EXERCISE – 10

BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAP

Meaning of Map: The concept of a map revolves around the idea of representing the Earth's surface or a
specific area visually and systematically. A map is a two-dimensional representation of a three- dimensional
space, designed to convey spatial information, relationships, and features in a more accessible and
understandable format.
• A map is a visual representation or a graphic depiction of an area, region, or space, typically presented
on a flat surface. It showcases the spatial relationships, physical features, and other relevant information
about the depicted area.
• In cartography, a map is a symbolic representation of the Earth's surface or a portion of it. It uses
symbols, colours, and labels to represent geographical features, landmarks, boundaries, and other spatial
attributes.
• A map is a tool or medium that helps people navigate, understand, and interpret the physical and cultural
characteristics of a particular area. It enables individuals to find locations, plan routes, and gain
knowledge about the terrain, infrastructure, and points of interest.
• In a broader sense, a map can refer to any representation or visualization of information, beyond
geographic space. It could include diagrams, flowcharts, network diagrams, or any other graphical
representation that organizes and conveys information in a structured manner.
• In digital contexts, a map can also refer to the visual representation of data sets or relationshipsin the
form of interactive or static visualisations. These maps often utilise advanced technologies and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze, manipulate, and present data in a geospatial context.
To create a map, cartographers (mapmakers) employ a range of techniques and tools. They gather datafrom
various sources, such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, surveys, and ground observations.This data
is then processed and transformed into a visual representation using symbols, colors, and labels that convey
information about the features and characteristics of the area.
Maps serve several purposes, including navigation, exploration, planning, analysis, and communication.
They help us understand the physical and cultural characteristics of an area, locate specific places, and
make informed decisions based on the information they provide. Maps can represent various scales, from
global maps that depict continents and oceans, to regional maps that focus on specific countries or regions,
down to local maps that show neighborhoods or even individualbuildings. The scale of the map determines
the level of detail it can provide. Maps can depict a wide range of information, including physical features
like mountains, rivers, and coastlines, as well as human-made features such as roads, cities, and landmarks.
They can also represent thematic information like population density, climate zones, vegetation types, and
more, depending on the purpose of the map. Maps are essential tools for understanding our world,
navigating through unfamiliar territories, planning journeys, studying geographical phenomena, and
communicating information about places. They provide a valuable visual representation that aids our
understanding ofthe Earth's surface and supports decision-making in numerous fields, including geography,
urban planning, transportation, and emergency management, among others.

With the advent of digital technology, maps have become even more versatile and interactive. Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) enable the creation of dynamic and customizable maps that
can be layered with various data sets, allowing users to explore and analyze spatial patterns and
relationships.

