Module – 1

Ecosystems (Structure and Function): Forest, Desert, Wetlands, Riverine, Oceanic and Lake. Ecosystem:
Structure of Ecosystem, Types: Forest, Desert, Wetlands, Riverine, Oceanic ecosystems. Sustainability:
17SDG targets and possible actions.

Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)

1 Which among the following is not a climatic factor?
a) Pressure b) Saprophytes c) Temperature d) All of the above
2 The basic requirements of human beings are provided by
a) Industrialization b) Agriculture c) both a & b d) Urbanization
3 Niche means
a) Specific place of ecosystem b) Specific climate condition c) Specific whether d) both b & c
4 Environment means
a) a beautiful landscape b) industrial production c) sum total of all condition d) air and water
5 Atmosphere has the main constituents
a) nitrogen, oxygen and d) nitrogen oxides and sulphur
b) argon, neon and helium c) carbon dioxide, methane
water vapour oxides
6 A Major Nitrogen storage reservoir is
a) River b) Atmosphere c) Oceans d) Trees
7 The part of the Atmosphere in which life will not exists is known as
a) Lithosphere b) Biosphere c) Atmosphere d) Ionosphere
8 Hydrological cycle mainly involves
a) Air & Water b) Sun & Rain c) Animal & Water d) None of the above
9 Which layer of earth contains ground water
a) Core b) Mantle c) Crust d) All the above
10 Which of the following is not Abiotic component of ecosystem
a) Plant b) Solar Light c) Temperature d) Humidity
11 Hydrosphere denotes
a) Air b) Plants c) Planktons d) None
12 …………………is the average whether of Habitat
a) Climate b) Pedogenesis c) Both a & b d) None
13 Microscopic organisms are
a) Phytoplankton b) Zooplankton c) Plankton d) All the above
14 Medha Patkar is famous for
a) Chipko movement b) Appiko Movement c) Bothe a & b d) Narmada Bachav Andolana
15 The origin of word Ecology
a) French b) Greek c) Latin d) Both a & b
16 Percentage of O2 in Atmosphere
a) 21% b) 20.9% c) both a & b d) None of the above
17 The word biosphere is introduced by
a) Grinnel b) Odum c) Earnest Haeckel d) Edward Suess
18 The term Environ means
a) Surroundings b) Environment c) Okios d) All the above
19 The Community ecology is also called
a) Species ecology b) Auto ecology c) Syne ecology d) All the above
20 Global unit characterized by flora and fauna
a) Biosphere b) Biome c) Ecosystem d) None
20 The word “Environment” is derived from
a) Greek b) French c) Spanish d) English
21 Which of the following related to Soil
a) Ecology b) Climate c) Edhaphic d) All the above
22 Auto ecology is also called as
a) Population b) Community c) Species d) Nuclear
23 Name of the Scientist who gave the word Niche
a) Odum b) Ernest Haeckel c) Grinnell d) Both a & c
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
24 Biotic component includes the
a) climate & edaphic factors b) climate factor c) Edaphic factor d) none
25 Troposphere has altitude range
a) 11 – 50 km b) 0 – 11 km c) 20 – 80 km d) 80 – 200 km
26 Lithosphere denotes
a) water b) plants c) microorganisms d) soil
27 1/3 of the land is covered with
a) Water b) Air c) Forest d) All of the above
28 Study of population is called
a) Pediology b) Edhapic c) Both a & b d) demography
29 The word environment first noticed by
a) Eanst Haeckel b) Neuten c) Ramanujam d) None of the above
30 Which of the following is a biotic component of ecosystem
a) Fungi b) Solar Light c) Temperature d) Humidity
31 Plant bearing .........................content
a) Carbon dioxide b) Solar energy c) Water d) Chlorophyll
