TRADE PROJECT

INSTUTIONAL DESIGN OF STOREY ENGINEERING WORKSHOP AT

THE BUNGOMA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC .

PRESENTER :

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

INDEX : 6021010

COURSE CODE : 2705

SUPERVISOR : MR ASEKA

INSTITUTION : THE BUNGOMA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

EXAM SERIES : NOVEMBER 2024

PRESENTED TO : THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR
AWARD IN DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
TECHNOLOG

i
DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated to my dear parents, who gave me moral support as I conducted
my Studies. I dedicate also my all friends and almighty God for care and good health.

ii
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this is my original work and has been done with a lot of effort and skills
gained from year one plus additional research which has made me carry out this project
successfully.

This project is to be submitted to The Kenya National Examination Council for the award of
Diploma in Civil Engineering

Presented by:

NAME:…………………………………………………………

Sign: ……………..

SUPERVISED BY;

NAME: MR ASEKA

SIGNATURE; …………………………

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my acknowledgment to the almighty God for the spiritual guidance during my course
study in coming up with this project .My regards also goes to my supervisor Mr. aseka for his
guidance that has resulted to the completion of this work.
Lastly, I’m grateful to my classmates and my entire family for their moral support, sacrifice and
patience that have made the going worthwhile.

To those who have contributed towards the success of this work, may Almighty God bless you.

iv
 Table of Contents
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ii

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT SHEET................................................................................................................................viii

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................................................ix

CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................................................ix

NEW MODIFIED STUDENTS HOSTEL......................................................................................................ix

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................xi

1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY..............................................................................................................xi

2.0LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................................................xi

3.0 SURVEYING......................................................................................................................................xi

4.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................xi

5.0 TAKING OFF THE QUANTITIES FOR THE SUBSTRUCTURE WORKS......................................xi

6.0 SITE ORGANISATION AND SERVICES..........................................................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1

1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................3

3.0 SURVEYING.................................................................................................................................... 3

3.1 SITE INVESTIGATION.................................................................................................................3

3.2 RECONNAISSANCE.....................................................................................................................2

v
3.3 CHAIN SURVEY............................................................................................................................2

3.4...............................................................................................................................................................3

C. LEVELLING BY RISE AND FALL.....................................................................................................4

CONTOURING...........................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................................7

STRUCTURAL DESIGN spacing...........................................................................................................7

1, COLUMN DESIGN................................................................................................................................7

a, Top column..............................................................................................................................................7

B. Bottom columns......................................................................................................................................8

2, COLUMN BASE.....................................................................................................................................9

3. FLOOR SLAB DESIGN.......................................................................................................................11

4, BEAM DESIGN....................................................................................................................................14

Loading:....................................................................................................................................................14

a)T -BEAM...............................................................................................................................................14

L-BEAM center rib=2800.................................................................................................................16

5, STAIRCASE DESIGN..........................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................20

MEASUREMENTS

a, TAKE OFF THE QUANTITIES FOR THE SUBSTRUCTURE WORK.............................................20

b,BILLS OF QUANTITIES......................................................................................................................24

c. ESTIMATION AND COSTING...........................................................................................................26

CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................................................30

1.SITE ORGANIZATION........................................................................................................................30

2. SITE LAYOUT.....................................................................................................................................30

vi
3.METHOD STATEMENT.......................................................................................................................32

CONTRACT PROGRAME.......................................................................................................................35

..................................................................................................................................................................38

SERVICES................................................................................................................................................38

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................38

1. DETERMINE THE WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT..............................................38

2. RETICULATION SYSTEM.................................................................................................................38

3.DETAILS FOR DRAINAGE.................................................................................................................38

APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................39

Conclusion And Recommendations

vii
ABSTRACT SHEET
The project title was approved after a sufficient done research on the rate of enrollment of
students in the Bungoma National Polytechnic There was also conduction ofa feasibility study
whereby many registrations were expected as the institute grows. It was found out that this will
result in the inadequacy of engineering workshop, Therefore more workshops were needed to be
constructed to cater many students

Hence the objective of this project is to gauge the student's capability of applying the knowledge
and skills gained after a three years course in completion of building technology Field. The
project is meant to cover various disciplines under construction industry and also to meet the
syllabus requirements as stipulated by the technical education including survey works.

viii
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The design and construction to be done practical, economical and in conformity with the
construction regulations and must meet the client requirements and specifications, choice should
match existing structures and features of the site.

CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS

NEW MODIFIED STUDENTS HOSTEL

CLIENT: The The bungoma national polytechnic Proposes to Start New Modified Students
Hostel within the compound to curb up the need for accommodation among the various students
who join the institution yearly.

ix
 INTRODUCTION
This project is to be carried out between the guest house and the college bus park. The client,
The The Bungoma national polytechnic want the Student hostel which will comprise of the
following ;

1. 5 rooms for storage of machines

2. 8 rooms for practicals
3. 2 room for workshop keeper

x
 CHAPTER SUMMARY
.

1.0 Background of study

In this chapter am looking at the history of construction as a complex subject encompassing the
history of building materials and engineering building techniques.

2.0 Literature Review

In this chapter I outlined the motivation for this work and explained why the construction of
modern hostels is of great importance to the institution.