Types of Maps: The following are the types of maps -

(A) Types of Maps Based on Scale: Based on the scale, maps may be classified into large-scale and small-
scale.
(1) Large-Scale Maps: Large-scale maps are drawn to show small areas at a relatively large scale. For
example, the topographical maps drawn at a scale of 1:250,000, 1:50,000, or 1:25,000, and the villagemaps,
the zonal plans of the cities and house plans prepared on a scale of 1:4,000, 1:2,000, and 1:500 are large
scale maps. Large-scale maps are further divided into the following types -
(a) Cadastral Maps: The term ‘cadastral’ is derived from the French word ‘cadastre’ meaning
‘register of territorial property’. These maps are drawn to show the ownership of landed property by
demarcating field boundaries of agricultural land and the plan of individual houses in urban areas. The
cadastral maps are prepared by government agencies to realise revenue and taxes, along with keeping a
record of ownership. These maps are drawn on a very large scale, such as the cadastral maps of villages at
a 1:4,000 scale and the city plans at a scale of 1:2,000and larger.
(b) Topographical Maps: These maps are also prepared on a fairly large scale. The topographical
maps are based on precise surveys and are prepared in the form of a series of maps made by the national
mapping agencies of almost all countries of the world. For example, the Survey of India undertakes the
topographical mapping of the entire country at 1: 250,000,1:50,000, and 1:25,000 scale. These maps follow
uniform colours and symbols to show topographic details such as relief, drainage, agricultural land, forest,
settlements, means of communication, location of schools, post offices, and other services and facilities.
(2) Small-scale Maps: Small-scale maps are drawn to show large areas. For example, atlas maps, wall
maps, etc. Small-scale maps are further divided into the following types -
(a) Wall Maps: These maps are generally drawn on large-size paper or plastic bases for use in
classrooms or lecture halls. The scale of wall maps is generally smaller than the scale of topographical maps
but larger than atlas maps.
(b) Atlas Maps: Atlas maps are very small-scale maps. These maps represent fairly large areasand
present a highly generalised picture of the physical or cultural features. Even so, an
atlas map serves as a graphic encyclopedia of the geographical information about the world, continents,
countries, or regions. When consulted properly, these maps provide a wealth of generalised information
regarding location, relief, drainage, climate, vegetation, distribution ofcities and towns, population, location
of industries, transport-network system, tourism, heritagesites, etc.
(B) Types of Maps Based on Function: The maps may also be classified on the basis of their functions.For
example, a political map serves the function of providing administrative divisions of a continent or a country
and a soil map shows the distribution of different types of soils. Broadly, maps based ontheir functions may
be classified into physical maps and cultural maps.
(1) Physical Maps: Physical maps show natural features such as relief, geology, soils, drainage, elements
of weather, climate, vegetation, etc.
(a) Relief Maps: Relief maps show the general topography of an area like mountains and valleys,
plains, plateaus, and drainage.
(b) Geological Maps: These maps are drawn to show geological structures, rock types, etc.
(c) Climatic Maps: These maps depict the climatic regions of an area. Besides, maps are also
drawn to show the distribution of temperature, rainfall, cloudiness, relative humidity, directionand velocity
of winds, and other elements of weather.
(d) Soil Maps: Maps are also drawn to show the distribution of different types of soil(s) and their
properties.
(2) Cultural Maps: Cultural maps show man-made features. These include a variety of maps showing
population distribution and growth, sex and age, social and religious composition, literacy, levels of
educational attainment, occupational structure, location of settlements, facilities, and services,
transportation lines and production, distribution, and flow of different commodities.
(a) Political Maps: These maps show the administrative divisions of an area such as a country,
state, or district. These maps facilitate the administrative machinery in the planning and management of the
concerned administrative unit.
(b) Population Maps: The population maps are drawn to show the distribution, density, and growth
of the population, age and sex composition distribution of religious, linguistic, and social groups,
occupational structure of the population, etc. Population maps serve the most significant role in the planning
and development of an area.
(c) Economic Maps: Economic maps depict the production and distribution of different types of
crops and minerals, the location of industries and markets, routes for trade, and the flow of commodities.

