P.

5 MATHEMATICS TERM II – 2020

Theme: Numeracy
Topic : Fractions (decimals)
Places values of digits in decimals
Examples
Write the place value of each digit in;
1. 0.456
0 Tths Hths Tths

0
. 4 5 6

Thousands

Hundredths

Tenths

and

ones
2. 53.098

T O Tths Hths Tths

5 3 0 9 8
Thousandths

Hundredths

Tenths

and
Ones

Tens

3. Write the place value of the underlined digit in 3.75

0 Tths Hths

3 7 5

Hundredths
1
 Exercise
Write the place value of each digit in each of the following.
1. 0.9 3. 247.8

2. 0.123 4. 69.043

Write the place value of 2 in each of the following.

5. 0.429 6. 7.295

7. 26.004 8. 43.072

What is the place value of the underlined digit?

9. 0.04 10. 9.206 11. 8.567

Values of digits in decimal numbers

Examples
0 Tths Hths Thths
0 4 7 8

8x1
1000 = 0.008
7x1
100 = 0.07
4x1
and 10 = 4
10
0x1=0

2. Find the value of each digit in 69.758

T O Tths Hths Thths
6 9 7 5 8

8x1
5x1 1000 = 8 = 0.008
7x1 100 1000
and 10 =0.7
9x1=9

6x10=60
2
3. Find the value of 3 in 4.073 3x1/100=3/1000
0 Tths Hths Thths
4 . 0 7 3 = 0.003

Exercise
Find the value of each digit in each of the following.

1. 0.45 2. 0.127

3. 4.8 4. 75.9

Find the value of each of the underlined digits

8. 0.23 9. 2.008

10. 48.358 11. 657.9

12. 85.789

13. Find the sum of the value of 6 and 8 in the number 82.64

14. What is the product of the values of the underlined digits 7.46

15. What is the difference of the values of the underlined digits 9 42.78

Rounding off decimal fractions

When rounding off decimals to a given place
value, we consider the following;
The digits after the required place value must be zeros only.
When the digit following the place value mentioned is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, we round down or we add zero to
the value of the required place value.
When the digit following the place value mentioned is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, we roundup or we add 1 to the
value of the required place value.
Examples
3
1. Round off 0.73 to the nearest tenths.
0.7
+0 0.73 = 0.7
0.7_
0.773=0.7 or 0.73 is approximately 0.7

2. Round off 0.257 to the nearest hundredths.

0.257
+ 11
0.257=0.26

3. Round off 0.99 to the nearest whole number.

0.99
+ 1
1
__________
0.99= 1

Exercise
Round off the following as instructed

1. 0.125 (to hundredths) 2. 0.625 (to tenths)

3. 1.75(to tenths) 4. 1.75(to ones)

5. 0.875(to hundredths) 6. 15.3 (to ones)

7. 9.9 (to ones)

Writing decimal fractions in words

Examples
1. Write 0.5 in words
0.5 = 5/10
= five tenths
or zero point five

4
2. Write o.27 in words
0.27 = 27/100
- Twenty seven hundredths.
or zero point two seven
3. Write 6.362 in words
6.362 = 6 and 362
1000
= six and three hundred sixty two thousandths
or six point three six two

Exercise
Write the following decimal fractions in words

1. 0.3 2. 0.48

3. 3.2 4. 5.01

5. 46.009 6. 12.9

Writing decimal fractions in figures

Examples
1. Three tenths
3/10 = 0.3
2. Two and forty five hundredths 3. Sixty nine and nine tenths
2 and 45 = 2 45 = 2.45 69 and 9/10 = 69 9/10 = 69.9
100 100

Write the following in figures

1. Six and five tenths
2. Two and thirty eight hundredths
3. Ninety seven hundredths
4. Ninety two thousandths
5. Forty two and eight hundredths.

5
6. One hundred twenty one and six tenths
7. Two hundred twenty one and six tenths
8. Nine thousand, two hundred seven and fifty six hundredths
9. Five hundred twenty four and nine hundred ninety one thousandth
10. Two thousand twelve and eight tenths

Expanding decimals using values and powers of ten

Examples
1. Expand 0.658 using values
0 Tths Hths Thths
0 6 5 8

8x1/100 = 8/1000 = 0.008

8x1/100 = 5/100 = 0.05

6x1/10 = 6/10 =0.6

0x1=0
0.6 + 0.05 + 0.008

2. Expand 45.732 using values

T 0 Tths Hths Thths

4 5 7 3 2

2x1/1000 = 2/1000 = 0.002

3x1/100 = 3/100 = 0.03

5x1=5 7x1/10=7/10=0.7

4x10=40

40+5+0.7+0.03+0.002

3. Expand 6.789 using powers

100 10-1 10-2 10-3
6 7 8 9

6x1000 + (7x10-1) +(8x10-2) +(9x10-3)

Note: Tenth – 1/10 = 0.1 =10-1 Hundredths 1/100 = 0.01 = 10-2 etc
Exercise
Expand the following as instructed in brackets

1. 4.06 (using values) 2. 8.25(using powers)

6
3. 13.984(using values) 4. 68.9(using exponents)

5. 843.125(giving values) 6. 99.003(using values)

Writing expanded decimals in short forms

Examples
1. What number has been expanded to give;
40+7+0.9+0.03+0.006
40.000
7.000
0.900
0.030
0.006
47.936

2. Write (6x101) + (8x100) + (9x10-1) + (7x10-2) in its short form

(6x101)+ (8x100) + (9x10-1) + (7X10-2)
6x10 + 8x1 + 9x1/10 + 7x1/10 2
60+8 +9/10 + 7x 1/10 x 10
60 + 8 + 0.9 + 7/100
60 + 8 + 0.9 + 0.07
60.00
8.00
0.90
+ 0.07
____ 68.97_
Exercise
Write the following in their short forms
1. 0.2+0.07 2. 0.9 + 0.06

3. 0.6 + 0.05 + 0.008 4. 2 + 0.004

5. 400 + 70 + 2 + -.8 6. (2x10-1) + ( 8x 10-2)