3.0 Surveying and Site investigation

All the surveying details are given after a proper chaining procedure is undertaken. This gives the
information on the topographical location of physical features and leveling of the ground that
produced a contour map.

SOIL INVESTIGATION
In this chapter, soil samples are taken to the laboratory for testing of the following; Atterberg limits,
proctor compaction tests, soil bearing capacity and shear tests. After which proper classification of soil
samples is done.

4.0 STRUCTURALDESIGN AND DRAWINGS

In this chapter, block plan, site layout plans, floor plans, elevations and cross-sections are made. All
the information concerning windows and doors schedule is also provided in this chapter.

5.0 MEASUREMENT
Under this chapter there is to take off the quantities for the substructure works of the proposed
structure. There is also calculation of bill of quantities.

ESTIMATION AND COSTING

It is required to build up a unit rate for hoarding over substructure works and for excavation in order to
prepare a bill of quantities is prepared.

xi
6.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION.
This chapter entails the suite layout, method statement and detailed program for the construction
process.

SERVICES
The water provision for the construction and use by the client together with drainage system are
well defined

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0BACKGROUND OFTHE STUDY

The history of construction is a complex subject encompassing the history of building materials,
the history of engineering building techniques, the economic and social history of the builders
and workers, the history of construction machinery and temporary works. Each of these has
complex literature devoted to it. The first largest building in the region collapsed, so the soil
sample was the most conjecture based on what we know about ancient materials

1.1 STATEMENT OF STUDY

The building construction industry is considered an essential aspect in any country mainly due to
the growing population and focus of the public on infrastructure development with this
government, local authority and the communities are focusing on better ways of building
construction to improve the quality of life of the people and the quality of building that are
coming up to avoid loss of lives-time investment and loss of lives of people. All the cases
increasing in the recent past have resulted in the massive loss of lives and assets. These have
been majorly caused by several factors that need to be looked into. The local authority and
municipality need to emphasize the building rules and Regulation are just but one of the factors
that contribute to quality building in the zone. Therefore the study has tried to establish other
factors that need to be looked into.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to examine the general factors to consider to come up with hostels
structure of the best quality and good codes of building.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study was to examine the factors to consider in building modern
workshops

1. To assess how building professionalism affects building.

2. To determine how building materials used in construction have contributed to the building

3. to access how the procedure followed in construction have contributed to the building.

4. To assess the local government’s role or the plays that contributed to building within the
country.

1
 1.4 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The following assumptions guided the study

a. The building specialist have to be involved in the design and construction process of the
building.

b. Corruption made by local government contributed correct builders.

c. Substandard materials are used in the construction of building with excellent concrete for
lives.

2
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, I outlined the motivation for this work and explained why the construction of
modern hostels is of great importance to the students of this institution. I also focused on the
steps taken by the government to reduce risks involved in using low standard materials and the
ratio of buildings of such kind and the need to understand the factors contributing to the failure
to strengthen and harmness those programmes, which is essential for sustainable, cost effective,
reduced lives lose and improvement of such building structures.

2.1 BACKGROUND TO BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

The first building was made by Engineers in Peninsula. They looked at early buildings, simple
huts, tents and shelters meant to suit the basic needs of protection from the elements built by
inhabitants,

However the very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on what we know about the
way nomadic hunter - gatherers and herders in remote areas build shelters today, However, it
was still possible to make quite elaborate stone structure with ingenuity using dry stone walling
technique

One of the most significant ancient structures was the Neolithic long house. It had all cases of
timber structures. Only the very lowest parts of the walls and post-holes were unearthed in
archeological excavators, making construction of the upper parts of these buildings purely
conjectured thus building collapsed after it had stayed over 150 years due to structural failure.

The following factors lead them to come up with a structure that still serves to Date

1. We are using substandard materials for construction which in most cases do not meet the set
standards.

2. Use of building specialist like the engineer, architects and quantity surveyors who are
perceived to be the most important thing even if they are expensive.

3. Use of quack contractors who are in the construction industry for money making severe
bussiness that mind about the quality.

4. The municipality of the county council laxity to do routine supervision on all building under
construction to see whether they confirm to the drawings they satisfied helped to counter check
specifications

3
5. Corruption cases involve the contractors and the council official and sometimes clients.

At the pre construction stage, collapse can be caused by flawed design calculations and detailing,
lack of holistic interpretation of all site drawings as a total building packag, that is, structural
and architectural drawings fail to be seen as one whole building package, lack of adequate soil
investigation reports and proper interpretation of the same, lack if records of laboratory results
on building materials to be used and inadequate soil compaction and consolidation of reclaimed
land causing differential settlement

During actual construction, collapse may arise from the use of inexperienced site engineers, lack
of proper supervision, use of substandard building materials such as sand blocks with improper
cement /sand mix, and engaging in improper constructional methods such as not mixing concrete
in correct proportions and improper curing of concrete.

Lack of Health Safety and Environment (HSEE) may also contribute to anomalies in
construction. When the labour force that is engaged in the daily construction work is not
adequately orientated on professionalism ethics as it relates to construction practices, discipline
and respect for standards, it will lead to poor arising or professional negligence as the case may
be.

