AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO 2

Lab Title: Band Pass Filter Design

Student Name: Reg. No:
Objective: Design, construct, and verify on hardware passive and active band pass butter-
Worth filter using passive elements and operational amplifier

LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
the lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
EXPERIMENT NO 2

BAND PASS FILTER DESIGN

Objectives:
 To design and construct active band-pass Butterworth filter using operational amplifier.

Equipment required:
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator
 Trainer
 Operational Amplifier (LM-741)
 Resistors
 Capacitors

Introduction

For a low pass filter this pass band starts from 0Hz or DC and continues up to the specified cut-
off frequency point at -3dB down from the maximum pass band gain. Equally, for a high pass
filter the pass band starts from this -3dB cut-off frequency and continues up to infinity or the
maximum open loop gain for an active filter.
However, the Active Band Pass Filter is slightly different in that it is a frequency selective filter
circuit used in electronic systems to separate a signal at one particular frequency, or a range of
signals that lie within a certain “band” of frequencies from signals at all other frequencies. This
band or range of frequencies is set between two cut-off or corner frequency points labelled the
“lower frequency” ( ƒL ) and the “higher frequency” ( ƒH ) while attenuating any signals outside
of these two points.
The cut-off or corner frequency of the low pass filter (LPF) is higher than the cut-off frequency
of the high pass filter (HPF) and the difference between the frequencies at the -3dB point will
determine the “bandwidth” of the band pass filter while attenuating any signals outside of these
points.

BW = fH – fL 2.1

One way of making a very simple Active Band Pass Filter is to connect the Active high and
Active low pass filters in series. When the separation between the upper and the lower cutoff
frequencies ( f1, f2) exceeds a ratio of approximately 2, the band-pass filter is considered a wide-
band filter. The specifications are then separated into individual low-pass and high-pass
requirements and met by a cascade of active low-pass filters having a cutoff frequency of f1 and
a high-pass filter having a cutoff frequency of f2.

High Pass Filter Low Pass Filter

This cascading together of the individual low and high pass passive filters produces a low “Q-
factor” type filter circuit which has a wide pass band. The first stage of the filter will be the high
pass stage which uses the capacitor to block any DC biasing from the source. This design has the
advantage of producing a relatively flat asymmetrical pass band frequency response with one
half representing the low pass response and the other half representing high pass response as
shown.

The higher corner point ( ƒH ) as well as the lower corner frequency cut-off point ( ƒL ) are
calculated the same as before in the standard first-order low and high pass filter circuits.
Obviously, a reasonable separation is required between the two cut-off points to prevent any
interaction between the low pass and high pass stages.
Multiple Feedback Band Pass Active Filter
We can improve the band pass response of the above circuit by rearranging the components
again to produce an infinite-gain multiple-feedback (IGMF) band pass filter. This type of active
band pass design produces a “tuned” circuit based around a negative feedback active filter giving
it a high “Q-factor” (up to 25) amplitude response and steep roll-off on either side of its center
frequency. Because the frequency response of the circuit is similar to a resonance circuit, this
center frequency is referred to as the resonant frequency, ( ƒr ). Consider the circuit below
Resonant Frequency Point
The actual shape of the frequency response curve for any passive or active band pass filter will
depend upon the characteristics of the filter circuit with the curve above being defined as an
“ideal” band pass response. An active band pass filter is a 2nd Order type filter because it has
“two” reactive components (two capacitors) within its circuit design.
As a result of these two reactive components, the filter will have a peak response or Resonant
Frequency ( ƒr ) at its “center frequency”, ƒc. The center frequency is generally calculated as
being the geometric mean of the two -3dB frequencies between the upper and the lower cut-off
points with the resonant frequency (point of oscillation) being given as:

fr = √fL x fH 2.2

The “Q” or Quality Factor

In a Band Pass Filter circuit, the overall width of the actual pass band between the upper and lower
-3dB corner points of the filter determines the Quality Factor or Q-point of the circuit. This Q
Factor is a measure of how “Selective” or “Un-selective” the band pass filter is towards a given
spread of frequencies. The lower the value of the Q factor the wider is the bandwidth of the filter
and consequently the higher the Q factor the narrower and more “selective” is the filter.

frequency f
Q  bandwidth  f 0 f 2.3
H L

In this experiment we demonstrate the operation characteristics of a multiple feedback active BPF.
The multiple feedback BPF is only one of a number of possible BPF circuits which enable one to
specify individually the centre frequency (fo), gain (Avo), and quality factor (Q). Because of its
simplicity, it is limited for Qs less than 10.
The general transfer function of a 2nd order BPF is given by
The transfer function of such a filter is

2.5

Equating the coefficients of Equations (2.1) and (2.3) yields

From Equations (2.6)-(2.8), the values of R 1, R3, C1 and C2 can be obtained for specific values
of fo, Q and Avo. However, since only three equations for the five parameters are available, we
may select C1 = C2.
Procedure
 Design and construct a 2nd order active BPF having Butterworth characteristics. Set the
center frequency 40KHz.