7
 Converting common (Rational) fractions to decimals
Examples 2
NB: divide the numerator by the denominator
1 0.5
2 = 2 10
- 10
00

2. 1 = 5 10
5
2x5 = -10
- -
1 = 0.2
5

0.3
3. 3/10 = 10 30

3x10= -30

3/10 = 0.3 2.5

4. 25 /10 = 10 25
- 20
50
- 50
00

Exercise
Express the following decimals.
1. 8/
1 2. 4/
10

3. 3/
100 4. 659/
1

5. 15/
100 6. 625/
10

7. 5/
1000 8. 429/
1000

8
 Converting mixed fractions to decimals
Examples Using (DXW)+N
D
1. 3 2/10
( 10 x 3) +2 = 30 + 2 = 32 = 3.2
10 10 10

Or

3.2
10 32
30
20
- 20
00

2. 7 15 or DxW+N
100 D

100 x 7 + 15 = 700 + 15 = 715

100 100 100

7.15
100 715

Exercise
Express the following mixed fractions as decimals

1. 3 2 3

3. 4 4. 12

5. 7 6. 13

7. 3

9
 Converting decimals to common fractions
Examples
1. 0.9
0.9 = 9/
10 2. 6.7 = 67/
10 = 6 7/10

3. 7.08
7.08 = 708/
100= 7
8/
100 = 72/25

Exercise
Express the following as common fractions and reduce where necessary
1. 0.6 2. 4.7

3. 14.9 4. 9.65

5. 1.25 6. 0.46

Ordering decimal fractions

Using LCM
Examples
1. Arrange 0.2, 2.2. 0.22, 0.22 from the smallest (in ascending order)
N.B Change the decimals into common fractions.

2/10 , 22/10 22/100202/1000 LCM = 1000

2 x 1000 22 x1000 22 x1000 202 x1000

10 10 100 1000
1 1 1 1

2x100 22x100 22x10 202x1

200 2200 220 202
1st 4th 3rd 2nd

From smallest = 0.2, 0.202, 0.22, 2.2

2. Arrange 0.1, 1.1, 0.11 in descending order (from the biggest)

1/10, 11/10, 11/100 LCM= 100

10 10 1
1/10 x 100 11x 100 11 x 100
1 10 1 100 1

1x10 11x10 11x1

10 110 11
3rd 1st 2nd
1.1 0.11 0.1
10
Exercise
Arrange the decimals as instructed in brackets
1. 0.1, 0.3, 0.33, (from smallest)

2. 2,2, 0.22, 0.02 (from biggest)

3. 0.009, 0.9, 0.009 (in descending order)

4. 0.3, 0.07, 0.15 (from smallest)

5. 7.7, 0.77, 0.11. (in ascending order)

6. 0.08, 0.8, 0.34 (from biggest)

Comparing decimal fractions using signs >, < or = (using a number line)
Example
1. Which is less than the other 0.5 or 0.3?

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.3 is to the left of 0.5 which means 0.3 ≤ 0.5

2. Compare 2.4 and 3.2 which is bigger or greater?

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

3.2 is to the right of 2.4 which means 3.2 > 2.4

or Using LCM

Change decimal to common fractions

2.4 * 3.2 LCM = 10
24 32
10 10
1 1
24 x 10 32 x 10
10 10
1 1
24 x 1 32 x 1
24 32
32 is greater than 24
Therefore 3.2 > 2.4

11
 Exercise
Compare by replacing the star with >, < or =

1. 0.2 * 0.3 2. 0.4 * 0.5

3. 0.6 * 0.4 4. 6.7 * 7.4

5. 0.8 * 0.9 6. 0.5 * 0.4

Addition of decimal fractions

Examples
1. 0.45 + 13.2
0.44
+ 13.20
13.65

2. 2.2.7 + 8.92 + 0.37

2 . 70
8.92
+ 0.37
11.99

Exercise
Add the following decimals
1. 0.2 + 0.04 2. 14.9 + 8.02

3. 4.96 + 1.7 + 0.36 4. 0.58 + 5.8 + 58

5. 0.22 + 2.22 + 22.22 6. 2.7 + 8.92 + 0.37

Subtraction of decimals
Examples
1. Subtract 97.4 – 13.69
97.40
- 13.69
83.71

12
2. Subtract 19.78 from 63
5 12 9 10
63.10
- 19.78
43.22

Subtract the following

1. 73 – 19.5 2. 12 – 9.5

3. 160 – 93.9 4. 166 – 66-9

5. 29 – 6.9 6. 88 – 2.5

Addition and subtraction of decimals

Example
13.75-27+91.25
Use Bodmas
(First add)
13.75
+ 91.25
9
105.00 (Then subtract)
- 27.00
78.00
Work out 44.00 – 2.62 – 2.33
44.00
- 2.62
3
411.38
- 23.30
18.08
Exercise
Work out the following
1. 35.1 – 44 .3 + 17.6 2. 8.24 + 22.9 – 7.8

3. 2.76 – 2.85 + 1.69 4. 65.6 – 45.9 – 0.36

5. 7.98 – 45.9 – 0.36 6. 23.7 – 65-9 + 82.6

13
 Multiplication of decimal fractions by 10, 100 and 1000
Examples
1. Multiply 6.45 x 10
645 x 10
100
10
= 645
10
= 64.5
N.B
Change decimal to common fraction.
64.5
10 645
6x10= -60
45
4x10= -40
50
5x10= -50
--
2. 6.45 x 100
645 x 100
100
1
= 645 x1
1
= 645
1
= 645

3. 6.45 x 1000
10
645 x 1000
100
1
= 645 x 10
= 6,450

Exercise
Multiply

1. 0.25 x 10 2. 15.6 x 10

3. 0.125 x 100 4. 9.46 x 100

5. 0.758 x 100

14
 Multiplication of decimal fractions
Examples
27 x 05
27 x 5
1 10
27 x 5
10
= 135
10
= 13.5
3
27
x5
135
= 13.5

10 135

1x10=-10
35
3x10=- 30
50
5x10= -50

2. 2.3 x 0.2 23
23 x 2 x2
10 10 46
23 x 2
10 x 10
= 46 0.46
100 100 460
= 0.46 4x100= 400
600
6x100 -600
---

Exercise
1. 0.6 x 0.06 2. 0.2 x 0.4

3. 2 x 0.5 4. 7.2 x 8

5. 8 x 0.04 6. 0.12 x 0.9

15
 P.5 SCIENCE TERM TWO

COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT:

WEEK 1

LESSON 1

SOIL

Soil is a continuous layer that covers the earth’s surface.