32 Which of the following is terrestrial resources
a) Grassland b) Forest c) Desert d) All of the above
33 Habitat
a) The function of the b) The place where the c) The size of the d) the life span of the
organism in the ecosystem organisms are found organisms organisms
34 Dead plant parts and animal remains
a) Grassing b) Microorganism c) Detritus d) None
35 Composition of stratosphere
a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Ozone d) All the above
36 The forest is example for
a) A biotic b) Biotic c) both a & b d) None
37 The adverse effect of modern agriculture is
a) Water pollution b) Soil degradation c) Water Logging d) All of the above
38 The term Ecology was introduced in the year
a) 1935 b) 1867 c) 1866 d) 1927
39 Ecosystem is
a) Segment of nature b) segment of Biome c) patches of biome d) All the above
40 Formation of hole in ozone is maximum over
a) India b) Antarctica c) Europe d) Africa
41 Appiko Movement was started to protect
a) Forest b) Desert c) Water d) None
42 The term ecological engineering was first coined
a) Elton b) Odum c) Grinnel d) None
43 Umbrella of the earth is located in
a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Both a & b d) None
44 Deforestation generally decreases
a) Rainfall b) Soil erosion c) Drought d) Global warming
45 Peeling of Ozone umbrella, which protects us from UV rays , is caused by
a) PAN b) CO2 c) CFCs d) Coal burning
46 What is the percentage of fresh water available in lakes and streams
a) 0.001% b) 0.001% c) 0.01 % d) 0.1 %
47 The leader of Appiko Movement is
a) Sundarlal Bahuguna b) Medha patkar c) Vandana Shiva a) All the above
48 A food web consists of
b) An organisms position in d) A set of similar
a)A portion of a food chain c) Interlocking food chain
a food chain consumer
49 Secondary consumers is also called as
a) Carnivorous b) Herbivorous c) Both a & b d) None
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
50 The word Ecosystem was coined by
a) A G Tansley b) Ernest Haeckel c) Odum d) None
51 Which of the following is a Terrestrial Ecosystem
a) Forest b) Grass land c) Desert d) All the above
52 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and also 'Earth Summit'
a) June 1992 b) June 1979 c) 1909 d) 1917
53 Taungya system
a) Agro forestry b) inexhaustible c) exhaustible d) mining
54 The Sequence of eating and being eaten in an Ecosystem is called
a) Food Chain b) Hydrological Cycle c) Carbon Cycle d) Anthropogenic
55 Most stable ecosystem
a) River b) Lake c) Ocean d) Forest
56 Which one is the correct food chain?
a) Phyto-Zoo-Fish b) Zoo-Phyto-Fish c) Grass-Fish-Zoo d) Zoo-Protozoan’s-Fish
57 Dead plant parts and animal remains
a) Grassing b) Microorganism c) Detritus d)
58 Successive replacement of communities in an area over a period of time
a) Succession b) Ecosystem c) Habitat d) Population
59 The food chain starts with grass
a) Grazing food chain b) Detrivours food chain c) Both a & B d) None
60 Animals are examples for
a) Heterotrophs b) Convertors c) Auto tropes d) None
61 Plants are examples for
a) Heterotrophs b) Convertors c) Auto tropes d) None
62 Each step in a food chain represents a
a) Primary b) Secondary c) Trophic level d) None
63 Which are called ‘Key Industry of Animals’
a) Primary consumers b) Secondary Consumers c) Herbivorous animals d) Both a & c
64 The primary Producers in a Forest Ecosystem are
a) Chlorophyll containing trees b) Carnivorous c) Herbivorous animals d) Both a & c
