Chapter Three

CHAPTER THREE - METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Site
Our Lady of Apostle Hospital is located at Namu, Quaan Pan LGA, Plateau state. It is a
private health facility established by the Our Lady of Apostle Sisters The facility was
chosen because it is one of the largest hospitals in Namu and Quaan Pan LGA at large.
It houses an administrative block, medical wards; paediatric ward, labour ward, in-patient
admission department, general out -patient department, surgical wards, radiotherapy,
main pharmacy, In-patient pharmacy, Unit dose dispensing system, antenatal clinic, and
several consultation rooms.
3.2 Study Design
This was a multi-phase study conducted over a period of eight months. It comprised a
pre- intervention phase (baseline readings and intensive patient education and
counselling) an intervention phase (mobile phone follows up) and a post intervention
phase (Outcome evaluation using blood glucose readings)
3.3 Study Population
Consenting diabetic patients attending outpatient diabetic clinic of Our Lady of Apostle
Hospital (OLA).
3.4 Sampling Technique
Convenience sampling method was used to select participants.

3.4.1 Sample Size
Studies have shown that the prevalence of diabetes in Our Lady of Apostle Hospital is
around 28%. Based on that, a total of 309 was calculated but inflated to 340 to cover
for non-response.
Sample size n = [z/Δ]2 p(1-p)
• z = standard deviate = 1.96
• Δ = Absolute precision = 0.05 (5%)
• p = Anticipated population proportion = 28%
3.5 Ethical Considerations
Prior formal permission was sought from the Hospital Research and Ethics Committee of
Our Lady of Apostle Hospital (OLA Hospital Namu, Qua’an Pan LGA/HREC/Q7/
(2016). Participants were represented with an identification code for anonymity and only
the coded information was entered into the computer software (SPSS version 22, verisign
class 3 code signing (2010) CA.) for analysis.
Informed consent was sought from participants.
3.6 Inclusion Criteria
1. All consenting diabetic patients aged 18 years and above attending outpatient clinic.
2. Possession of an active mobile phone for the intervention group.
3. Diabetic patients with co-morbid diseases.
3.7 Exclusion Criteria
1. Diabetic patients below 18 years.

2. Diabetic patients not attending OLA Hospital diabetic clinic.
3. Diabetic patients with active psychosis and dementia.
4. Inability to understand written or spoken English/Hausa.
5. Non-consenting diabetic patients.
3.8 Study Tool
An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from selected
subjects weekly while waiting to see the doctor. Data collected included baseline
demographics, subjects‟ knowledge and attitude toward diabetes management,
medication regimen and usage, baseline blood glucose readings (documented). They were
also counselled on the importance of self-monitoring of blood glucose including the
target blood sugar readings;
FBS 4-6mmol/L, 2HPP 4-8mmol/L, BMI < 25 Kg/m 2, HbA1c < 6.5% and BP < 130/80
mmHg, medication adherence, complications of diabetes from non-adherence, life style
and dietary modification such as eating more fruits and vegetables, skimmed milk,
proteins and low-calorie diets. Patients were also educated on foot care (wearing
comfortable shoes, nail care, avoid walking bare footed, avoid dryness by applying
petroleum jelly to feet), they were also told to avoid carrying heavy loads on their laps to
keep circulation flowing, patients were advised to engage in exercise and counselled on
signs of hypoglycaemia such as autonomic symptoms like palpitations, sweating,
tremors, tachycardia as intervention. Some selected participants were followed up
through telephone calls twice monthly for two months and a post intervention blood
glucose reading of followed up subjects was obtained to evaluate the impact of
intervention on patients’ attitude towards their disorder management.
3.9 Data Analysis
Data generated were entered into SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 22
to obtain descriptive statistics and paired t- test was used to make comparisons within
groups. P value of <0.05 was considered significant in all statistical analysis.

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CHAPTER THREE - METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Site

admission department, general out -patient department, surgical wards, radiotherapy,

several consultation rooms.

3.2 Study Design

phase (Outcome evaluation using blood glucose readings)

3.3 Study Population

3.4 Sampling Technique

Convenience sampling method was used to select participants.

Sample size n = [z/Δ]2 p(1-p)

• z = standard deviate = 1.96

• Δ = Absolute precision = 0.05 (5%)

• p = Anticipated population proportion = 28%

3.5 Ethical Considerations

class 3 code signing (2010) CA.) for analysis.

Informed consent was sought from participants.

3.6 Inclusion Criteria

2. Possession of an active mobile phone for the intervention group.

3. Diabetic patients with co-morbid diseases.

3.7 Exclusion Criteria

1. Diabetic patients below 18 years.

3. Diabetic patients with active psychosis and dementia.

4. Inability to understand written or spoken English/Hausa.

5. Non-consenting diabetic patients.

3.8 Study Tool

An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from selected

demographics, subjects‟ knowledge and attitude toward diabetes management,

also counselled on the importance of self-monitoring of blood glucose including the

target blood sugar readings;

mmHg, medication adherence, complications of diabetes from non-adherence, life style

signs of hypoglycaemia such as autonomic symptoms like palpitations, sweating,

tremors, tachycardia as intervention. Some selected participants were followed up

intervention on patients’ attitude towards their disorder management.

3.9 Data Analysis

groups. P value of <0.05 was considered significant in all statistical analysis.

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