Or

Soil is a medium in which plants grow and get water and mineral salts.

Or

It is the top layer of the earth’s surface in which plants grow.

HOW SOIL IS FORMED

 By weathering
 By decomposition of organic matter.
Weathering is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks into small particles to form soil.

Decomposition is the rotting of dead organic matter to form humus.

TYPES OF SOIL

There are three types of soil

i. Clay soil.
ii. Loam soil or loamy soil
iii. Sandy soil or sand soil
a) CLAY SOIL
Characteristics of clay soil

- It has fine particles.

- It has closely packed particles.

- It does not allow water to pass through it very fast.

- It has a high water retention capacity so it easily becomes water logged.

- Clay soil has the highest rate of capillarity

Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to move up in narrow spaces.

Importance of clay soil

- Clay soil is good for pottery work (making pots, ceramics and modeling).
- Clay soil is good for making bricks for building.
- Clay soil is good for making tiles for roofing.
Kiln is a place where ceramics are burnt.

Importance of burning ceramics

 To make them hard

 To make them look nice
16
Illustration of arrangement of particles in clay soil.

Activity

1. What is soil?
2. Identify any three components of soil.
3. How is soil formed?
4. Mention the three types of soil.
5. How is clay useful to man?
6. Name the type of soil with the best capillary action.
7. Name the place where ceramics are burnt.
8. State one reason why ceramics are burnt.
9. Name the type of soil formed by weathering.
LESSON 2

b) LOAM SOIL
Loam soil is a mixture of clay soil and organic matter

Organic matter (humus) consists of decayed plants and animal matter

Loam soil usually has adequate water, air and humus to sustain plant growth.

Characteristics of loam soil.

- It’s particles are fairly arranged

- It contains both clay and sand particles.

- It has a lot of humus for plant growth.

- Has fairly larger air spaces as compared to clay soil

Importance of loam soil

- It is good for crop growing.

Illustration of arrangement of particles in loam soil.

Why is loam soil the best for plant growth?

 It contains a lot of humus.

 It contains balanced particles of sand and clay.
 It is well drained.

17
 SANDY SOIL

Illustration of arrangement of particles in sandy soil.

- Has large particles that make it to be well aerated

Water passes through it easily

- Has poor water retention capacity

- Has high water drainage

- It is easy to dig

- Has a poor rate of capillarity

Capillarity is` the tendency of water to rise through small narrow spaces.

Drainage is the capacity of the soil to allow water to pass through it.

It is the down ward movement of water in soil.

Soil Capillarity

 It is the uptake of water through the soil particles.

 It is the upward movement of water in soil.
Importance of sandy soil.

- Used for building.

- Used for making glass and sand papers.
- For scrubbing utensils
- It is a source of income
NB: It is not good for crop growing because it has a high drainage system.

Activity

1. Why is loam soil the best for crop growing?

________________________________________________________________
2. Mention one characteristic of loam soil.
________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the type of soil which used for making glass.
________________________________________________________________
4. What is capillarity?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

18
 5. Which type of soil is porous?
________________________________________________________________
6. Why is sand soil not good for crop growing?
________________________________________________________________

7. Why is clay soil good for pottery?

________________________________________________________________
COMPONENTS OF THE SOIL

These are things which make up soil, they include:

- Air.

- Water

- Humus

- Rock particles

- Dissolved mineral salts

- Bacteria

- Fungi Saprophytes

Saprophytes are organisms which feed on dead decaying matter.

Dissolved mineral salts.

Importance of components of soil

a) Air
- Air is used by animals in the soil for respiration.

- Air is used during germination i.e. oxygen.

b) Water
- Water is used by plants for germination

- Making starch (it is a raw material for photosynthesis)

- Promoting decay of matter

- Water swells the cotyledon to burst the testa.

c) Rock particles ( inorganic materials like: sand, gravels, clay formed by weathering)
- Provide space for air to occupy

d) Humus – dead decayed plants and animal matter

- Provide plant nutrients.

- Improve soil fertility

- Makes the soil appear dark in colour

19
e) Living organisms
Examples of animals that live in the soil.

Millipedes, Centipede, Squirrels,

Bacteria, fungi, moles, porcupines, earth worms and ants

- Bacteria like nitrogen fixing bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil and hence improving on soil fertility.

Earthworms

- They aerate the soil by making channels into the soil.

- Softens the soil /plough the soil
- Add soil fertility by breaking down dead plants and animal remains.
NB: Why do you think earthworms come out of the soil after raining?

- To breathe /take in oxygen.

PROPERTIES OF SOIL.

- It has air.
- It has water.
- It contains mineral salts.

EXPERIMENT ABOUT SOIL CONTAINS AIR.

EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT SOIL CONTAINS WATER

SOIL PROFILE

Is the vertical arrangement of soil layers.

Areas where one can clearly see soil profile.

- Pit latrines. – In trenches

- Mines
20
Illustration of the layers of the soil.

Organic layer

Top soil

Sub soil

Parent rock

Importance of the top most layer.

- It contains most of the nutrients for plant growth.

Briefly explain the following terms.

- Soil texture. These are the different sizes of soil particles in an area.
- Soil structure. It is the way soil particles are grouped/ arranged.
Activity

1. What is soil profile?

________________________________________________________________
2. Name the soil layer which good for plant growth.
________________________________________________________________
3. Suggest any place where one can clearly soil profile.
________________________________________________________________
4. What is soil texture?
________________________________________________________________
5. Name any two organisms found in the soil.
i) _________________________________ ii) __________________________
6. How is water useful during germination?
________________________________________________________________
7. Why do earth worms appear on the surface after it has rained?
________________________________________________________________
8. How do earth worms aerate the soil?
________________________________________________________________

21
LESSON 4 &5

SOIL EROSION

Is the removal of top soil by its agents.