Basic Elements of Map: Maps, in general, have some basic or common elements. These elements
collectively provide a clear representation of the geographic features, locations, and spatial relationships,
allowing users to navigate and gather information about a particular area. The following are the basic
elements of maps –
1. Title: The title is usually located at the top of the map and provides a brief description of the map's
purpose or the area it represents. It helps you identify the subject of the map.
2. Legend or Key: The legend or key is a box or section that explains the symbols, colors, and other
features used on the map. It helps you interpret the map's information by providing the meaning of
various symbols and labels used.
3. Scale: The scale represents the relationship between the distance on the map and the corresponding
distance on the ground. It is usually shown as a ratio or a graphical bar scale. The scale allows you to
estimate real-world distances and understand the map's size and level of detail.
4. Compass Rose (Direction): The compass rose is a symbol that shows the orientation of the map. It
indicates the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) and sometimes includes intermediate
directions (northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest). The compass rose helps you understand the
map's alignment concerning the real world.
5. Coordinate Grid: The latitude-longitude grid, also known as a graticule or coordinate grid, is anetwork
of lines superimposed on a map or a globe that represents the Earth's surface in terms of latitude and
longitude coordinates. This grid system allows for precise location referencing on a map or a globe. In
many maps, the grid may not be shown as the network of latitudes andlongitudes. Such maps have
markings of the latitudes and longitudes on the outer frame of themap.
a. Latitude Lines (Parallels) are horizontal lines that run parallel to the Equator, which isthe reference line
for latitude. Latitude lines are measured in degrees north or south of the Equator and range from 0° at
the Equator to 90° at the North and South Poles. TheEquator is assigned a latitude of 0°, while lines of
latitude above the Equator are designated as north and those below are designated as south.
b. Longitude Lines (Meridians) are vertical lines that converge at the North and South Poles and cross the
Equator. Longitude lines are measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is the
reference line for longitude and passes through Greenwich, London. Longitude lines range from 0° to
180° east and 0° to 180° west ofthe Prime Meridian.
c. The latitude and longitude lines intersect at specific points on the map or globe, forminga grid of square
 or rectangular sections. These intersection points, also known as grid cells or coordinates, provide
precise location references on the Earth's surface.
6. Reference Grid Lines: Grid lines are a series of horizontal and vertical lines that form a grid pattern
across the map. They are typically labeled with letters and numbers to create a coordinate system. Grid
lines help you locate specific points on the map and aid in measuringdistances.
7. Symbols and Icons: Maps use various symbols and icons to represent physical and cultural features
such as roads, rivers, mountains, buildings, landmarks, airports, and more. These symbols are
standardized to convey specific meanings and make it easier to identify and understand the features
depicted on the map.
8. Labels: Labels are text annotations on the map that provide names and descriptions for important
features such as cities, towns, bodies of water, mountains, and other significant locations. Labels help
you identify and locate specific places on the map.
9. Borders: Borders are lines that define the boundaries of countries, states, provinces, or other
administrative divisions. They help you understand the political and administrative organization of the
area represented on the map.
 EXERCISE – 11
DISTANCE: CONCEPT & MEASUREMENTS

Meaning of Distance: In geography, the concept of distance refers to the measurement of the spatial
separation between two points or locations on the Earth's surface. It quantifies the extent of physical space
or the amount of ground covered between two places.
Distance in geography can be measured in various units, including kilometers, miles, meters, feet, or any
other unit of length. The choice of a unit depends on the specific context, regional conventions, and the
scale of measurement.
Several types of distances are commonly used in geography:
1. Linear Distance: Linear distance, also known as "as-the-crow-flies" distance, represents the shortest
distance between two points in a straight line. It disregards the actual path or route taken and simply
measures the direct spatial separation between the two locations.
2. Travel Distance: Travel distance refers to the actual distance traveled along a specific route or path
between two points. It takes into account the path taken, including any deviations due to road networks,natural
obstacles, or detours.
3. Time Distance: Time distance measures the amount of time required to travel between two locations.It
considers factors such as speed, transportation mode, traffic conditions, and infrastructure. Time distance
is often used to estimate travel time or to analyze accessibility and transportation patterns.
4. Cognitive Distance: Cognitive distance represents the perceived or psychological distance betweentwo
locations based on factors such as cultural, social, economic, or psychological perceptions. It considers
subjective factors that influence people's perception of distance, such as familiarity, culturaldifferences, or
perceived barriers.
5. Distance Decay: Distance decay refers to the reduction in interaction or influence between places asthe
physical or perceived distance between them increases. It reflects the idea that as distance increases, the
likelihood of interaction, communication, or spatial relationships diminishes.
Distances play a crucial role in geography as they influence patterns of human activities, transportation
networks, accessibility, spatial relationships, and regional planning. Geographers use distance
measurements to analyze spatial patterns, understand spatial interactions, assess connectivity, and make
informed decisions related to transportation, resource allocation, and urban development.
It's important to note that distance is not always measured in a straight line, as the Earth's surface is curved.
When calculating distances over long distances, geographers often use more sophisticated techniques, such
as geodesic distances or great-circle distances, which take into account the Earth's curvature for more
accurate measurements.