4
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SURVEYING

3.1 SITE INVESTIGATION

I investigated the site and dug four trial holes each 3.00m deep and samples obtained in each
hole and labeled as A, B, C respectively. I took the sample for testing; the results are attached in
the next pages

Objective of the site investigation

1. To determine the nature and sequence of strata

2. To determine the ground water condition of the surrounding

3. To determine the soil properties like stability and bearing capacity

4. To enable one to determine the effects that may be caused by construction work on existing
structures both on site and the following tests were taken to determine surrounding

Soil testing investigation

a. The strength of the soil on the proposed project

b. Soil classification tests

c. Proctor computer tests

d. Soil bearing capacity tests

The soil was classified after plotting the graph below

Soil bearing capacity

A 100N/M result was found to be the bearing capacity of the soil sample after calculations. It
enhances the design of column bases of the building from plasticity table, the soil is described as
inorganic clay of low plasticity. The soil is under medium clay which has a bearing range of
100-300 Km/m

3.2 RECONNAISSANCE
This was carried out after visiting the site it was the pre-visit of the proposed site. The site was
upset for any demolition and cut down trees respectively. A sample sketch was drawn to provide
to provide a means of guidance and views of the site henceforth, the site was free from any

5
obstacles since there was no building or structure to demolish and trees to cut down to clear the
site .

3.3 CHAIN SURVEY

A branch of survey establish by linear measurement. Chain survey was carried out to obtain
information such as the actual size of the proposed site

The following procedures were embraced

a) reconnaissance
b) selection of survey station
c) selection of the baseline
d) actual survey
e) recording or booking
f) plotting

C. LEVELLING BY RISE AND FALL

BS IS FS RISE FALL R.L LENGTH REMARKS
1.861
1.379 0.482
2.080 0.701 100.00 20 BM
2.871 0.791 100.432 40 A
1.135 1.376 1.825 99.781 60 F2
3.020 2.285 1.885 98.970 80 E1
0.735 2.285 100.726 100 F1
2.101 1.336 98.841 120 T1
1.552 0.549 101.126 140 G1
3.273 1.722 99.760 160 G2
0.813 2.461 100.309 180 H2
3.596 2.783 98.265 200 E2
2.791 1.424 0.805 99.070 220 CP
1.367 100.437 240 J
2.301 1.440 100.437 260 C
0.861 0.509 101.877 280 H
0.352 2.735 2.387 99.999 300 BM

TT=4.162 TT=4.163 TT=11.634 TT=11.635

Arithmetic checks

FS-BS=4.163-4.162=0.001

RL=100.00-99.999=0.001
6
FALL-RISE=11.63-11.634=0.001

CONTOURING
Was done using Height of collimation method .i.e. established reduced levels at each point in
reference to TBM=100
Equipment used include
1 .Automatic level
2.Tripod
3 .Level rod
4 .Wire flags
5.Calculators
6 .Field note book
Procedure
a) Field procedure
Layout the grid by pacing or approximate measurements along the perpendiculars, setting
a wire flag or temporary marker every 20 ft. Ensure that you have the same number of
markers per row on the ground as you do in your field book.
 Set up the the level near the centre of your parcel so that back sight and foresight is
approximately balanced.
 Back sight to a parcel corner in order to established the elevation of the level . the
elevation data for the parcel corner can be found in your field note book from the level
lab
 Once the elevation of the instrument is established, observe side shots to each of the
flagged points. Simply place the rod on the ground next to each flagged point , plumb
it ,and take a reading on the rod . you only need to record the middle wire reading .
 when all observable points have been collected , take a foresight reading onto another
parcel corner [on the back sight point ].there should be less than 0.01 ft. error between BS
–FS readings and the known elevation
b) Plotting procedure

a, Identify alongside of your parcel and use this your baseline with one end point as your

baseline point . A line perpendicular to it at the base point is your other grid axis in the field ,

7
You can estimate the perpendicular direction by eye.

a. using this axes as your baseline , draw a 20 ft. grid in your field book following the
example attached to this alignment . start the grid outside the parcel and continue across
the parcel until you are outside the opposite side . your grid should be perpendicular lines
b. label the grid coordinates and create a table in your notes in order to facilitate organized
data collection .see the attached example bellow

N2000
N2020

N1980N

N1960

N1940

N1920

N1900
E5900 E5920 E5940 E5980 E6000 E6020 E6040
E5960

8
 CHAPTER FOUR

STRUCTURAL DESIGN spacing

1, COLUMN DESIGN

a, Top column
12X Y=12X20=240mm

assume ; Column size =(200x300)mm or

density of concrete =24 least X –Section =200mm
concrete mix 1:2:4 therefore ;provide Y8 @ 200mm
imposed load =500kn c/c
dead load =500kn
fcu=30N/mm2
fy=500N/mm2 6 Y 20 main bars

soln
design load =(1.4x500)+(1.6x500)=1500kn Y8 @ 200
Fc=0.45fcuAc+0.87fyAsc mm c/c
1500x103 =0.45x30x200x300+0.87x500xAsc link
1500000=810000+435Asc
1500000-810000=435Asc
690000/435=435Asc/435
Asc=1586.21mm2
From the design tables,
Provide 6 Y 20

