PLC assignment 2

Task 1

Work safety analysis.

A qualified individual would create a risk assessment to evaluate the dangers that the employees
might encounter while working in the region in order to do a work safety analysis. The PLC
malfunctioning, which would prevent any of the vehicles from being able to pass the level cross
barrier without the PLC being fixed or replaced, would be one of the hazards that would be
considered. The level cross barrier could be damaged, a car could be harmed, or there could be
traffic as a result. One risk of having just one person is that in the event of an emergency medical
situation, the employee won't have any support and may experience major health problems in
addition to having no one to operate the system. Employees suffering long-term hearing damage as
a result of the noisy environment must be considered as a new risk in a work safety study. Hence, it's
critical that the appropriate PPE is provided to reduce the possibility of long-term hearing loss or
damage. Planned maintenance, such as changing the air filters every six months, would be necessary
for the pneumatic system that regulates the position of the level crossing barrier. Since compressed
air is a dangerous energy and can result in dangers like powerful air pressure that might drive things
that could possibly hit the employee and hurt him, this risk needs to be taken into consideration in
the work safety analysis.

PPE

Due to the occasionally noisy atmosphere, employees must have access to ear protection; if the
noise level exceeds 85 dB, the employer is required to do so. If there are any repairs that need to be
made to the level crossing barrier, a high visibility jacket would be necessary so that vehicles
approaching the barrier can see the worker.

Using a PLC

Before using your PLC, you must consider the health and safety factors of the employees.

• The risk of fire increases if any wires are not robust enough to carry the required current for all
DC/AC cables.

• Check that everything is connected correctly before turning on because improper wiring or
construction could lead to property damage or employee risk.

• To ensure that the tester can rapidly stop the PLC if any unexpected movement occurs, make sure
that an emergency switch is coded and located next to him.

• Make sure the space is free of obstructions, and if another employee is working, inform them that
you are about to test the PLC.

Problems that can occur whilst testing PLC.

When using your Plc many different hazards can occur

It's crucial to run the PLC programme through a simulator before testing it to ensure that all of its
components have been programmed. Once the level-crossing barrier is linked to the PLC, it is crucial
to guarantee that the area is free of workers so that nobody will be harmed if it moves
unexpectedly. Unexpected movements of the operation may also damage other equipment and the
workspace, which is another risk. As a result, maintenance will take longer, and it can cost the
business extra money to replace any equipment that was harmed during the process. During system
testing, a significant amount of heat may be generated as a result of dust blocking heat dissipation
or build-up in compressed air. As a result, the worker can get burned while searching for the defect
or error. Depending on the severity of the burn, the employee may need to go to the hospital;
however, since they are the only ones on the job, nobody would be available to deal with the
problem, increasing the risk. An unexpected release of stored energy poses a new risk when testing
the PLC; this could result in burns, abrasions, or even crushing injuries to the tester.

Task 2

Cabling UTP RJ45 connectors and UTP Cables

The most popular cable used in computer networking is UTP cable. UTP connections are used with
modern Ethernet, the most widely used data networking protocol. Because it is more affordable
than optical fibre and coaxial cable when compared to short and medium-length connections,
twisted pair cabling is frequently employed in data networks.

In video applications, primarily in security cameras, UTP is also being used more and more. A UTP
output with screw terminals is a common feature of cameras, and UTP cable bandwidth has
increased to match television baseband. A balun is required to connect to unbalanced equipment,
such as any employing BNC connectors and made for coaxial cable, because UTP is a balanced
transmission line.

The most popular type of copper telephone wiring is unshielded twisted pair. The common copper
wire known as twisted pair is used to link many residential and commercial computers to the phone
provider. Two insulated copper wires are wound around each other in a spiral pattern to minimise
electromagnetic induction or crosstalk between pairs of wires. Twisted pair signals require both
wires to operate. Twisted pair is occasionally put in two or more pairs, all within a single wire, as
some telephone sets or desktop locations require numerous connections.

Unshielded twisted pair, a common kind of cable, is made up of two unshielded wires that have
been wrapped around one another. UTP cabling is widely used for telephone lines and local area
networks (LANs) due to its inexpensive cost. As much bandwidth is not provided by UTP cabling or as
good protection from interference as coaxial or fibre optic cables, but it is less expensive and easier
to work with.