Basic Types of Map Distance & their Measurement: Distance refers to the degree of separation of two
distinct places. The distance can be expressed in absolute and relative terms. Absolute distance and relative
distance are two concepts used in geography to understand the spatial relationships between locations. They
help analyze the physical and functional connectivity between places.
1. Absolute Distance: Absolute distance refers to the exact measurement or numerical value of the
separation between two locations. It quantifies the physical space or geographical extent between twopoints.
Absolute distance is typically measured in units such as kilometers, miles, meters, or any otherunit of length.
It represents the actual length or magnitude of the spatial separation. The absolute distance on the map can
be measured using the following simple methods:
To measure absolute or direct distance with the help of a paper strip:
(i) Place the straight edge of a strip of paper along the required line.
(ii) Mark the limits of the distance to be measured.
(iii) Place the strip along the linear scale and read the distance on it.

To measure absolute or direct distance with the help of a divider:

(i) Place the divider pointers over two points along the required line.
(ii) Place the divider on the linear scale and read the distance on it.

2. Relative Distance: Relative distance, also known as functional distance or connectivity, refers to the
perceived or operational separation between places. It describes the interactions, connections, or
relationships between locations based on factors such as transportation, communication, cultural affinity,
economic ties, or accessibility. Relative distance is more subjective and based on human perceptions and
activities. Relative distance is not measured in a numerical value like absolute distance. Instead, it is
assessed by considering various qualitative factors:
- Time Distance: Time distance measures the amount of time required to travel or communicate between
two locations. It reflects the accessibility and connectivity between places and is often used to determine
functional relationships or interaction patterns.
- Cultural Distance: Cultural distance evaluates the perceived differences between locations based on
cultural, linguistic, or social factors. It considers the dissimilarity or similarity in cultural practices, beliefs,
languages, and values. Cultural distance influences the perceived distance between places and affects
interactions and relationships.
- Economic Distance: Economic distance measures the level of economic integration or interdependence
between locations. It considers factors such as trade flows, investment patterns, supply chains, and
economic linkages. Economic distance helps understand the functional relationships and economic
connectivity between places.
Relative physical distance on the map is usually measured with reference to a transport line that connects
two places. For example, when we measure the distance between a house and a nearby schoolalong the road,
we are measuring relative distance. It can be measured by using a thread or string to follow the winding
road, railway line, or course of a river. The thread is then measured against the linear scale. It is required to
check the scale of the map while measuring distances. The distance measured in centimeters needs to be
converted to kilometers according to the scale of the map.
 EXERCISE – 12
DIRECTION: CONCEPT & DETERMINATION
Meaning of Direction: Direction refers to the orientation or bearing of one location in relation to another.
It describes the path or line along which an object, person, or phenomenon is moving or facing.Understanding
direction is essential for navigation, spatial analysis, and understanding spatial relationships.

Determination of Direction: Direction is often measured with the help of a magnetic compass or magnetic
needle. In a magnetic compass, a free-swinging magnetized needle is fixed and it swings freely over a dial
that is graduated in degrees and shows the cardinal directions. Under the influence of the local line of
magnetic force, the needle indicates the North and South magnetic Poles. Once theNorth is determined,
other directions can easily be determined. Here are some key aspects ofdetermining the direction:
• Cardinal Directions: Cardinal directions are the four main compass points: north, south, east, and west.
These directions are based on the Earth's rotation and provide a fundamental reference for determining
orientation. North represents the direction toward the North Pole, south is toward the South Pole, east
is in the direction of sunrise, and west is in the direction of sunset.
• Intermediate Directions: Intermediate directions are the four points that fall between the cardinal
directions: northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. These directions represent the intermediate
angles or quadrants between the cardinal points. The 16-parameter compass rose shows a further
subdivision of directions.
• Bearing or Azimuth: Bearing or azimuth is
a more precise measurement of the
horizontal angle between a reference point
or line and a specific point. It indicates the
direction or orientation of one point in
relation to another. Bearings are commonly
measured in degrees, ranging from 0° to
360°, with 0° representing the reference
direction (e.g., north).
• Compass Rose: A compass rose is a diagram
or symbol on a map that displays thecardinal
and intermediate directions. It provides a
visual representation of the orientation of
the map or the area beingrepresented.
• Slope and Gradient: Direction can also refer
to the slope or gradient of a surface or
landform. It indicates the direction of
maximum increase or decrease in elevation
or gradient.
• Flow Direction: Flow direction relates to the movement or flow of natural phenomenasuch as rivers,
ocean currents, or wind. It describes the path or direction in which thesephenomena move.
In geography, direction is essential for understanding spatial relationships, navigating through landscapes, analyzing
transportation routes, studying wind patterns, identifying ocean currents, and much more. It helps establish spatial
connections, determine movement patterns, and interpret the relationships between places and features on the Earth's
surface.
 EXERCISE – 13
BEARING: CONCEPT & MEASUREMENTS
Meaning of Bearing: Bearing refers to the direction or angle between two points on a map or the Earth's
surface. It is a way of expressing the relative orientation or direction of one location in relationto another.