9
Asc=1890mm2
Design of links =1/4x20=5

Asc =1890mm2

Design of links =1/4x20=5

Provide Y 8 for links

B. Bottom columns
By taking a section of the slab above the bottom columns

Design links=1/4x Y=1/4x20=5

Provide Y8 for links

Spacing= 7400mm least of

Top slab
12Xy=12x20=240mm 2800mm or

Self-weight of the slab=0.15x24x7.4x2.8=74.60kn least x-section =200mm

Self-weight of the column =0.2x0.3x24=1.44kn spacing =200mm c/c

Load from the top column=1500kn therefore, Provide y8 @ 200mm

Weight of ribs (lx)=0.2x0.3x2.8x24=4.032kn c/c as links

(ly)=0.2x0.3x7.4x24=10.66kn

Total load =1590.73 6Y20(main

Slenderness ratio=le/b=0.75/200=1.125

1.125 is less than 1.5 6 y8 @

Therefore: 200mm c/

Fc=0.45fcuAc+0.87fyAsc

1590730=0.45x30x200x300+0.87x500xAsc

10
1590730-810000=435Asc/435

435

Asc=1794.78mm2

From design tables;

Provide 6Y 20

2, COLUMN BASE
M x-x =q/24{(2L+a) -(B-b)2}

COLUMN BASE DESIGN =199134.20/24{(2X2.2) +(0.2-2.1-

Axial base =800kn 0.3)2}

Column size =200x300mm =11284.27Nm

Fy=230N/mm2

Soil bearing capacity =200kn My-y=q/24{(2B+b) -(L-a)2}

Permissible shear stress=1.4 N/mm2

M=15 =4148.63NM

Workings Dx-x={Mxx/Qa}1/2

Column load =800000N ={11284270/0.812X200}1/2

Assume self-weight of the base =15%of column load =263.60mm

15/100x800000=120000N Dyy={Myy/Qb}1/2

Total load =8000+120000 =920000N={4148630/0.812X300}1/2

Area of the column footing =total load /bearing capacity = 130.50mm

920000/200x100=4.6m2 depth D=300mm

Provide 2.1m x2.2 m footing d1=300-75=225mm

Bearing pressure q=weight /area of footing

Astxx=MxxX000/Qst.j.d

11
=920000/2.1X2.2

=11284270/275*0.915*225

=199134.20N/mm2

Provide 4Y12

Ast=452mm2 in the longer direction

Reinforcements in the shorter span

B=b/a=2.2/2.1=1.05

Reinforcement in central band which is equal to shorter span

=2/1.05+1X199.31

=194.45mm2

Balanced steel =199.31-194.45

=4.86mm2

Provide 2Y8 bars

Ast=101mm2

Check for shear V

V=q[(LXB)-(a+d) (b+d]

=199134.20[(2.2X2.1-0.2+0.225)(0.3+0.225)]

= 438568.18N

tv=V/2[(a+d) +(b+d) Xdcc

=438568.18/2[(200+225) +(300+225)] detailing

=0.864N/mm2

Permissible shear stress Tv 200x300 colmn

Tv=KsXtv

=0.5X200/300X0.16(20)1/2

12
 = 0.83

No shear reinforcement is required

D12 Y8 bars

3. FLOOR SLAB DESIGN

By taking a portion of the slab e.g., the manicure room, design moments

floor slab appears as below

200mm the panel of the manicure =3.2

200mm for short span: Bsxn=0.05(negative mom)

Bsxn=0.03(positive mom)

For longer span: Bsyn=0.032

Data for shorter span

Fcu=30N/mm2 Msxn=BsxnXnXlx2

Concrete mix=1:2:4

Imposed load =4.5kn/m2

Slab thickness d=150mm

Finishes =1.25kn/m2

Workings =5.68knm

Ly/lx=3200/3000=1.067 for longer span

1.067<1.5; hence designed as two-way sla

Loadings =0.032X15X32

Dead loads =finishes +self-weight=4.32knm

Imposed load =4.5 kn/m2

Design load = (1.4X5.57) +(1.6+4.5)

n=15kn/m2

13
Steel reinforcements

main steel (shorter span)

secondary steel

Z=0.95d1=0.95*110=104.5mm

Ast=MsynX1000000/0.87fyz

d d1 =4.32X1000000/0.87X500X

104.5

secondary steel (long span) =95.03mm2

assume Y 10 ,25 mm cover Ast>0.13%X1000X150

d of main steel=h-cover-y/2 =195mm2

d=150-10/2-25-10 provide Y 10t @200mm c/c

d=120mm As=393mm2 longer direction

d of secondary steel =h-cover-Y-Y/2 at mispan

d1=150-25-10-10/2 main steel

=110mm Ast=MsxpX1000000/0.87fyz

Main steel 5.68X1000000/0.87X500X11

Z=0.95X120 4

=114mm =114.53mm2

Ast=MssxnX1000000/0.87fyz As>0.13%X1000X150

=7.68X1000000/0.87X500X114 =195mm2

14
=154.87mm2 provide Y 10 @ 300mm c/c

Ast>Asmin=0.13%X1000X150 As=262mm2

=195mm2

Provide Y 10 at 250mm c/c(As=314mm2)

