulator
consists of several insulating discs. If one disc used 11kv voltage then
the remaining discs use 66kv voltage.

➢ Pin Insulator

➢ Suspension Insulator

➢ Strain Insulator

➢ Shackle Insulator

➢ Disc Insulator

Pin Insulators:

Pin insulator is used in distribution systems. The voltage capacity of this

insulator is 11Kv. It is designed with a high mechanical strength material.
These are connected in vertical as well as horizontal positions. The
construction of this insulator is simple and needs less maintenance as
compared with other type.

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 Fig 8.1 Pin Insulator
Suspension Insulator:

The designing of Suspension insulators can be done using materials

like porcelain or glass. The voltage capacity of suspension insulator
ranges from 11 kV to 765 kV. It is used in overhead transmission lines
by providing more flexibility.

Fig 8.2 Suspension Insulator

It uses various discs based on the level of voltage. It is connected by

using the steel tower so it needs more height to support all the discs.
These insulators are most helpful compare with other insulators because;
if one disc in the insulator gets damage then remaining all the discs will
work properly. So, the damaged disc can be replaced with others.

Strain Insulator:

This is similar to suspension type insulators because it is used in an

overhead transmission system but its specifications and working are
somewhat different. The voltage capacity of the strain insulator is 33kV.
Mostly in the transmission line, it is placed in bend otherwise arm place.

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 Fig 8.3 Strain Insulator
Shackle Insulator:

These insulators are small in size, used in overhead distribution

systems. The connection of this insulator can be done by using a
metallic strip. The voltage capacity of this insulator is 33 Kv. Shackle
insulators are used in a vertical position or horizontal position. These
are connected to the pole using otherwise cross arm.

.
Fig 8.4 Shackle Insulator

Disc Insulator:
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The disc insulators provide a cost-effective solution for medium & low
polluted environments and these are designed with high-grade raw
materials.

Fig 8.5 Disc Insulator

The applications of these insulators include transmission lines,

industrial & commercial. It supports conductors, used for insulation in
cables and electrical wiring and maintains high voltage within high
loads.

9. AIR BRAKE SWITCH

The switch whose contacts open in the air and quenching of an arc
achieves by compressed air; such type of switch is called an air brake
switch. The air acts as a dielectric medium for the air-break switch. It is
more effective and reliable as compared to another switch. The air brake
switch is operated manually when their handle is placed on a ground
level.

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 Fig 9.1 Air Brake Switch

These types of switches are generally operated at low voltage levels,

i.e., voltage ranging from 450V up to 35kV. The current range of air
brake switches lies between 800 A and 10KA. The air pressure used by
the air brake switches ranges from 4 to 60 atmospheres. It can also be
said that an air brake switch is a switchgear device that makes use of air
as an interruption medium.

10. LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the
substations against travelling waves, such type of device is called
lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning arrester
diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the
continuity of supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in
parallel with the equipment to be protect at the substation.

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 Fig 10.1 Lightning Arresters

The arrestor provides a conducting path to the waves of relatively low

impedance between the line and the ground. The lightning arrester
provides a path of low impedance only when the travelling surge
reaches the surge diverter, neither before it nor after it.

11. HORN GAP FUSE:

Horn gap fuse is fixed between two rods bent to form the shape of a horn
facing upwards. It
is also called as HG fuse in short. It is used on 11 KV side of DTC (dist. tr
Centre) for protection against overload for each phase. Its main is the
function is the protection of the transformer in the network.

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 Fig 11.1 Horn Gap Fuse
The HG Fuse Is an Expulsion Type and Its Main Function Is to Protect
Transformers on Rural
Distribution Network. It Is Also Particularly Useful for Inaccessible Sub-
Stations Where Indication of Fusing Is of Advantage. On Blowing of Fuse
Element, the Fuse Carrier Hangs Down Vertically from the Bottom
Contact.

12. FEEDER

Feeder transmits power from Generating station or substation to the

distribution points. They are similar to distributors except the fact that
there is no intermediate tapping done and hence the current flow remains
same at the sending as well as the receiving end. A feeder line is a
peripheral route or branch in a network, which connects smaller or more
remote nodes with a route or branch carrying heavier traffic. The term is
applicable to any system based. In APEPDCL Maddilapalem there are four
feeders namely

➢ 11kv AUCEW

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➢ 11kv MANGAPURAM
➢ 11kv USHODAYA
➢ 11kv DTR STATION

Fig 12.1: Feeder

➢ Then open the AB switch manually by using AB switch handle.

➢ Even the feeder gets tripped if there is any fault in the feeder and
alarm gets activated and gives indication to the operator.