65 Earth Day is observed on
a) 1st December b) 5th June c) April 2nd d) 1st January
66 World Environment Day
a) 1st December b) 5th June c) April 2nd d) 1st January
67 The study of interactions between living organisms and environment is called as
a) Ecosystem b) Ecology Phytosociology c) Biology
68 The environment which has been modified by human activities is called
a) Natural b) Anthropogenic c) Urban d) Modern
69 Forest is……………….Ecosystem
a) Simple b) Complex c) Group of trees d) None of these
70 Earth atmosphere contains __%nitrogen
a) 78% b) 21% c) 12% d) 98%
71 Which Pyramid is always upright?
a) Energy b) Biomass c) Numbers d) Food chain
72 In an ecosystem biological cycling of materials is maintained by
a) Producers b) Consumer c) Decomposer d) All of the above
73 ……………………are referred to as Earth’s Lungs
a) Forests b) Carbon cycles c) Water sources d) Mines
74 An Ecosystem consists of
a) Biotic component b) Abiotic component c) Both a and b d) None of these
75 In a food chain humans are
a) Primary consumers b) Secondary consumers c) Primary and secondary consumers d) Producers
76 World AIDS Day
a) 1st December b) 5th June c) April 2nd d) 1st January
77 Food chain is divided into …………… basic categories
a) Four b) Three c) Five d) Seven
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
78 A pond / lake is
d) Community of plants and animals
a) A biome b) Unnatural ecosystem c) An artificial ecosystem
only
79 Biome is
d) Community of plants and The part of
a) The fauna of b) The flora of c) Communities of organisms
the earth and its atmosphere which is
an ocean land interacting with one another
inhabited by living organisms
80 Grassland biome for its maintenance requires
a) Periodic Fire b) Intensive grazing c) Moving d) All of the above
81 Primary consumers in the detritus food chain are
a) Herbivorous b) Bacteria and fungi c) Insect Larva, nematodes e) All the above
82 Total organic matter present in an ecosystem is called
a) Biomass b) Biome c) Litter d) Food
83 Detritus food chain in comparison to grazing food chain is
a) Generally Longer b) Generally Equal c) Generally Shorter d) None of these
84 Putrefying organisms are
a) Producer
b) Reducer organisms c) Consumer organisms d) Parasitic Organism
organisms
85 The most important organisms for an ecosystem are
a) Herbivorous b) Carnivorous c) Green plants Protozoa
86 Pyramid of numbers in a pond ecosystem is always
a) Inverted b) Erect c) Irregular d) None of these
87 Atmosphere consists of 79% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen by
a) Volume b) Weight c) Density d) All of these
80 Amount of Fresh Water Availability on earths is
a) 2.0% b) 3.5% c) 2.2% d) 0.6%
81 Biosphere is
a) The solid shell of b) The thin shell of organic c) The sphere which occupies
d) All of
inorganic materials on the matter on the surface of each the maximum volume of all the
these
surface of the earth comprising of all the living things spheres
82 World Ozone day is celebrated on ………….
a) September 5th b) October 15th c) September 16th d) September 11th
83 Which of the following is a primary consumer?
a) Frog b) Cow c) Guglena d) Wolf
84 Branch of science deals with water :
a) Meteorology b) Hydrology c) Aquaculture d) Potomology
85 Which of the following is not a past of hydrological cycle:
a) Evaporation b) Condensation c) Consumption d) Runoff
86 The term Rhizosophere was coined by:
a) Winogradsky b) Beljerinck c) L Hilther d) Selman A Waksman
87 An example of lotic water body is
a) River b) Pond c) Lake d) Reservoir
88 Which one is not example of lentic water body is
e) River f) Pond g) Lake h) Reservoir
89 The biggest Indian desert is
a) Gobi b) Thar c) Sahara d) Takla Makan
90 Which part of plant contains nitrogen fixing bacteria?
a) Roots b) Steams c) Leaves d) All of the above
91 The main source of energy for the biosphere is
a) Respiration b) Photosynthesis c) Sunlight d) Carbonates
92 The movement of animals in response to light is known as
a) Photo kinesis b) Photo taxis c) both a & b d) None of the above
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
93 Which of the following constituents of atmospheric air remains constant
a) Nitrogen b) Water vapour c) Smoke particles d) None of the above
94 The term ecology word derived from
a) French b) Spanish c) Greek d) English
95 Troposphere has an altitude range of
a) 11-50 km b) 0 -11 c) 20-80 d) 80-200
96 ………………..world environment day is celebrated
a) 5th July b) 5th August c) 5th June d) 5th May
97 A Major Nitrogen storage reservoir is
a) River b) Atmosphere c) Oceans d) Trees
98 A distinct unit of life in nature
a) Species b) Ecosystem c) Organisms d) Both a & c
99 Hydrological cycle mainly involves
a) Air and Water b) Sun & water c) Animal & water d) Mountain and Water
100 Niche means
a) Specific place b) Place c) both a & b d) None of these
101 Environmental Subject introduced to all the University
a) 2004 b) 2002 c) 2000 d) 2001
102 Energy resources derived from natural organic materials are called
a) Fossil fuels b) Geothermal Energy c) Biomass d) All of these
103 Destruction of forest
a) Afforestation b) Deforestation a) Both a & b b) None of these
104 Ambrutha Devi
a) Chipko movement b) Appiko Movement c) Bothe a & b d) Narmada Bachav Andolana
105 Study of population is called
a) Pediology b) Petrology c) Both a & b d) Demography
106 % of fresh water available on the earth
a) 2.8% b) 2.2% c) 1% d) 75%
107 % of fresh water available in lakes and streams
a) 0.6% b) 0.01% c) 0.8% d) 2.5%
108 Important phases of hydrological cycle
a) Evaporation b) Precipitation c) both a & b d) None
109 During photosynthesis trees produce
a) Oxygen b) CO2 c) CO d) Nitrogen
110 The transfer of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organisms to another in a series is called
a) Energy Chair b) Food web c) Food Chain d) Bothe b & c
111 The earth’s land surface covered by forest is about
a) 1/4 b) 2/3 c) 1/3 d) 1/5
112 Decreased soil fertility through rapid leaching of the essential mineral nutrients is due to
a) Reforestation b) Deforestation c) Over exploitation d) Recycling of forest products