(in shorter direction )

Secondary steel

As=Msyp*1000000/0.87fyz

=3.24*1000000/0.87*500*0.95*150

=52.27mm2

As>Asmin =0.13%*1000*150

=195mm2

Provide Y 10 at 250mm c/c

As =314mm2

(Longerspan)

Detailing :

15 Y10 at 200mmc/c

12 Y10 at 250mm c/c

16 Y10 at 200mm c/c

15 Y10 at 200mm c/c

Y 10 at 200mm c/c

Y 10 at300mm c/c

15
4, BEAM DESIGN

Loading:

a)T -BEAM
B total load=4.9*2.5*Centre ribs

ds =7.4*2.8

d dr =20.72kn/m

weight of the beam rib =0.2*0.3*24

data br =1.44

d=3400 total load/m =20.72/2+1.44

fcu=30N/mm2 =11.8kn/m

concrete mix =1:2:4 11.8kn/m

concrete density =24kn/m3 Mmax 3.4m

fy=230N/mm2M=w*l*l/8=11.8*3.4*3.4/8=17.05knm

beam size=200x300 200(b)

w.d.l=4.9KN/M2 300(d)

pcb=7N/mm2

w.i.l=2.5KN/M2 d1=d-cover-Y/2

soln Assume cover =25mm, Y20

margin ratio =3400/15=226.67 d1=300-25-20/2

br=1/2(d/3+2/3d) =265mm

take d=300mm MR=r.pcb.Bd2

br=1/2(300/3+2/3x300) =br/4b+1/3(1-br/b) (2(ds/d1-(ds/d1))2

=150 =150/4*1133.33+1/3(1-150/1133.33)

B a)1/3*effective span=1/3*3400=1133.33 =0.175

16
b) Centre ribs =2800 MR=0.175*7*1133.33*265*265=97.50kn

la=d1-ds/2=265-150/2=190

Ast=MR*1000000/fyla

=97500000/230*190

=2231.12mm2

Provide 5Y25 (Ast=2454mm2)

Shear check

Qmax=wl/2

=11.8*3.4/2

=20.06

Qactual=Qmax/bla

20.06*1000/200*190

0.53N/mm2

Qactual< QP

0.53<0.7

Ok for shear

=least of; (2(150/265-(150/265)2

17
L-BEAM center rib=2800
B total load =7.4kn/m

ds total load on the beam =7.4*3.4/2=12.58

d weight of the rib =0.2*0.3*24=1.44

total load /m=12.58+1.44=14.02kn/m

br 14.02kn/m

data

concrete mix =1:2:4 3.4m

concrete density =24kn/m3

fy=230N/mm2 300mm

pcb=7N/mm2

imposed load =2.5kn/m2 200mm

dead load =0.7kn/m2 Mmax=wl*l/8=14.02*3.4*3.4/8=20.26

finishes=0.6 kn/m2 assume Y20,cover =25mm

self load =3.6 kn/m2 d1=d-Y/2-cover

slab thickness =150mm =300-20/2-25

wdl=4.9kn/m2 =265mm

w.i.l=2.5kn/m2 r=br/4B+1/3(1-br/B)(2(ds/d1-(ds/d1)2)

soln =150/4x1133.33+1/3(1-150/1133.33)

total loading =7.4 (2(150/265-(150/265)2)

d=span/15=3400/15=226.67 =0.175

br=1/2(d/3+2/3d)=1/2(300/3+2/3*300) MR=0.175*7*1133.33*265*265=97.50

=150 MR>Mmax

B=1/3*3400=1133.33 97.50>20.26 ok and can carry the load

Tensile steel

18
La=d1-ds/2=255-150/2=190

Ast =MR*1000000/fyla

=9750000/230*190

=2231.12mm

Provide 5Y25(Ast=2454mm2)

Shear check

QMax=wl/2=14.02*3.4/2=23.83

Q actual=Qmax/bla

=23.83*1000/1133.33*190

=0.1

Qactual< 0.7

1.1<0.7 ok for shear

19
5, STAIRCASE DESIGN
Angle btn =tan inverse of
200 150/300

900 =26.57

200 number of steps /m

900 =1000/300=3.33

200 say 4 steps

DATA 1200 1900

Concrete mix =1:2:4 x y

Concrete density=24kn/m3

Imposed load=4.5kn/m2 1M

Finishes=0.7kn/m2 tan 26.57=x/1

Riser=150mm x=0.5m

Pcb=7N/mm2 y=(1 +0.5)1/2

Fy=230N/m2 =1.12m

Waist=150mm weight of the steps =1/2*tread*riser*

Soln steps*density

Effective length=G +x+y =1/2*300*150*4*24*1000000

=1/2(1200+500)+1900 =2.16kn

=2.75 weight of waist /m=riser/m=150/1000

=0.15

=y*w/m*density=1.12*0.15*24=4.03kn

300 imposed load /m=4.5*1=4.5kn

150 finishes /m=0.6*1=0.6kn

20
Total loading =2.16+4.03+4.5+0.6=11.29kn/m

11.29kn/m

2.75m

Mmax=wl*l/8=11.29*2.75*2.75/8=10.67knm

Loading factor method

D1=(4Max/pcb*b)1/2

=4*10670000/100*7

=78.08mm

Assume Y 10, cover=25mm

D1=d-Y/2-cover

=150-10/2-25

=120mm

La=3/4*120

=90mm

Ast =Mmax/fyla

=10670000/230*90

=515.46mm2

Provide 6 Y 12

Ast=679mm2

Minimum area of sheet

= 0.12bd/100

=0.12*1000*150/100

provide 4 Y 8 @ 250mm c/c=180mm2(Ast=210mm2)