Measurement of Bearing: Bearings are

typically measured in degrees, with 0°
representing north and the degrees increasing
clockwise (360° for a full circle). Bearings are
often used in cartography to describe the
direction of movement or to indicate the
orientation of linear features likeroads, rivers,
or boundaries. There are two common
methods for expressing bearings:
1. True North: Bearings expressed in
relation to true north refer to the direction
based on the Earth's geographic north pole.
True north bearings remain constant and are
commonly used in navigation and surveying.
2. Magnetic North: Bearings
expressed in relation to magnetic north are
adjusted to account for the variation between
true north and magnetic north, which is
influenced by the Earth's magnetic field.
Magnetic north bearings are often used in compass navigation and require periodic adjustments due to the
changing magnetic declinationover time.
3. Grid North: These bearings are expressed in relation to the grid lines of a map. Grid North is the
direction indicated by the grid lines on a map, which may differ from True North (the direction towardsthe
geographic North Pole) or Magnetic North (the direction indicated by a magnetic compass). It is aspecific
type of bearing used in cartography and navigation that accounts for the grid system overlaid on a map,
which is independent of the Earth's magnetic field or geographic north. To determine a GridNorth bearing,
you would measure the angle clockwise from the Grid North line (usually indicated bythe north-south grid
lines) to the desired direction or reference point on the map. This bearing providesa consistent orientation
within the map's grid system. Grid North bearings are particularly useful whenworking with maps that have
grid lines and when conducting tasks such as plotting coordinates, determining distances, or navigating
based on map features. They provide a reliable and consistent frame of reference for measuring and
communicating directions on a map. It's important to note that the Grid North bearing can differ from the
True North bearing due to factors such as map projection distortions, the declination between Magnetic
North and True North, or the convergence of grid linestowards the poles.
In cartography, bearings are often depicted using arrows or lines with labels indicating the bearing values.
They help users understand the directional relationships between different features on a map, aiding in
navigation, route planning, and understanding the spatial orientation of various elements.
In cartography and navigation, forward bearing and backward bearing refer to two different conceptsrelated
to direction and orientation between two points.
1. Forward Bearing: Forward bearing, also known as the initial bearing or the bearing from Point A to
Point B, represents the direction or angle at which one should travel from Point A to reach Point B. It
indicates the course or heading one needs to follow when moving in a straight line from the starting point
to the destination.
2. Backward Bearing: Backward bearing, also known as the reverse bearing or the bearing from PointB
to Point A, represents the opposite direction or angle from Point B back to Point A. It indicates the course
or heading one would need to follow when moving in a straight line from the destination backto the starting
point.
To calculate the forward bearing or backward bearing between two points, you typically measure the angle
clockwise from a reference point or line (such as north) to the line connecting the two points. The bearing
is expressed in degrees, ranging from 0° to 360°. To obtain Backward Bearing from Forward Bearing, add
180° if Forward Bearing is less than 180° if Forward Bearing is greater than 180°.
For example, let's say you have Point X and Point Y on a map, and you want to determine the forwardbearing
from Point X to Point Y. You would measure the angle from a reference direction (e.g., north)to the line
connecting Point X and Point Y. This forward bearing would guide you in the correct direction to reach
Point Y from Point X. Similarly, the backward bearing would be the angle measuredfrom the reference
direction to the line connecting Point Y and Point X, indicating the direction to return from Point Y to Point
X.
The following procedure is followed while determining the bearing between points ‘X’ and ‘Y’ on amap
So, in the diagram given below:

Forward and backward bearings are important for navigation, route planning, and understanding the relative
direction between two points on a map or in the field. They provide valuable information for determining
travel directions, identifying orientations of linear features, and conducting accurate navigational
calculations.
 EXERCISE – 17
WATERSHED: CONCEPT & DEMARCATION

Meaning of Watershed: The concept of a watershed, also known as a drainage basin or catchment area, is
fundamental in geography and hydrology. It refers to an area of land where all the water, including surface
runoff and groundwater, drains into a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean.The following are key
aspects of the concept of a watershed –

• Boundaries: Watersheds are defined by natural topographic features, such as hills, mountains, and
ridges. These features create divides or boundaries that separate one watershed from another. Watershed
boundaries can be delineated by identifying the highest points or ridgelinessurrounding the area.
• Water Flow: Within a watershed, all precipitation (rainfall, snowfall) and water that infiltrates the
ground or runs off the surface flow towards a common outlet, typically a stream or river. This water
movement follows the natural topography, flowing downhill from higher elevationsto lower elevations.
• Hydrological Cycle: Watersheds are integral components of the hydrological cycle. They collect and
store water in various forms, including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers. The water within a
watershed interacts with the surrounding land, vegetation, and ecosystems, influencing the availability
and quality of water resources.
• Water Management: Watersheds play a crucial role in managing water resources and supportingvarious
human activities. They are important for water supply, agriculture, industry, and ecological systems.
Understanding the boundaries and characteristics of a watershed is essential for effective water resource
management, flood control, pollution prevention, and land-use planning.
• Interconnectedness: Watersheds are part of a larger interconnected network of watersheds. Water from
smaller watersheds flows into larger rivers and ultimately reaches the ocean.
Therefore, activities and changes within one watershed can impact downstream areas and ecosystems.
• Environmental Importance: Watersheds support diverse ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, and
aquatic habitats. They provide habitat for various plant and animal species and contribute to
biodiversity. Healthy watersheds are vital for sustaining ecological balance, waterquality, and overall
ecosystem health.

Understanding and managing watersheds is crucial for sustainable water resource management, protecting
water quality, mitigating flooding, and maintaining healthy ecosystems. Watershed analysisand planning
involve studying the physical characteristics, land use patterns, hydrological processes, and human
interactions within a specific watershed to inform effective management and conservation strategies.

Demarcation of Watershed: Demarcating watersheds on a topographical map involves the use of specific
techniques to identify the boundaries and flow patterns of the watershed. While professional watershed
delineation often involves advanced tools and data analysis, here is a simplified approach to demarcating
watersheds on a topographical map:

1. Identify the Outlet Point: Begin by locating the specific outlet point, which is the location wherethe water
exits the watershed, such as a river mouth or stream confluence. Identify this point on the topographical
map.

2. Trace Ridge Lines: Trace the ridge lines or the high points surrounding the outlet point. Theseridges
serve as the natural boundaries of the watershed. On the topographical map, look for areas where
contour lines converge or form circular patterns around the outlet point. These areindicative of high
elevations and likely ridgelines.

3. Determine Flow Directions: Determine the general flow directions within the watershed by examining
the contour lines on the topographical map. Contour lines indicate elevation changes, and water
typically flows perpendicular to these lines, from higher elevations to lowerelevations. Identify the flow
patterns by observing how the contour lines connect and intersectwithin the watershed area.

4. Locate Major Streams and Rivers: Identify major streams and rivers within the watershed. These
watercourses act as the primary contributors of water to the outlet point. Trace their courses on the
topographical map, considering the flow direction and the ridgelines.

5. Connect Watershed Boundaries: Connect the traced ridgelines and major streams/rivers to form the
boundary of the watershed. The boundary should enclose the entire area that drains into theoutlet point.
Use a pen or pencil to draw the boundary on the topographical map, ensuring it follows the identified
ridgelines and includes all significant watercourses.