Category Speed Use

1 1 Mbps Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
2 4 Mbps Local Talk & Telephone (Rarely used)
3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used)
5 100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

Registered in abbreviation Eight-wire Jack-45 connectors are frequently used to join PCs to LANs,
particularly Ethernet LANs. Despite being a little wider, RJ-45 connectors resemble the common RJ-
11 connectors used to connect telephone equipment.

A typical network cable connector is the RJ45. Ethernet cables and networks are the most typical
environments for RJ45 connectors.

The eight pins of RJ45 connectors serve as the electrical interface for a cable's wire strands. When
connecting connections to cables, the placement of the separate wires is governed by standard RJ-
45 pinouts.

Coaxial

An electrical cable containing a copper conductor, an insulator covering it, and a braided metal mesh
that reduces crosstalk and signal interference is known as a coaxial cable. Coax is another name for
coaxial cable.

A braided metal conductor surrounds the insulator, which helps to reduce cross talk and electrical
signal interference. The core copper conductor is used to transmit signals, the insulator to provide
insulation to the copper conductor. To further safeguard the cable, the entire set-up is once more
wrapped with a layer of protective plastic.

Coaxial cable with a bigger diameter and a core conductor consisting of copper and silver is referred
to as a "hard-line coaxial cable."
Flexible coaxial cable: The core conductor of these cables is encircled by a flexible polymer, making
them incredibly flexible.

Semi-rigid coaxial cable: Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as the dielectric in semi-rigid coaxial cable,
which has an outer sheath made of solid copper.

Formable coaxial cable is an alternative to semi-rigid cable; it uses a flexible metal sheath rather
than a copper outer sheath.

Twin axial cable: It has a single outer core and dielectric and two central conductors in the core. For
low-frequency data and video transmission, these cables work well.

Coaxial cables are utilised in both MANs and Ethernet LANs.

Television: 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial wire would be used for television.

Internet: RG-6 cables, which are coaxial, are also used to deliver internet signals.

CCTV: Both RG-59 AND RG-6 cables can be utilised with coaxial cables, which are also used in CCTV
systems.

Coaxial cables are also utilised in the transmission of video signals; RG-6 is used for better digital
signals and RG-59 is used for lossless transmission.

HDTV: Because RG-11 offers additional room for signal transmission, HDTV uses it.

Fibre optic

Fibre optic is the last form of communication medium. Fibre optic cable is a type of transmission
cable that includes two or more glass or plastic fibre cores that are wrapped in a protective coating
and protected from mechanical damage and water infiltration by a plastic PVC outer sleeve. Light
pulses flowing over a glass or fibre strand are utilised to transmit data. This is accomplished via
cladding; the central fibre is encased in glass, causing the light to bounce off the cable's walls,
trapping the light inside and preventing light leakage. This stops attenuation in its tracks. The data
can move over a greater distance than with other communication media since there is no
attenuation. In extremely high performance, long-distance data transfer and communications, such
as telecommunications, fibre optic cables are used. This is because fibre optic cabling has length and
speed characteristics. Fibre optic technology has many benefits, including a high capacity, extensive
relay distances, robust security, separation from electromagnetic interference, and immunity to
crosstalk. Along with these benefits, fibre optic cables have better bandwidth than any other type of
cable, with data transfer rates of 1–10 gigabits per second, which is much higher than those of
copper cables. Despite all the advantages, employing fibre optic cables has some significant
drawbacks. First off, because they are so light and delicate, they are extremely vulnerable to physical
harm. The network will be disrupted if a section of the fibre optic cable is broken. Fibre optic
expenditures are both positive and negative since they are expensive in the near term but
inexpensive in the long run because little maintenance is needed. Fibre optic cables, on the other
hand, require far more effort to connect. Only 0.5mm of the coating must be removed at a time
when installing the connector, and after that, the worker must feed the cable into the cleaver to cut
the fibre at a length of 13mm. After the coating has been removed, it must be put into the
connector's fibre guide. Once the connector is closed and the screw cap is on, trim the free fibres. In
contrast to copper connections, applying a fibre optic connector requires specialised tools and
accuracy. One type of connector is the SC (subscriber connector), a duplex connector that snaps in
and provides good performance. The SC connector is seen in figure 5's right side. The connector is
held in place by a locking tab. It conforms to TIA 568-A standards but costs more than an LC
connector that is comparable. The most popular of the two connectors is the LC (lucent connector),
which is half the size of SC (seen in figure 5). The LC is ideal for populated racks since it has a lower
density and employs a latch to lock the connector in place.