 Now increase the frequency of the function generator and record the peak value of Vo.

 Note the values in the given table for different values of input frequency.

 Note the frequencies at which the output voltage V o equals 3dB less than the peak value.
The two values determined will be the low cut-off and the high cut-off frequencies of the
filter respectively.
  Plot the frequency response of the filter clearly mentioning the cut-off frequency.

Observations and Calculations

Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = Low cut-off frequency, fL =

High cut-off frequency, fH =

No.of fi Vo Vo Vi 20log(Vo Vi )
Obs.

Frequency Response

Home Task
Perform a wideband band-pass filter in Proteus by connecting the 2nd order High Pass filter with the
2nd order Low Pass filter using fL=20KHz and fH=40KHz.
Lab Task:

In the lab, we have to design, construct, and verify the 2nd order of passive band-pass filter on the
hardware.

Band-pass filter: is a filter that allows signals within a certain frequency range to
pass through while attenuating signals outside this range. It is the combination
of passive 2nd-order low-pass and high-pass filters. It is made up of the
combination of two filters so, it has two cut-off points f H for low pass and fL for
high pass. Overall the order of the band-pass filter is 4 th order due to the
energy storage element being four (capacitors). fH should be greater than fL to
achieve the desired results.

Frequency Response: Band-pass filters exhibit a frequency response characterized

by a passband, a stopband, and cutoff frequencies. The passband is the range
of frequencies over which the filter allows signals to pass with minimal
attenuation. The stopband is the range of frequencies outside the passband
where signals are significantly attenuated or rejected. The cutoff frequencies
define the boundary between the passband and the stopband.

Designing: In the designing part we selected the capacitor and resistor according
to low and high cut-off frequencies. The cut-off frequencies are calculated by
the following formula:

fc = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2

Equipment required:

Oscilloscope
Function Generator
Trainer
Resistor = 1k ohms
Capacitor = 2nF and 13.25nF

Calculations:
For 2nd order passive low-pass filter:
C1 and C2 = 2nF
R1 and R2 = 1k ohms
fH = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 = 1 / 2π √1k ohms x 1k ohms x 2nF x 2nF = 80kHz
For 2nd order passive high-pass filter:
C1 and C2 = 13.25nF
R1 and R2 = 1k ohms
FL = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 = 1 / 2π √1k ohms x 1k ohms x 13.25nF x 13.25nF = 12kHz

BW = fH – fL = 80kHz – 12kHz = 68kHz

Highest point = BW / 2 = 68 / 2 = 34kHz

Implementation: After calculation, set up the circuit with components and analyze, and verify the
results

Analyses: Condition: fH always be greater than fL. In our case, fH = 80kHz and fL
= 12kHz. Cut-off frequencies gain equal to -3dB. Frequencies below 12kHz all
are canceled due to the high pass filter and its cut-off frequency. After fL =
12kHz as I moved forward all signals increased until it reached the highest
point. The highest peak point in the band is received by dividing BW by 2.
Below we get 34kHz as a center frequency or highest peak point. After the
highest peak point frequencies going to decrease and meet a cut-off point fL.
The area between cut-off points is called band-pass while the area outside the
cut-off until the signal reaches zero is called stop band.

Results:

Circuit diagram:
Output and input waveform at frequency = 12kHz and Vp-p = 4V: Low cut-off frequency

Output and input waveform at frequency = 34kHz and Vp-p = 4V: Highest Point
Output and input waveform at frequency = 80kHz and Vp-p = 4V: High cut-off frequency
Observations and Calculations
Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = 4V Low cut-off frequency, fL = 12kHz

High cut-off frequency, fH = 80kHz

No.of fi Vo Vo Vi 20log(Vo Vi )
Obs.