AGENTS OF SOIL EROSION

These are forces that carry away top soil from one place to another.

These include:

- flowing water
- Wind
- Animals
- Moving objects
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION

These are main activities that enable the agents to take away top soil.

How?

- They expose the soil to agents

These include

- Deforestation
- Overgrazing
- bush burning

- Monoculture (mono-cropping)
- Ploughing down slopes.
- Over cultivation.
- Poor methods of farming
- Over stocking

TYPES OF SOIL EROSION

a) Sheet erosion: Top soil is washed away uniformly by running water

b) Gulley erosion (deep channels)
c) Rill erosion (shallow channels)
d) Splash erosion /raindrop erosion
e) Stream /river bank erosion
f) Wind erosion
Effects of soil erosion.

- Leads to soil exhaustion.

- It affects soil texture

Soil exhaustion is the loss of soil fertility

- It causes soil silting

Soil silting is the correction of eroded soil into the water bodies

22
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION.

1. Terracing: reduces the speed of running water

2. Strip cropping: reduces the speed of running water
3. Contour ploughing: is the ploughing across a slope.
It helps to reduces the speed of running water

4. Afforestation: is planting of trees where they have ever existed. This also keeps the soil covered from
direct rain drops.
5. Re-afforestation: is the planting of trees where they have been ever existed. This also keeps the soil
covered from direct rain drops.
6. Cover cropping: planting cover crops between plants that take long to mature.
Cover crops

These are crops that have broad leaves and cover topsoil.

They are planted between plants that take long to mature

Qn: How does cover cropping prevent soil erosion?

Cover crops reduce the speed of running water

Qn: How does inter-cropping reduce soil erosion?

Reduces the speed of running water

7. Bush fallowing: resting period of land and allow plants /bush to grow thus to regain its fertility
Importance: enables the land to regain its fertility

8. Mulching: is the covering of top soil with any dry plant material.
Examples of plant materials that can be used as mulches.

Dry banana leaves

Dry banana fibres.

Dry spear grass

Dry maize stalks

Dry crop remains

Coffee husks etc.

Advantages of mulching.

- Controls soil erosion. How? By reducing the speed of running water.

- Maintains soil fertility. How? by reducing soil erosion and mulches rot to from humus.

- Keeps water in the soil. How? by controlling the rate evaporation of water from the soil.

- Increases on the crop yields.

- Reduces the rapid growth of the weeds.

23
Disadvantages of mulching

- Mulches keep pests.

- Dry mulches can be fire hazards.

- Some mulches can grow into weeds.

How soil loses its fertility

Through:

- Leaching. It is the sinking of plant nutrients deeper into the soil where plant roots can’t reach.

- Soil erosion

- Monoculture (mono-culture)

- Bush burning

How can we improve soil fertility?

- Mulching

- Crop rotation

- Bush fallowing

- Addition of fertilizers

- By terracing

- A forestation

Activity

1. What is soil erosion?

________________________________________________________________
2. Mention the three agents of soil erosion.
i) _____________________________ ii) ________________________
iii) ____________________________
3. Give any three causes of soil erosion
i) _____________________________ ii) ________________________
iii) ____________________________
4. Name two types of soil erosion.
i) ________________________________ ii) ________________________

24
THE PEOPLE OF PRE COLONIAL UGANDA

Pre colonial period was the time before the coming of colonialists in Uganda

We get information about this time through history

History is the study of past events.

Qn. list down the sources of history information

Through written records

Through oral traditions

Through archaeology

Through linguistics

Through anthropology

Written records are got from old books, old newspapers, past letters, etc

Oral tradition is the history got by the words of the mouth e.g. from grandparents, teachers

Archaeology is the scientific study of the remains of early man (fossils)

An archeologist excavates (dig) and the study the bones, tools of long ago.

List down some archaeologists in east Africa

Dr Louis Leakey (oldest skull)

Dr Posnansky (Bachwezi remains)

Kirk man (Portuguese)

STONE AGE SITES IN UGANDA

These are areas where early man is believed to

have lived

Remains of early man like skeletons, old stone

tools have been dug out in these sites

Examples of Stone Age sites in Uganda

Nsongezi (oldest)

Nyero stone age site (rock paintings)

Bigobyamugenyi stone age site (head quarters of the Bachwezi )

Paraa stone age site

25
Luzira stone age site(Kampala)

Magosi stone age site

Sango Bay stone age site

Importance of Stone Age sites in Uganda

They attract tourists

They are used for study

They provide employment to people

They preserve our history

Note. The ministry which protects stone age sites is the ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and
Antiquities

The habitants of Uganda before the coming of different ethnic groups were the bushmen and the
pygmies .

What is an ethnic group?

Ethnic group is a group of people with the same origin and almost speak related languages.

A tribe is a group of people having the same origin and speaks the same language

CULTURE / BELIEFS / CUSTOMS

This is the acceptable way of life among a particular group of people in a society.

Norms

These are accepted behaviors in a society.

Major ethnic groups in Uganda

Bantu

Nilotics

Nilo-hamites

The Sudanese

Hamites

Map of Uganda showing ethnic groups in Uganda

The Bantu

They were the first group of ethnic group to come to Uganda

26
They are largest ethnic group of people in Uganda .

Who were the Bantu?

Bantu were the first group of people to come to Uganda.

Bantu are said to have migrated from Cameroon highlands.

Bantu speak related languages with a common syllable (dialect) “Ntu”

What was the occupation of the Bantu?

The Bantu carried out farming or agriculture.

The Bantu entered Uganda through the Western direction.

Bantu settled in the interlacustrine region.

What is an interlacustrine region?

Is the land between the great lakes of Uganda, East Africa, and Africa.

Give any two reasons why the Bantu settled in the interlacustrine region.

Presence of fertile soils for farming

Favourable climate

They receive reliable rainfall for agriculture

In which way did fertile soils influence Bantu to settle in Uganda?