113 An International conference on Environmental Education was held in December 1982 at
a) Kyoto b) Vienna c) New Delhi d) London
114 Name of the Scientist who gave the difference between Niche & habitat
a) Odum b) Ernest Haeckel c) Grinnell d) Both a & c
115 Which among the following is not a climatic factor?
a) Pressure b) Saprophytes c) Temperature d) Both a & c
116 The basic requirements of human beings are provided by
a) Industrialization b) Agriculture c) both a & b d) Urbanization
117 The uppermost layer of the atmosphere
a) exosphere b) Ionosphere c) mesosphere d) none
118 Which of the following is a producers
a) Animal b) Convertors c) Human beings d) Microbes
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
119 Which of the following is biotic component of ecosystem
a) Fungi b) Solar Light c) Temperature d) both b & c
120 Percentage of O2 in Stratosphere
a) 21% b) 20.9% c) both a & b d) None of the above
121 The word biosphere is introduced by
a) Grinnell b) Odum c) Edward Sues d) Elton
122 The largest portion of atmospheric gases by weight is
a) Oxygen b) Suphur c) Ozone d) None
123 Which of the following is terrestrial resources
a) Grassland b) Forest c) Desert d) All of these
124 The forest is
a) A biotic b) Biotic c) both a & b d) None
125 Abiotic component includes the
a) climate & edaphic factors b) climate factor c) Edaphic factor d) None of these
126 Stratosphere has altitude range
a) 11 – 20 km b) 0 – 11 km c) 20 – 50 km d) 80 – 200 km
127 Lithosphere denotes
a) water b) plants c) microorganisms d) soil
128 Weather conditions determines
a) Wind b) Temperature c) Organisms d) All the above
129 Edaphic related to
a) Soil fertility b) Land c) Soil d) both a & c
130 The Sequence of eating and being eaten in an Ecosystem is called
a) Food Chain b) Hydrological Cycle c) Carbon Cycle d) Anthropogenic
131 Most stable ecosystem
a) Lichens b) Herbs c) Oceans d) Animals
132 The term Ecology was introduced in the year
a) 1935 b) 1867 c) 1869 d) 1927
133 Mesosphere has altitude range
a) 11 – 20 km b) 0 – 11 km c) 20 – 50 km d) 80 – 200 km
134 Atmosphere denotes
a) water b) plants c) microorganisms d) None
135 Human Rights and Environment
a) 1992 b) 1994 c) 2000 d) 1999
136 The environment which has been modified by human activities is called
a) Natural Environment b) Anthropogenic environment c) Urban Environment d) Modern Environment
137 The % of water on the earth
a) 70% b) 72% c) 75% d) 78%
138 The % of Nitrogen on the earth
b) 70% b) 72% c) 75% d) 78%
139 The % of Oxygen on the eart
c) 20% b) 22% c) 25% d) 21%
140 Which of the following is a biotic component of ecosystem
a) Fungi b) Solar Light c) Temperature d) Humidity
141 Dead plant parts and animal remains
a) Grassing b) Microorganism c) Detritus d) both a & c
142 …………is the % of ice & glaciers in the earth
a) 1.5% b) 2.5% c) 3.5% d) 4.5%
143 Weather patterns are largely dependent on
a) microsphere b) Stratosphere c) Troposphere d) Thermosphere
144 Neem is
a) Biopecticide b) Biofertilizer c)herbicide d) Fungicide
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
145 Syn Ecology also called as
a) Population Ecology b) Community Ecology c) Ecosystem Ecology d) All
146 The role of an organism in the ecological system is know as
a) Habitat b) Herbivores c) Niche d) Interaction
147 Each step in a food chain represents a
a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tropic level d) None
148 Which are called ‘Key Industry of Animals’
a) Primary consumers b) Secondary Consumers c) Herbivorous animals d) Both a & c
149 Who coined the word ‘Habitat’
a) Elton b) Odum c) Grinnel d) None
150 In our country, Van Mohotsava day celebrated on
a) April 22 b) July 1 c) June 5 d) September 16
151 Umbrella of the earth is located in
a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Both a & b d) None
152 Habitat refers
a) Physical condition b) Chemical condition c) Both a & b d) None
153 What is the % Oxygen present in Air
a) 78.08% b) 21% c) 71% d) 73%
154 Ionosphere is also called as