It's important to note that this simplified approach provides a basic understanding of how to demarcate
watersheds on a topographical map. For more accurate and detailed watershed delineation, advanced
techniques and tools, such as geographic information systems (GIS) or hydrological modeling, are often
utilized. These methods incorporate additional data, such as digital elevation models and streamnetwork
information, to accurately define watershed boundaries and flow patterns.
 EXERCISE NO. 14

CALCULATION OF AREA WITH SQUARE METHOD

Q. Calculate the area of Sri Lanka using Square Method.

 EXERCISE NO. 15

CALCULATION OF AREA WITH STRIP METHOD

Q. Calculate the area of Sri Lanka using Strip Method.

THANE DISTRICT
.
Q. Refer to the following topographical map extract (Scale 1 cm to 0.5 km) and measure the distances
given below:

Distance between Absolute Distance (in km) Relative Distance (in km)

Antroli and Rampura

Rampura and Karja

Antroli and Ikhapura

Arniwada and Chekhla

Bantawada and Arniwada

Q. With the help of the given map, complete the table given below -

Sr. Direction Answer

From To
1. Ratid Mansal
2. Bhuna Ratid
3. Wazirpur Δ 271
4. Δ 273 Wazirpur
5. Bhuna Wazirpur
Q. Refer to the map given below, and complete the table –

Sr No Bearing of From Forward Bearing Backward Bearing

1 Bhatya Karla
2 Kolamba Bhatya
3 Tondye Kolamba
4 Karla Tondye
Q. Following contour profiles show some landforms. Identify them.
Q. Refer to the given map, and calculate the gradient between places Q and P. Show all steps of
calculations including the formula for a gradient.
Q. Refer to the following topographical map extract, and demarcate the watershed on a tracing sheet.
 B.K. BIRLA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE,
KALYAN

(EMPOWERED AUTONOMOUS STATUS)

T.Y.B.A. GEOGRAPHY, Semester – V, Paper – VI

(Practical)

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS-I

Course Code: BUAGEO 516, Credits: 03

Exercise Title of the Exercise Date Page Teacher’s

No. No. Signature
UNIT – I:
MAP PROJECTIONS
1 Basic Concepts: Scale, Direction, Azimuth,
Graticule, Great Circle, True Meridian
2 Projections: Concept and Types
3 Choice of Projections
4 Zenithal Polar Equal Area Projection
5 Zenithal Polar Equidistant Projection
6 Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
7 Cylindrical Equidistant Projection
8 Conical Projection: One Standard Parallel
9 Conical Projection: Two Standard Parallels

UNIT – II (A):
MAP BASICS
10 Basic Elements of Map
11 Distance: Concept and Measurement
12 Direction: Concept and Determination
13 Bearing: Concept and Measurement
14 Area Calculation with Square Method
15 Area Calculation with Strip Method
16 Identification of Relief Features
17 Watershed: Concept and Demarcation

UNIT – II (B):
Survey of India (S.O.I.) TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
18 Toposheet Interpretation
No. -
19 Toposheet Interpretation
No. -
20 Toposheet Interpretation
No. -

UNIT - III:
PREPARATION OF THEMATIC MAPS (MANUALLY)
21 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Dot Map
22 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Pictogram
23 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Choropleth
Map
24 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Isopleth
Map
25 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Located
Bars

26 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Located

Circles

27 Preparation of District Thematic Map: Located Pie

UNIT - IV:
WEATHER MAPS READING
28 Weather Instruments
29 Symbols on Indian Weather Maps
30 Description of Weather Maps (Q&A)
• Weather Map -
• Weather Map -
 UNIT - V:
COMPUTER-BASED PRACTICALS – GOOGLE EARTH
31 Downloading Google Earth Pro
32 Identification of College Location and Measuring
Latitudes & Longitudes with Google Earth Pro

33 Practical Use of Google Earth Pro – I (Adding

placements, polygons, paths, image over layers)
34 Practical Use of Google Earth Pro – II
(Show rules, Google Maps, Evaluation Profile)
35 Practical Use of Google Earth Pro – III
(Historical Image Comparison)