The fertile soils encouraged them to carry out agriculture

27
Name tribes which belong to Bantu
Baganda Bagisu
Banyankole Bafumbira
Basoga Basamia
Batoro Batwa
Bakiga Baruli
Bagwere Banyala
Banyoro Bakonjo

Bamba

Reasons why the Bantu migrated from their homeland

They were running away from civil wars

They were over populated

Love for adventure

They were looking for pasture and water for animals.

Outbreak of famine

Long drought seasons

Out break of epidemic diseases

Suggest any problems faced by ethnic groups in their movement and settlement in uganda

Attacks from wild animals

Harsh climate

Wars on the way

Shortage of food

Presence of think forests

Outbreak of epidemic diseases

Presence of mountains and rivers

How thick forests, mountains and rivers were affect the ethnic groups during movement

Attacks from wild animals

It was difficult to cross the rivers

28
Give results /effects of Bantu migration to Uganda.

The population increased in areas they settled.

They introduced new culture

They formed kingdoms
They introduced new crops e.g. banana
They led to displacement of people in areas they settled.
State reasons why the Bantu were able to form kingdoms
They were united
They were organized
They lived a settled life
The River lake Nilotes
They were said to have migrated from Bahr-el –Ghazel region in southern Sudan
The Nilotes are divided into three main groups
River Nile Nilotes
Plain Nilotes
Highland Nilotes
The River Lake Nilotes in Uganda include
Japadhola
Acholi
Langi
Alur
Name the Nilotic tribe that lived in Tororo district
Japadhola
Name the Nilotic tribe that is found in Kenya
Jaluo
Movement of River lake Nilotes into Uganda
They entered Uganda from the Northern direction following River Nile

They first settled at Pubungu present day Pakwach

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The Nilotes were cattle keepers (Pastoralists)
State reasons/causes why river lake Nilotes migrated to uganda
They were looking for pasture and water for their animals
Love for adventure
They was over population
There were running away from civil wars
Outbreak of famine
Outbreak of epidemic diseases
Long drought seasons

Suggest any two results/effects of river lake Nilotes migration

They introduced Luo language
They introduced pet names for example e.g. Akiiki, Abwoli, Aayer, Apuli, Amooti, Arali and
Ateenyi (They are known as Empako
The population increased in areas they settled
They introduced short horned cattle
They led to formation of Luo Babito dynasty.

Why did the Nilotes changed from cattle keeping to mixed farming
Presence of fertile soils for farming
Favourable rainfall for farming
They settled in areas with reliable rainfall for agriculture

THE PLAIN NILOTES

They originated from North West of L. Turkana.
They entered Uganda from North East direction

Examples of Nilo Hamites

They originated from north west of Lake Turkana,
They entered Uganda from north east direction.
Examples of Nilo Hamites
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Iteso.
Karimojong.
Kuman.
Tepeth.
Dodoth.
Jie.
Pokot
What was the major occupation of plain Nilotes
They were cattle keepers.

HIGHLAND NILOTES
They entered Uganda from north east.
They settled around foot hills of Mt. Elgon in the present day Kapchorwa.
The highland Nilotes in Uganda include Sabiny.
Highlands and Nilotes were cattle keepers and crop farmers.
Today wheat is the major crop grown in Kapchorwa.
State one reason for the success of wheat growing in Kapchorwa
Presence of fertile soils.
Favourable climate.
Reliable rainfall for agriculture.

Suggest reasons why the highland nilotes migrated

Love for adventure.
Out break for famine.
Long drought seasons.
Looking for water and pasture.
They were over populated.

Results of Plain Nilotes

They introduced new culture.

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The population increased
THE SUDANIC PEOPLE
They are found in West Nile.
They are crop cultivators and fishermen.
Their origin started in Juba
Sudanic tribes in Uganda
Lugbara.
Madi
Okebo.
Kakwa
Reasons why the Sudan migrated
Running away from civil wars.
Outbreak of famine.
THE HAMITES
They entered Uganda from south west.
They include:
Bahima.
Basita.

Batutsi

LEGENDS, MYTH AND EVENTS

These are stories which tell people about the past. Or these are stories of long ago which true or false

Mention five examples of legends told in uganda’s tribes

------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------

State any two lessons we learn from at least two legends

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

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Why legends are important to us

We learn the different origins of other communities.

We learn ways early people lived.

We learn the origin of people and places.

Myths .These are stories that explain natural events in the past or these are stories that tell strange
happenings things of the past.

Values these are accepted behavior in a society

Types of values in pre- colonial societies

Personal values

Family values

Community values

Types of relationships during pre-colonial Uganda

Blood relationships

Blood brotherhood

Social relationships

Peer relationship

Marriage relationsh

How occupation influences settlement of people

Fishermen settled near lakes.

Traders settled in trading areas.

Crop farmers settled in areas with reliable rainfall fertile soil.

Bantu - crop growing

Nilotes: Pastoralism

Nilo hamates –cattle keeping /pastoralism

Hamites –cattle keeping

MIGRATION IN UGANDA TODAY

What is Migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another looking for better settlement.

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Forms of migration

Internal migration.

External migration.

Internal Migration

It is migration within the country.

Rural Urban Migration

This is the movement of people from villages to towns looking for better settlement.

Reasons or rural urban migration

Looking for employment in towns

To look for better medical services in town

To look for better education services.

To look for better security.

Problems caused rural urban migration in towns.

High crime rate.

Unemployment in towns.

Land fragmentation.

Poor sanitation.

Easy spread of diseases.

Shortage of food

LAND FRAGMENTATION

This is the dividing of land into small plots under different ownership.

How does land fragmentation affect villages

There is low food production.

Shortage of labour force.

External Migration

This is the movement of people from one country to another country.

IMMIGRATION

This is the movement of people into the country from other countries.

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PASSPORT

This is the official document which identifies a person as a citizen of the country.

It can be shown when you are leaving or entering a country.

Note.

The ministry of internal affairs issues out passports in Uganda

Reasons why people leave Uganda for other countries

Searching for chances of employment.

For further studies

For adventure.

Recent immigration into Uganda

Rwandan

Sudanese

Arabs

Congolese

Indians

Reasons why people migrate today

To look for better medical care.