a) Stratosphere b) Atmosphere c) Hexosphere d) None
155 Ecosystem is
a) Group of Community b) Group of Organisms c) Group of Population d) None
156 Earth is made up of three distinct layers
a) Tropo, Strato & Mesosphere b) Core, mantle & crust c) Tropo, Mantle & Crust d) None
157 The study of Environment is called
a) Ecology b) Edhaphic c) Ecosystem d) Environment
158 Biogas produced by
a) Microbial activity b) Hervesting crop c) Both a&b d) None of these
159 The word Ecosystem was coined by
a) A G Tansley b) Ernest Haeckel c) Odum d) None
160 Abiotic Components includes
a) Soil b) Temperature c) Both a & b d) None
161 Which of the following is a Terrestrial Ecosystem
a) Forest b) Grass land c) Desert d) All the above
162 Which of the following is not a part of Atmosphere
a) Lithosphere b) Troposphere c) Mesosphere d) All the above
163 Startospheric ozone is responsible for all of the following, except
c) Allowing the Evolution of life on
a) Screening UV light b) Preventing Ozone formation d) None
land
164 India has the largest share of which of the following
a) Manganese b) Mica c) Copper d) Diamond
165 Study of population is called
a) Demography b) Species Ecology c) Both a & b d) None of these
166 Community ecology is also called as
a) Species Ecology b) Syne Ecology c) Both a & b d) none of these
167 Ozone day is observed on
a) September 16 b) January 15 c) April 22 d) June 5
168 Ozone layer thickness is measured
a) ppm b) ppb c) Decibels d) Dobson unit
169 The number of hotspots in India
a) 02 b) 03 c) 01 d) 04
167 Population Explosion will causes
a) Socio Economic
b) Food Scarcity c) Energy crisis d) All of these
problems
 Note: Answer the Following (Multiple choice Questions)
168 World nature Day
a) 11th July b) 7th April c) 28th February d) 3rd October
169 Ernst Haeckel
a) 1969 b) 1868 c) 1867 d) 1869
170 World Earth Day
a) March 22 b) April 22 c) June 5 d) None of these
171 Artur G. Tansley
a) 1935 b) 1936 c) 1835 d) 1836
172 Modern Agriculture
a) Usage of Pesticides b) Organic manure c) both a & b d) None of these
173 Which of the following is the main goal of SDG 1 (No Poverty)?
a) Achieve universal b) End poverty in all its c) Ensure healthy lives for d) Promote affordable and clean
education forms everywhere all energy for all
174 What is one of the targets of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger)?
a) Eliminate food b) Increase global c) End hunger and ensure access by all d) Ensure universal
waste by 2030 agricultural trade people to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food healthcare access
175 SDG 5 (Gender Equality) aims to:
c) Promote economic d) Improve
a) Eliminate all forms of violence b) Provide quality
growth and decent infrastructure and
against women and girls education for all
work for all innovation
176 What is a target of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation)?
a) Achieve universal and equitable
d) Reduce water
access to safe and affordable b) Increase reliance on c) Promote water
availability in urban
drinking water for all desalination plants globally privatization
areas
177 SDG 13 (Climate Action) encourages countries to:
a) Reduce unemployment b) Combat climate c) Promote responsible
d) Provide access to clean water
rates change and its impacts consumption
178 What year did the concept of sustainability first appear?
a) 1992 b) 1978 c) 1980 d) 1987
179 What are all the main sustainability objectives?
I. Poverty and hunger eradication
II. Higher education and healthcare standards, notably in terms of water quality and sanitation.
III. Gender equality
IV. Long-term economic growth that promotes employment and strengthens communities
a) I, II & III b) I, III & IV c) I & III d) I, II, III & IV
180 Which option is true if just two of the three foundations of Sustainable Development are encountered?

a) Viable = Economic + b) Bearable = Social + c) Equitable Social +

d) None of the preceding
Ecological Sustainability Ecological Sustainability Economical Sustainability