1 8k 0.8 0.2 -13.9

2 12k 1.1 0.275 -11

3 20k 1.4 0.35 -9.12

4 30k 1.7 0.425 -7.43

5 34k 1.8 0.45 -6.936

6 45k 1.6 0.4 -7.96

7 60k 1.4 0.35 -9.12

8 80k 1.2 0.3 -10.4

9 100k 1 0.25 -12

10 120k 0.8 0.2 -13.9

Proteus:

Circuit diagram:

Output waveform:
Output and input waveform at frequency = 12kHz and Vp-p = 4V: Low cut-off frequency

Output and input waveform at frequency = 34kHz and Vp-p = 4V: Highest Point

Output and input waveform at frequency = 80kHz and Vp-p = 4V: High cut-off frequency
Frequency Response:

Home Task
Perform a wideband band-pass filter in Proteus by connecting the 2nd order High Pass filter with the
2nd order Low Pass filter using fL=20KHz and fH=40KHz.

Calculation:

For 2nd order passive low-pass filter:

C1 and C2 = 4nF
R1 and R2 = 1k ohms
fH = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 = 1 / 2π √1k ohms x 1k ohms x 4nF x 4nF = 40kHz

For 2nd order passive high-pass filter:

C1 and C2 = 8nF
R1 and R2 = 1k ohms
FL = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 = 1 / 2π √1k ohms x 1k ohms x 8nF x 8nF = 20kHz

BW = fH – fL = 40kHz – 20kHz = 20kHz

Center point = fc = √fH x fL = 30kHz

Circuit diagram:

Observations and Calculations

Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = 4V Low cut-off frequency, fL = 20kHz

High cut-off frequency, fH = 40kHz

 No.of fi Vo Vo Vi 20log(Vo Vi )
Obs.

1 15k 500m 0.2 -13.9

2 20k 545m 0.275 -11

3 30k 570m 0.35 -9.12

4 40k 545m 0.425 -7.43

5 45k 525m 0.45 -6.936

Frequency Response:

Calculation:

Low pass filter with op-amp:

fH = 1 / 2πRC

Here fH = 40kHz and let C = 4nF

So, R = 1 / 2π x 4nF x 40k = 1k ohms

Ao = 1 + (Rf / R)

Let Ao = 1.06 and Rf = 1k ohms

Then, R = 17k ohms

High pass filter with op-amp

FL = 1 / 2πRC

Here fL = 20kHz and let C = 8nF

So, R = 1 / 2π x 8nF x 20k = 1k ohms

Ao = 1 + (Rf / R)

Let Ao = 1.06 and Rf = 1k ohms

Then, R = 17k ohms

Circuit diagram:

Observations and Calculations

Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = 4V Low cut-off frequency, fL = 20kHz

High cut-off frequency, fH = 40kHz

No.of fi Vo Vo Vi 20log(Vo Vi )
Obs.

1 15k 2.50 0.625 -4.08

2 20k 2.70 0.675 -3.41

3 30k 2 0.5 -6.02

4 40k 1.20 0.3 -10.46

5 45k 1 0.25 -12.04

Frequency Response:

Analyses:

Constructed a wideband band-pass filter in Proteus by connecting the 2 nd order High Pass filter with
the 2nd order Low Pass filter using fL=20KHz and fH=40KHz. In the passive 2nd-order band-pass
filter the components use the formula fH = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 to achieve a range of frequencies
between fL = 20kHz and fH =40kHz. Frequency response gave us values at very low voltage. To
get values having reasonable voltage. Designed a band-pass filter using an operational amplifier.
The gain is set to 1.06V to achieve -3dB.

Conclusion:

A Band-pass filter is a filter that allows signals within a certain frequency range to pass through
while attenuating signals outside this range. It is the combination of passive 2nd-order low-pass and
high-pass filters. It has two cut-off points fH for low pass and fL for high pass. Condition: fH
always be greater than fL. Cut-off frequencies gain equal to -3dB. Frequencies below 12kHz all are
canceled due to the high pass filter and its cut-off frequency. After fL = 12kHz as I moved forward
all signals increased until it reached the highest point. The highest peak point in the band is
received by dividing BW by 2. After the highest peak point frequencies going to decrease and meet
a cut-off point fL. The area between cut-off points is called band-pass while the area outside the
cut-off until the signal reaches zero is called stop band. In the passive 2nd-order band-pass filter the
components use the formula fH = 1 / 2π√R1R2C1C2 to achieve a range of frequencies between fL
= 20kHz and fH =40kHz. Frequency response gave us values at very low voltage. To get values
having reasonable voltage. Designed a band-pass filter using an operational amplifier. The gain is
set to 1.06V to achieve -3dB.