To search for employment.

To look for better entertainment

To search for better education.

Ways the government can encourage people to back to villages /urban rural migration

Improving on security in villages

Modernizing agriculture.

Improving on medical care in villages

Building better hospitals in villages.

Contribution of immigration to Uganda development

They have built industries.

They have served as doctors and engineers.

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POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES

What is Pre-Colonial period

This was the period before Uganda was taken over by the British.

Majority of people came from neighbouring countries like Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Others came from Asia especially India and Pakistan.

The type of organization include

Kingdoms

Chiefdoms

Clans

How did Ugandans rule over before the coming of Europeans?

They ruled themselves under kingdoms.

There was a government led by a chief.

They ruled themselves under clans.

Why is it not correct to say that there had no government before the British came

There was governed by a king.

There was a governed by a chief.

There was a governed by a clan member.

KINGDOMS IN UGANDA

Examples of kingdoms in Uganda

Buganda kingdom

Bunyoro kingdom

Ankole kingdom

Tooro kingdom

Examples of chiefdoms in Uganda

Busoga chiefdom

Teso chiefdom

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What is a Kingdom?

This is an area ruled by a king.

What is a Chiefdom?

This is an area ruled by a chief.

What is a clan?-------------------------------------------------------------------------

BUNYORO KITARA EMPIRE

It was the earliest pre-colonial kingdom/state in Uganda.

Who were the founders of Bunyoro Kitara Empire?

The Abatembuzi were the first rulers of Bunyoro.

The first king of Abatembuzi was Ruhanga and his brother was Nkya.

The last king of the Abatembuzi was Isaza. Bunyoro covered the whole area of interlacastrine
region.

The Bachwezi replaced the Abatembuzi.

The first king of Bachwezi was Ndahura the grandson of Isaza.

The last king of the Bachwezi was Wamala.

The Bachwezi were displaced by the Luo-Babito dynasty.

Both the Bachwezi and Batembuzi are said to be semi-gods.

What is an empire?

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This is an area led by an emperor.

State factors which led to the collapsed of Bunyoro Kitara empire

It was too large for it to be led by one king.

The death of their beloved cow Bihogo.

Internal and external wars.

The coming of Luo Babito.

Outbreak of epidemic diseases like small pox .

Outbreak of famine.

They were attacked by misfortunes for example some parts of the cow ,which were supposed to be in
the stomach were in the hooves and the head .

Contribution of the Bachwezi Kitara Empire

Economic contributions.

They introduced long horned cattle.

They introduced iron smelting.

They introduced bark cloth making.

They introduced coffee growing.

They introduced pottery.

They introduced barter trade.

Political Contribution

They introduced centralized government.

The introduced hereditary rule.

Social Contribution

They introduced local chess games like Omweso.

They introduced royal regalia.

Royal traditions symbols for powers.

They introduced building materials of grass thatched houses

They introduced wooden sandals

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Examples of royal regalia

Spears. Robe.

Drums. Arrows.

Royal tombs. Shields.

Stools.

Royal crown.

How did the size of Kitara lead to its collapse?

It was too large to be ruled by one king.

How did climate affect Bunyoro Kitara?

Long drought seasons led to famine.

How did the coming of Luo Babito affect Bunyoro Kitara?

It led to the collapse of Bunyoro Kitara.

NOTE .Bigobyamugenyi was the headquarters of Bachwezi.

How is Bigabyamugenyi important to Uganda?

Attracts tourists who bring in foreign exchange.

It employs people

KINGDOM/ CHIEFDOM TITLE

Buganda Kabaka

Bunyoro Omukama

Ankole Omugabe

Toro Omukama

Busoga Kyabazinga

Teso Emorimor

Acholi Rwot

Japadhola Tieng Adhola

Alur Rwoth- Obimo

Rwenzuru Omusinga

Bagisu umukuka

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BUGANDA KINGDOM

Buganda kingdom started as a very small kingdom on the northern shores of Lake Victoria

It broke away from Bunyoro Kitara under the leadership of Kato Kimera ,atwin brother of Isingoma
Rukidi

It was surrounded by forests and people who practice agriculture.

According to the legends, its said that the founder of Buganda kingdom was by kintu who is believed
to have come from mountain Elogn and it is said that thirteen clans were founded by him .

And six clans believe in kato kimera that he was the founder of Buganda

Buganda expended after the first raid against bunyoro by kabaka Kyabaggu who died in 1755 and
was succeeded by his son Jjunju.

Factors that led to the growth of Buganda kingdom

Had a strong leader.

Had a strong army.

They traded with Arabs.

It had plenty of food because of fertile soils.

Buganda had overseas support of the British.

The size of Buganda was small enough to administer

Buganda was well protected from the south by Lake Victoria so it was difficult to be attacked.

Advantages of kingdoms

i) Promote peace and unity.

ii) Promote culture.

iii) Mobilize people for development

iv they encourage development

v no power struggle since leadership is inherited .

Disadvantages for kingdoms

Promote dictatorship.

Promote the interest of the minority.

2
people are not given chance to elect their own leaders

kingdoms cause unequal distribution of the national wealth among the people according to their
classes

ANKOLE KINGDOM

Ankole kingdom was formed in South Western Uganda.

It traces the origin of the period of Batembuzi.

British colonialists combined other kings together to form Ankole.

Examples of such counties were?

Mpororo.

Buhwengi.

Igara.

Kitoma

It then got its new name Ankole

Its king was called Omugabe

TORO KINGDOM

It is one of the kingdom that broke away from Kitara kingdom.

Prince Kaboyo founded in 1830, Kaboyo was the eldest of the Omukama..

Reasons why Omukama Kasagama of Toro welcomed Captain Fredrick

He wanted to be restored to his throne.

He wanted protection against his enemies.

How did Omukama Kasagama benefit from the coming of Captain Fredrick Lugard

He restored him to his throne.

He gave protection against Omukama Kabagema.

He drove Kabagema out of Toro kingdom.

CHIEFDOMS

Chiefdoms were areas ruled by chiefs.

Busoga is a chiefdom.