21
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0TAKE OFF THE QUANTITIES FOR THE SUBSTRUCTURE WORK

24.2 m

17.6 m

150mm thick slab

150
200mm h/c
2050

300
DPM/DPC

3000 150mm thick murram

blinding

SUBSTRUCTURE WORK
ALL ARE PROVISIONAL
EARTHWORK AND SITE PREPARATION
1.site clearance
2.excation of vegetable soil
3.reduce levels
4.excation of foundation trench
5.item –dewatering
_strutting and plucking
6.foundation trench blinding
7.concrete in trench
8. foundation walling
9.hardcore

22
 10.murram blinding
11.formwork
12.antitermite treatment
13.dpm
14.brc mesh
15.oversite concreting /slab
16.dpc
17.soil adjustment
Site clearance/excavation of vegetable soil /reducing levels
Length=24200+600/2=25.4m
Width=17600+600/2=18.8m

25.4 Clear the site of all bushes , undergrowth ,small trees ,shrubs
and all the arising and burn the on the site
18.8 $
Excavate the vegetable soil n.e 150mm dp and spread on site as
directed
$
Excavate in RL n.e 150mm dp
$
Cut away and deposit the soil 30m away from the site

Trench excavation
Girth=L=25.4/2 }+
W=18.8/2
=88.4m
88.4
N/B;the trench is 2500mm dp
4.20
Width of the trench =3000+600/2=4.20m
2.50 Depth =2500m=2.50m
Excavate the trench average 1.5m dp beginning from the RL
$
Cut away
$
Allow for general removal of ground water from the excavate
trench
$
Allow for strutting and plucking

Foundation blinding (trench blinding )/concreting

23
 L=88.4
W=3.00m
88.4 D=0.30m
Spread 1:2:4 plain concrete in trench for the fdn blinding and
3.00 concreting
$
0.30 Compact and level

Foundation walling
88.4 L=88.4
T=0.20m
2.05
H=2.05m
0.20 Constructing a 200mm thick wall in 1:3 cement sand motor

Hardcore
L=24.2
24.2 W=17.6m
Spread 50mm thick murram blinding over the h/c to fill the
17.6 voids
$
Compact and level

Formwork/ Antitermit treatment

2/ 88.4 Provide sawn fwk to vertical sides of the fdn
$
Provide antitermite to the blinded surface

2/ 88.4 DPC/BRC
Lay 50 gauge polythene for damp proof membrane
$
Lay BRC mesh reinforcement over the DPM

Slab (over site concreting )

L=24.2m
W=17.6m
T=0.15m
24.2 Lay RC 1:2:4 for the slab
$
17.6 Compact and level
$
0.15
DPC

24
Construct 200mm thick DPC

Soil adjustment
Backfill the voids as directed by the site engineer

25
B,BILLS OF QUANTITIES
NO DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT
shs cts
EARTHWORKS AND SITE
PREPARATION (ALL PROVISIONAL)

SITE CLEARANCE
1
Clear the site of all the bushes ,shrubs M2 210 15.95 3349 50
,underground roots ,and undergrowth and the
arising and burn them on site

VEGETABLE SOIL
EXCAVATION
2 M3 200 45.95 9190 00
Excavate vegetable soil average
150mm dp and spread on site and level

EXCAVATION IN REDUCING
3 LEVEELS M3 200 16.95 3390 00

Excavate vegetable soil average

300mm dp from stripped level and keep in
permanent heaps for spoil
4 M3 546 79.00 43134 00
EXCAVATION IN TRENCH

Excavate in trench av.1.5m dp and ne

3m dp and deposit on site

5 CONCRETING M3 42 15.95 669 00

Spread 1:2:4 plain concrete in trench
and compact and level

FOUNDATION WALLING
6 M3 48 90.00 4320 00
Construct 200mm thickfdn stone
wall in 1:3 cement sand motor

HARDCORE M3 22 40.60 893 20

7 Supply recommended natural stones

for fdn floor av.250mm thick and compact
and level

26
 BLINDING
8
Spread 50mm thick murram blinding M2 174 17.90 3114 60
on top of the h/c to fill the voids ,compact
and level

DPM
9 Lay 500 gauge polythene for M2 104 200 20800 00
dampness prevention

BRC MESH

Provide A142 BRC fabric mesh for M2 104 240.50 25012 00

10
reinforcements

FORMWORK
M2 104 105.00 1560 00
11 Provide sawn fwk to the vertical sides
of the fdn

ANTITERMITE TREATM
M2 104 15.00 1560 00
Provide antitermite to the blinded
12 surfaces