Task 3

Topology

Why is network topology important?

A carefully thought-out network layout improves user experience and aids administrators in
maximising performance while meeting operational requirements. It is simpler to find defects, debug
and resolve issues, and share resources across networks when the appropriate topology is adopted
for a business's requirements.

A company can increase the effectiveness of its data transport with a properly maintained network
topology. Improved efficiency also contributes to lower maintenance and operating costs.

What other types of network topologies exist?

Typically, network topologies are set up in one of two ways:

Physical (or underlay): This depicts the real network connections, including wires, cables, and
component placement.

Logical (or overlay): This depicts how data moves between devices and inside a network, regardless
of their physical connections. The physical connections are used by the logical network to convey
data, but the logic determines how the data flows.

How can I depict the topology of a network?

Although network topologies can be doodled on paper, using software designed specifically for
network diagramming is more convenient. The programmes typically provide symbols for common
network components like switches and routers as well as pre-built templates.

You can visualise the flow of information over the network by creating a network diagram, which
also helps you see (and avoid) any potential data traffic bottlenecks. A diagram offers a helpful
starting point for problem-solving. Additionally, a topology diagram provides a clearer picture of how
a network operates. It can assist network managers in determining which nodes need to be
upgraded, replaced, or monitored as well as where additional nodes are required.

What factors must be considered when developing network topologies?

IT managers must evaluate if a given topology is appropriate for the network's function, considering
factors like the size and scale required to achieve business objectives as well as the available budget.
Redundancy requirements and performance needs are other factors.

Scalability is crucial as well. Consider adopting a network architecture that can be more readily
updated if the business is expanding and there are plans to increase the size or complexity of the
network.

What are the physical topologies' limitations?

As organisational needs alter, it is challenging to adapt physical topologies. Because of this, physical
networks are less flexible than logical networks and cannot be quickly altered when user counts or
the number of devices increases. In addition, security teams must rely on firewall and switch
configurations to safeguard networks because of the networks' reliance on physical connections.

Contrarily, logical topologies can be easily adjusted to accommodate changing requirements since
they are created by specifying, utilising, and enforcing fields in packet headers—as long as the
physical underlay has the capacity and scalability to do so.

Model OSI

The OSI paradigm, which stands for open system interconnection, contains seven distinct levels for
data transfer, each of which serves a distinct purpose. These are the 7 layers: Physical is the first
layer, followed by Data Link (Layer 2), Network (Layer 3), Transport (Layer 4), Session (Layer 5),
Presentation (Layer 6), and Application (Layer 7 ). Figure how’s how the data from the component
transmitting the data travels from layer 7 down to layer 1 and is received at layer 1 of the second
component travelling up to layer 7.

Ethernet operates as the physical and data link in the first and second layers of the OSI model using
the 802.2 and 802.3 protocols. Devices and cables are the two elements that make up the physical
layer, via which and to which the data is transmitted. Media access control and logic link control are
the two sublayers of the data link layer, respectively. The media access control employs hardware
components to determine the location where the transmission is required to travel, while the logical
link control builds channels along the ethernet for data to transmit.

In the TCP/IP model, the system and the application work together to communicate and collect the
necessary data. The information is transferred from the application to the TCP layer, which packs
and unpacks the data before moving on to the IP layer. More identifiers are added in this layer and
subsequently sent to the network. Ethernet packets are used in the network to compress data.

standards and protocols

Standards must be developed and maintained for all IT systems because they enable various
manufacturers to design their own products in a way that they can integrate with those from other
manufacturers by accurately defining the requisite technology.

The 10BASE-T standard is used for the twisted pair Ethernet cable that I have selected. The 10
indicates that the Ethernet cable's 10Mbps transmission speed in this example. Due to the star
architecture used by twisted pair ethernet, each port is connected to a hub that distributes the
10Mbs of bandwidth among all the ports. The employee is informed that the cable can only send
ethernet signals along the medium thanks to the baseband signalling.

IEEE 802.3i is a further standard that Ethernet adheres to. For a wired, fast Ethernet network
connection, IEEE 802.3 specifies media access control, or MAC address, for the physical and data link
levels. These physical connections between the hub and components are made by the cable using
copper wires. Depending on the kind of cable being utilised, several versions of IEEE 802.3 exist. The
standard that is applied to twisted pair cable is 802.3i.