3
The title given to a chief is Kyabazinga

KADHUMBULA WILBERFORCE

He was the Kyabazinga of Busoga at the time of Uganda’s independence in 1962.

He mobilized his people to support the struggle for independence.

He later became Uganda’s first vice president. of Uganda

Chiefdoms in Uganda

Chiefdom Acholi

Busoga Iteso

Social organization of Pre-colonial people

People related by clans were organized.

The children belong to the clans of their fathers.

On the side of religion, spirits received much attention.

Traditional religious leaders such as rain makers, medicine men and fortune tellers got a lot of
respect.

Education was passed through stories.

Economic organization of pre-colonial rule

People grew their own food.

People reared their animals.

People practiced barter trade on a small scale.

People made their clothes from the back of trees and animal clothes, animal’s skin and hides.

Trade

This is the buying and selling of goods or services

Types of trade in pre-colonial societies

Barter trade

Long distance trade

Slave trade Barter trade

4
This is exchange of goods for goods or services.

Barter trade items in kingdoms and chiefdoms included:

Bark cloth.

Salt. Hoes

Food Hides and skins

Copper Ghee

Knives

Advantages of barter trade

It doesn’t involve money.

It promotes a friendship.

Disadvantages of barter trade

It is difficult to get a customer.

There is no credit.

It is difficult to carry bulky goods

LONG DISTANCE TRADE

Long distance trade refers to the trade that was carried from interior to the coast of East Africa.

Tribes that participated in long distance trade in Uganda.

Baganda.

Banyoro

Items of trade brought by the Arabs included,

guns

plates

mirrors

processed salt

2
TOPICAL TEST ABOUT PEOPLE OF PRE-COLONIAL UGANDA.

1. Define the following terms

a)Ethnic group …………………………………………………………………………

b)Tribe …………………………………………………………………………

Culture ……………………………………………………………………………

2. From which directions did the following ethnic groups enter Uganda?

a)Bantu……………………………… b) Nilotics…………………………

c)NiloHamites……………………… d)Hamates……………………………

3 What was the cradle land of the following

a)Bantu……………………………… b) Nilotics…………………………

c)Nilotics……………………………. d)Hamites…………………………
4. Why is Pubungu still remembered in the history of the Nilotics

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. State any one reason why the plain Nilotics changed to mixed farming

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Why did the Bantu form kingdoms?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Mention any one reason why the some ethnic groups were not able to form kingdoms

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

8Why did the Bantu settle in the interlacustrine region of Uganda

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. State the main occupation of the following ethnic groups

a)Bantu………………………………… b)Nilotics……………………………
10. Who were the founders of Bunyoro Kitara Empire?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 Who was the last and first king of the Bachwezi ?

First…………………………….. (ii) Last……………………………………

2
12.List any four contributions of the Bachwezi in the history of Uganda

i) ………………………………………………………………………………………

ii…………………………………………………………………………………………

iii………………………………………………………………………………………

iv………………………………………………………………………………………
13 explain any four factors that led to the collapse or fall of the Bachwezi

i…………………………………………………………

ii………………………………………………………..

iii……………………………………………………….

iv……………………………………………………….
14. Why is Bigobyamugenyi still remembered in the history of Uganda?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

15. Give any two sources of history.

i)…………………………… ii) ……………………………

16. Who were the earliest inhabitants or group of people in Uganda

……………………………………
17. Mention any two advantages of kingdoms

i) ……………………………………………………………………………………

ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
18 State any two disadvantages of kingdoms

i) ………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) …………………………………………………………………………………….
19. Write the titles given to the following kingdoms/chiefdom

a) Buganda ………………………………… b) Bunyoro …………………………………

c )Iteso……………………………… d) Busoga………………………………………

e) Acholi……………………………………

20.What are fossils?..................................................................................

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21. Draw and name any three tools used by early man

22. list four examples of royal regalia

i)…………………………………… ii)……………………………..

iii)…………………………………… .iv)……………………………

23. Define the following terms

a) Legends…………………………………………………………………………………

b)Myths………………………………………………………………………………………

c)Culture…………………………………………………………………………………

d)Values……………………………………………………………………………………

24. Name two types of culture

i) …………………………………….. ii) ……………………………………

25. Give any two three any types of values

i) ………………………………………….. ii) ……………………………………

iii)………………………………………

4
TOPIC: LETTER WRITING

SUB-TOPIC: OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL LETTERS

ASPECT: Vocabulary development.

1. Nouns;

- letter - envelope - host

- host - hostess – sender

- sender – addresser – writer

- addressee - recipient / receiver – friend

- feast – address – card

- occasion – ceremony – function

- party – reply – receptionist

- reception – guest – visitor

- post office box – signature – celebration

- chief guest – guest of honour – invitation

- invitation card

– programme / program – master of ceremonies

- mistress of ceremonies - messenger - seal

- postage – banquet – graduation

- funeral rites – birthday – circumcision

- weeding – confirmation – commission

- baptism – open day – visitation day

- memorial service – harvesting – first name

- surname/last name

– personal / informal / friendly/ social letter

- official / formal / business letter – stamp

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– classmate - introduction – baby (message)

– date - purpose / reason/aim

– conclusion/summary/ending

- salutation – vacancy – apology

- reference – maiden name – applicant

- application - advertisement – advert

- block method – indent/indented method – regrets

- venue / place – sir - madam

Meaning of the Vocabulary

invite: to ask somebody to come to a social event.

letter: a written or printed message that is usually put in an envelope and

sent to somebody.

envelope: a flat paper container that is used for sealing in letters.

address: the name and details of where somebody lives or works and the post
office box number to which letters etc can be sent.

card: a small piece of hard paper or plastic with information on it.

sender: a person who sends a letter or something.

receiver: a person who receives a letter or something.

writer: a person who writes a letter or a particular thing.

occasion: a special event, ceremony or celebration.

sincerely: part of the conclusion used at the end of a letter before the writer’s
name.

guest: a visitor or a person who is invited to a particular ceremony.

host: a person who invites guests to a meal or party etc.

affectionate: expressing caring feelings and love for somebody.