OVERSITE CONCRETING

RC 1:2:4 for fdn bed and compact

13 M2 104 90.00 9360 00
well and level

DPC
M2 100 86.00 8600 00
Construct 200mm thick DPC
14

SOIL ADJUSTMENTS
M3 42 15.95 669 00
15 Return 9and fill the empty spaces of
the trench av 200mm and compact

ITEM
17 M3 546 10.00 5460 00
Allow for general plucking and
strutting

27
C, ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1,HOARDING SH CTS
DATA
Roofing nails =sh150/kg
Cost of one iron sheet =sh 800
Mild still nails =sh100/kg
Cost of 100x50 timber =sh 90/m
Cost of 75x75 timber =sh 65/m
Skilled labor =sh 65/hr
Unskilled labor =sh 36/hr
Soln
Assume any relevant information not given
a, Consider 10m run
assume the length of one post =4m
11 posts =11x4 =44m
Cost of the 11 posts =44x100=sh4400
b, Runners length =3x10 =30m
costs =30x90=sh .2700
c,Sheets no.=10/0.85 =11.76
=12 sheets
Costs of the sheets =12x800=sh9600
Total costs of materials =4400+2700+9600=sh16700
Allow 8% o wastages =0.08x16700=sh1336
Total costs of materials =16700+1336=sh 18036
Allow for 2 Reuses =18036/2=sh 9018
d, Roofing nails ; assume 3kg @sh 150=sh 450
mild nails ;assume 3kg @ sh100=sh 300
total =sh 450+300=sh 750
e ,Labor ;skilled =sh 65/hr for 8hrs a day =sh 520
unskilled=sh 36/hrfor 8hrs a day =sh 288
total labor =sh 520+288=sh 808
total materials +nails +labor=9018+750+808=sh 10576
allow 30% profits and overheads =30%x10576=sh3172.80
total=10576+3172.80=sh 13748.80
total cost for 10m run hoarding =13748.80
cost/m run=13748.80/10=sh 1374.88
cost of hoarding on site =1374.88x74.32x2=sh 204,362.16 204362 16

2,TRENCH EXCAVATION
Build up a unit rate for trench excavation av 2.05m from stripped
level in m3

28
Soln
Labor constant =3hrs
Cost of labor =3x36.50=sh 109.50
Allow 30% profits and overheads =0.3x109.50=sh 32.85
Total cost =109.50+32.85=sh 142.35
Excavation on site
Total volume to be excavated =546+42=588m3
Assume 1m3of excavation =sh 142.35 (cost of labor)
Cost of excavation =142.35x588=sh 83701.80 83701 80
Total cost of excavation =sh 83701.80
3,BRC MESH
Build up a unit rate for BRC mesh A142 including labor ,bends and
spacing
Data
Cost of BRC Size 2x45 long (m)=sh 1300
Binding wires =0.1kg /m2@sh.50/kg
Distance blocks =4no/m2@sh 5
Skilled labor =sh 35
Unskilled lbor =20
Soln
Consider 2x45m roll
Cost per roll=sh 1300
Tying wires =0.1x2x45@50=sh 450
Distance blocks =2x45x4x5=sh 1800
Total =sh 1520
Allow 10% wastages=0.1x15250 +15250=sh 16775
Labour
1 skilled =sh 35
2 unskilled =sh 20
cost of labor for 5hrs =5x(20+35)= sh275
total materials +labor=16775+275=sh 17050
allow 30%profits and overheads =0.3x17050 +17050=sh 22165
246 30
cost /m2=22165/90=sh246.30

4,CONCRETING
Build up unit rate for materials using the mix 1:2:4
Data
Cost of cement =sh 750/kg ,,,,density=1440kg/m3
Cost of sand =sh 1300/tone ,,,,,,,density=1600kg/m3
Cost of ballast =sh 1500 /tone,,,,,,,density=1660kg/m3
Costb of 250L mixer =sh 4000000
Resale value after 5 years=1000000
Repair , maintenance,insurance =sh 70000
Interest on investment =10% pa
Running cost =sh 100/hr

29
Operator=sh 40/hr
Hours worked a year=2000hrs
Assume any relevant information
Soln
MATERIALS
1M3 cement =1x750x1440/50=sh 21600
2M3 sand =2x1300x1600/1000=sh 4160
4M3 ballst=4x1500x1660/1000=sh 9960
Total cost =sh 35720
Cost /ratio=35720/7=sh 5102.90
Allow 45% wastage +shrinkage =0.45x5102.90+5102.90=sh7399.21
MACHINE
Owning cost
Dep.per year=4000000-1000000/5=sh 60000
Interest =0.1x0.6x4000000=sh 240000
Repair/mantainence /insurance =70000
Total annual owning cost=sh 910000
Hourly owning cost =910000/2000=sh 455/hr
Running cost
Operator =sh 40/hr
3 unskilled =sh4x25=sh 100/hr
fuel=sh 100/hr
sandness=sh 110/hr
total running cost =sh 350/hr
output
cycle time =6min
efficiency =54min
no of buckets =efficiency/cycle time=54/6=9 bkts
assume bucket capacity =1.50m3
volume produced /hr=1.50x9=13.50m3
cost /m3=running cost+ owning cost /volume produced
=455+350/13. 50
=sh 59.62
Transportation
Assume 50m away
One wheelbarrow =5L
Time taken to and fro =5min
No.of wheelbarrow =50x2/5=20 wheelbarrow
Total time taken =20x5=100mins =1.67 hrs
Cost of transport =1.67x20=sh 33.40/hr
Laying
Skilled +unskilled =30+25=sh.55/hr
Allow for vibrating =sh 85/m3
Total material +labor=sh 7399.21+55.40+55+85=sh 7572.61 9844 40
Allow 30% profits and overheads