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➢ Now the feeder can be charged by connecting the limbs with the help
of metallic rod.

➢ Then the AB switch is closed carefully with the help of AB switch

handle.

13. CIRCUITBREAKER

A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by an over current or short circuit.

Fig 13.1 Circuit breaker

Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to

prevent the risk of fire. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must
be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.

14. CAPACITOR BANK

When a number of capacitors are connected together it forms a capacitor

bank. They can be connected in series or parallel. A capacitor bank has
numerous advantages and applications. Most of the time, these are used

39
for reactive power compensation and power factor improvement. The
arrangement of these can be done at substation or power plants. The unit
for the capacitance in Farads.

Fig 14.1 Capacitor Bank

A capacitor bank of lower scale is frequently used in industrial buildings,

college campus, large residential communities to improve power factor.
The necessity of improving the power factor is very critical, as a low
power factor at one point would disturb the power balance among the
vicinity and would also attract penalties from local electrical distribution
companies.

15. CROSS ARMS

The main function of cross arms is to keep the conductors at safe

distance from each other as well as from the pole.

40
 Fig 15.1 Cross Arms
There are four types of cross arms:

➢ M s channel cross arms

➢ U - shaped cross arms

➢ V- shaped cross arms

➢ Zig zag type cross arms

41
16. ENERGY METER

An electric meter, or energy meter, is a device that measures the amount

of electric energy consumed by a building, tenant space, or electrically
powered equipment. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at
customers' premises to measure electric energy delivered to their
customers for billing purposes. Infrared data access is a part in the energy
meter, with the help of infrared data access the data from meter is
collected and it is useful to calculate the amount of power consumption.

Fig 16.1 Energy Meter

The energy meter constant is defined as the no. of revolutions per unit
consumption.

17. FUSES

An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection

against the overflow of current in an electrical circuit. An important
component of an electrical fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts when
excess current flows through it. It helps to protect the device by stopping
or interrupting the current

Fig 17.1 fuses

Function of Fuse:

In the field of electrical engineering, a fuse is a device that provides

overcurrent protection to the functional electrical circuit. Here, we have
listed a few major functions of the fuse.

• Acts as a barrier between the electric circuit and the human body

• Prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation

• Fuse prevents short-circuits

• Prevents overload and blackouts

• Prevents damage that is caused due to mismatched loads

The markings on the fuse carry information such as the Ampere rating,
voltage rating, and interruption rating.

18. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Firefighting equipment is equipment designed to extinguish fires or protect

the user from fire. It may be used by trained fire fighters, untrained users
at the scene of a fire, or built into a building's infrastructure (such as a
sprinkler system).

Fig 18.1 Fire Fighting Equipment

Firefighting equipment includes not only fire hoses and fire extinguishers
but also fire- resistant protective clothing, fire-resistant gloves,
respirators, and communication equipment. Firefighting equipment is
generally comprised of hundreds of different pieces of equipment and
technology.

19.Earthing
Earthing means the direct connection of all metal non-current carrying
parts of electrical equipment such as metallic framework, electrical motor
body, metallic cables, transformers tank substation poles, isolators,
circuit breakers etc. to the surrounding earth. Earthing of a circuit can be
defined as physically connecting the circuit with the ground, which has
zero- volt potential to the ground (the earth) The substation grounding
system connects all the equipment, lightning mats, overhead ground
wires, surge arresters, and all the metallic structures present in the
substation like a network and holds them at the zero-volt potential.
PURPOSE OF EARTHING:

➢ To avoid risk of fire due to earth current to avoid electric shock

➢ through unwanted path

➢ To avoid earth leakage accidents

SUBSTATION EARTHING:
The following equipment’s in substation must be earthed.

➢ Lightning arrestors
➢ Circuit breakers
➢ Power transformer
➢ Isolators and switches
➢ Fences
➢ Supports
➢ Current transformer ,Potential transformer

TYPES OF EARTHING:
➢ The various methods of earthing in common use are

➢ Rod earthing

➢ Strip or wire earthing

➢ Pipe earthing

➢ Plate earthing

In substations commonly pipe earthing is used.

The pipe of 80mm dia are used in substation.

 Conclusion
The purpose of this research was to identify effective strategies for dealing with
repetative motions identified in individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Based on
the analysis conducted ,it can be concluded that there are multiple behaviour
modification therapies important for the improvement of this behaviour .Future
expansion into behaviour modification techniques could be useful to find for the
therapy techniques . The amount this could improve therapies of others with
repetative motion behaviours is worth exploring.