6
ceremony: a public or religious occasion that involves a series of events.

friend: a person who has the same interest and opinions as yourself and
always helps and supports you.

reply: to say or write back an answer to somebody or something.

dear: an expression used as a greeting at the beginning of a letter before

the name or little of the addressee.

Activity:

Use the correct of the words in the brackets to complete the sentences.

1. The _________________ address was clearly written on the envelope.

(receive)
2. Paul’s letter has no ______________________ (conclude)
3. Ian didn’t receive his ______________________ card to the party.
(invite)
4. To whom was the letter ______________________? (address)
5. The writer’s ______________________ was very complicated. (sign)
6. I wrote a ______________________ letter last week. (friend)
7. It is ______________________ to write a letter than fly an aeroplane.
(easy)
8. Her friend ______________________ writes to me. (occasional)
TYPES OF LETTERS

There are two types of letters.

1. Formal/official letters

These are letters that we write to office bearers e.g head teachers, managers
etc.

2. Informal/friendly or personal letters

These are letters that we write to our parents, classmates, school mates,
friends, cousins etc.

7
 Writing Personal letters

Parts of personal letter

a) The writer’s address

e.g Kings Primary School

P.O Box 12170,

Kampala.

b) Date e.g 8th June, 2020

8 – 06 – 2020

or June 8, 2020

Note: The date is written underneath or beneath the writer’s address.

c) Greetings e.g Hi Alex, Dear cousin

d) Body or message

the body contains the message the writer intends to convey or send to the receiver
e.g.

I am writing to invite you to my birthday party which is going to take place next
Saturday.

e) Ending e.g You may use any of these endings in a friendly letter e.g.

- Your loving daughter,

- Yours truly,

f) The writer’s name e.g Nantume Grace

Writing Personal letters

Note: There are two methods used in writing letters nowadays.

8
(i) Block method
(ii) Indent method
(i) Block method

Kings Primary School,

P.O Box 12170,
Kampala.
9th June, 2020

Hullo Nadia,
Thank you very much for your letter which I received last week. I was indeed
pleased to hear that your mother gave birth to twins, congratulations!
Dear my friend, I kindly invite you to spend the second term’s holiday with
me in Kabowa. Please request your parents to let you come.
Send my regards to your mother, father and the twins.
God bless you dear.

Your loving friend,

Nakatudde Catherine

(ii) Indent method

Kings Primary
School,
P.O Box 12170,
Kampala.
20th June, 2020

Dear Faridah,

Let me hope you are alright. I have written this letter to invite you to my
sister’s Graduation party. The party will take place on Saturday 27th June,
2020 at our home in church zone. The function will begin at 12:00p.m.

I will be very grateful to host you.

Yours sincerely,

Abia Kawuma
9
Activity 1

Using your school address, write a letter thanking your parents for taking care of you
during this lockdown period. Use any method you want.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2.

Read the letter below and answer the questions in full sentences.

Kiira Junior School,

P.O Box, 31060,

Jinja.

October 18, 2020

Dear Mellisa,

I am writing to invite you to my twelfth birthday party. The party will be held on Sunday
29th October, 2020 at our home at Bugembe. The celebrations will begin at 12:00Pm
until 7:00pm. There will be lots of eats, drinks and fun. Please reply to confirm that you
will attend.

Your best friend,

Ninsiima Sharifah.
11
 Questions:

1. Who wrote the letter?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. When was the letter written?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. How old is the writer according to the letter?

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Where was the party held?

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Which school does the writer go to?

_____________________________________________________________________

6. At what time did the party begin?

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Write in full, P.O.

_____________________________________________________________________

STRUCTURE

Using: ------- would --------

 The past tense of will is would

 This structure can be used at the beginning of the sentence and in the middle.
Examples

1. He will come to our party if we invite him.

He would come to our party if we invited him.

12
2. If I get a piece of paper and a pen. I will write a letter.

If I got a piece of paper and a pen, I would write a letter.

Activity

Re-write the following sentences using: ……… would ……..

1. Sarah will post the letter if she goes to town tomorrow.

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. The teacher will forgive you if you write an apology letter.

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Mercy will be surprised if she comes here today.

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. If you see him, he will take the letters.

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. If she receives the invitation card, she will attend the party.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Re-write the following sentences beginning: Would ………

1. Will you be happy if you receive an invitation card?

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Will you write a letter if you get her address?

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Will you join the writer’s club if you reach primary five?

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Will she buy an envelope if you give her the money?

_________________________________________________________________________________

13
COMMUNICATION

Communication is the sending and receiving of messages.

Means of communication include: telephones, the internet, radios, faxes, televisions

etc.

The Post Office

Vocabulary

post office: a place where you can buy stamps and send letters.

letter box: a public box in which letters are put when you send them.

postage: the cost of sending a letter by post.

directory: a book containing information such as lists of people’s telephone numbers

or the names and addresses of their businesses.

parcel: something that is wrapped in paper or put into a thick envelope so as to be

sent by mail or carried easily.

mail: letters, packages or parcels that are sent and delivered.

aerogram: a sheet of light paper that can be folded and sent by air as a letter.

post: to send a letter to somebody through the post office.

package: a box or bag etc in which things are wrapped or packed.

telegram: a printed message sent by telegraph.

registered mail: a method of sending a letter of package whereby the person sending it
can claim money if it gets lost or is delivered late.

letter slot: a narrow opening in a door or box through which letters are dropped or
delivered.

Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the

sentences.

1. Having __________________ a nice letter, I went to the post office. (write)

2. That little girl always ___________________ her father’s parcels. (carry)

14
3. She posted a letter to a relative of _____________________ (we)

4. The secretary _____________________ two letters last week. (past)

5. His _______________________ was misplaced in the post office. (apply)

6. He was very happy to receive an __________________ card from her

friend. (invite)

Learn the following abbreviations.

Ave - Avenue

G.P.O - General Post Office

P.O - Post Office

Rd. - Road

St. - Street/saint

Ltd. - Limited

Rev. - Reverend

Mon. - Monday

Wed. - Wednesday

C/o - Care of

Co. - Company

PS - Post Script

CC - Carbon Copy

W.e.f - with effect from

15