30
=0.3x7572.61+7572.61=9844.40
Total cost /m3=of concrete =sh.9844.40

5.BAR REINFORCEMENTS
Build up a unit rate for the following items 20mm mild steel
reinforcement to BS 8110 including tapes , bending and tying
Data
Cost of mild steel =sh 60 /kg
Labor constant for 1000 reinforcement /cutting
Cutting=sh 6/hr
Bending =sh 20/hr
Fixing =sh 40/hr
Tying =sh 60/kg
Tying wires per 1000kg of reinforcement steel =10kg
Distance block and No/kg of steel =sh 6
Skilled labour =sh 30/hr
Unskilled labor =sh 25/hr
Assume ny other relevant information
Soln
Cost of 1000kg steel @60=sh 60000
Tying wires 10kg @sh 60=sh 600
Distance blocks =1000x6/100=sh 600
Total =sh 61200
Allow 5% wastages =0.5x61200+61200= sh 64260
Labor
Cut /bend/fix=65.4hrs
=65.4hrs@sh.(30+25)=sh 35977
Total labor +materials =64260+3597=sh 67897
Allow 30% profits and overheads =0.3x67857+67857
=sh 88214.10
Total cost of 1000kg=sh 88214.10 88 21
Cost/kg=sh 88214.10/1000=sh 88.21

31
 CHAPTER SIX

SITE ORGANIZATION

A, SITE LAYOUT
The site layout of the block was drawn after measuring the perimeter of the site then utilized the
space property. The site layout guides the various places of the construction site, place or
position of the construction materials and plant movement on site.

Details for site lay out plan are on the drawing

a)site plan

PROPOSED
BUILDING

Bungoma
navakholo

Romima lwanda juct road

32
SITE LAY OUT

GENERAL STORE SITE HOUSE SITE OFFICES PIT LATRINE

PROPOSED
BUILDING
BRICKS

STONES Lecture hall Bungoma

navakholo

WATER POINT COURSE

FINE AGREGGATES
AGGREGATE

PIT LATRINE URINAL PIT CHANGE ROOM

Romima lwanda junction

33
4METHOD STATEMENT
O O Q MO P OD
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34
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44
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45
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48
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49
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50
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51
 p
c

52
CONTRACT PROGRAME
OPERATION ACTIVITY DURATION
NO.
1 Hoarding 3 days
2 Striping off 2 days
3 Setting out 1 day
4 Pit excavation 2 days
5 Excavation in trench 7 days
6 Plucking and strutting 2 days
7 Foundation treatment and treatment 2 days
8 Reinforcement in column 5 days
9 Formwork 10 days
10 Column concreting 2 days
11 Foundation concreting 1 day
12 Foundation walling 3 days
13 Hardcore filling 3 days
14 Backfilling 3 days
15 Murram blinding 1 day
16 DPM 2 days
17 Formwork to concrete bed 2 days
18 Floor sab 2 days
19 DPC 1 day

53
 A 52.7

43.35A
A2.95

25.352

2.5

21.80 2.9

1.8 A2.0

54
EVENT DESCRIPTION DURATION START FINISH START FINISH
0-1 Hoarding 3 0 3 0 3
1-2 Striping of 2
1-3 Setting out 1
2-4 Dummy -
3-4 Pit excavation 2
4-5 Trench excavation 7
4-6 Plucking and strutting 2
5-7 Dummy -
6-7 Foundation treatment 2
and compaction
7-8 Reinforcement in 5
column
8-9 Formwork 10
9-10 Column concreting 2
10-11 Foundation concreting 1
11-12 Foundation walling 3
12-13 h/c filling 3
12-14 Backfilling 3
13-15 Murram blinding 1
14-15 Fwk to concrete bed 2

55
B, SERVICES
INTRODUCTION
The building site can be considered a temporary factory, where the building is produced
this activity to take place the builder requires men, materials and plants. All these have to be
carefully controlled so that the men have the right machine in the most adequate position, the
materials stored so that they are readily available and not interfering with the general site
circulation a building and the total size of the site on which the building is to be erected.
Therefore is no standard size ratio between the free site spaces required considered as a
separation problem in terms of allocating space for men, materials and plant. To obtain
maximum efficiency there is an optimum way of laying out the site and also a correct amount of
expenditure to support the proposed site layout.

1. DETERMINE THE WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

The consumption of water will be 3L per head

Hence 30x50

=1500 Litres

Storm water

Surface run-off water will flow through open channels up the sewer/ disposal

2. RETICULATION SYSTEM
Waste water will flow throw combined system of sewer while clean water will flow through
pipes from the main tank

3.DETAILS FOR DRAINAGE

The drainage system will be self cleaning, easy to repair and maintain.

56
APPENDIX

 Site plan
 Floor plans
 Elevations
 Doors and windows schedule

57