Theory

Part 1 band pass

Active High Pass Filter An Active High Pass Filter can be created by
combining a passive RC filter network with an operational amplifier to
produce a high pass filter with amplification Active High Pass Filter A first-
order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its name implies, attenuates
low frequencies and passes high frequency signals. It consists simply of a
passive filter section followed by a non-inverting operational amplifier. The
frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the passive filter,
except that the amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain of the
amplifier and for a non-inverting amplifier the value of the pass band
voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1, the same as for the low pass filter circuit.
Active High Pass Filter with Amplification

This first-order high pass filter, consists simply of a passive filter followed by
a non-inverting amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit is the same
as that of the passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is
increased by the gain of the amplifier. the lower cut-off or corner frequency
( ƒc ) can be found by using the same formula:

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A commonly available operational amplifier such as the uA741 has a typical
“open-loop” (without any feedback) DC voltage gain of about 100dB
maximum reducing at a roll off rate of -20dB/Decade (-6db/Octave) as the
input frequency increases. The gain of the uA741 reduces until it reaches
unity gain, (0dB) or its “transition frequency” ( ƒt ) which is about 1MHz.
This causes the op-amp to have a frequency response curve very similar to
that of a first-order low pass filter and this is shown below. Frequency
response curve of a typical Operational Amplifier

Then the performance of a “high pass filter” at high frequencies is limited

by this unity gain crossover frequency which determines the overall
bandwidth of the open-loop amplifier. The gain-bandwidth product of the
op-amp starts from around 100kHz for small signal amplifiers up to about
1GHz for high-speed digital video amplifiers and op-amp based active filters
can achieve very good accuracy and performance provided that low
tolerance resistors and capacitors are used.

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Procedure
Test 1(high pass filter)
1. We design the circuit as shown in the figure below:

2. Next we add a function generator and connect it to the input of the

circuit with the following values:

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 3. Next we connect an oscilloscope to circuit connecting the channel B
port to the output part of the circuit and display it on screen :

4. Next we increased the frequency point by point according to the

table given in the experiment to find the voltage in each point and
and we used said values to draw a hand written frequency response
graph and found the cutoff frequency and find the gain.

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 5. In A different way we used the bot plotter to draw the frequency
response and find the cutoff frequency is on the program by
connecting again both input and output ports to the input and output
parts of the circuit and display the plot on screen :

We change the horizontal and vertical values to our liking to get the
clearest possible display

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 6. next we used the cursor to read the maximum gain of the graph
which is (3.975dB) And to find the cutoff frequency we we have to
find the cutoff gain which is -3dB the maximum gain to the left side of
the plot in this case is (0.975dB) and the frequency at that point is
(998.867 Hz) which is our cutoff frequency.

7. Theoretical
1 1
fc= 2 πRc , fc= ( = 999.716 Hz
15.92∗10 )∗( 10∗10−9 )∗2 pi
3

Bot plotter

Fc= 998.867Hz

Practical
Fc=

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Test 2 sallen-key
1. First we connected the circuit as shown in the figure down below:

We set the parameters of the function generator as following:

3. we changed the signals frequency through the function generator

according to the table and used the first probe(pr1)to read the output

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voltages and the second probe(pr2) to read the input voltages for each
frequencies.

4 we drew a frequency response of the circuit depending on the table

which will be in the result papers

5.we brought a bode plotter and connected the IN with the input of the
circuit and the OUT to the output of the

circuit by lowering the curser by -3db we found the cut-off frequency we

lower the curser from 3.74db to 0.74db and the frequency was 9.789kHz

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6. theoretical:

Cut-off according to bode plotter= 9.789 kHz

Cut-off according to frequency response =

Theoretical cut –off:

Since RA=RB and CA=CB therefore

1
Fc= 2 πRC R=RA=RB C=CA=CB

1
Fc= −9
=10.047 KHz
2× π × 3300× 4.8 ×10

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Theory
Part 2 band pass
A band pass filter (also known as a BPF or pass band filter) is defined as a
device that allows frequencies within a specific frequency range and rejects
(attenuates) frequencies outside that range. Band Pass Filter Circuit The
band pass filter is a combination of low pass and high pass filters.
Therefore, the circuit diagram contains the circuit of high pass and low pass
filters. The circuit diagram of the passive RC band pass filter is as shown in
the below figure.

Circuit Diagram of Band Pass Filter

The first half of the circuit diagram is a passive RC high pass filter. This filter
will allow the signals which have frequencies higher than the lower cutoff
frequency (fc-low). And attenuate the signals which have frequencies lower
than (fc-low).

The second half of the circuit diagram is a passive RC low pass filter. This
filter will allow the signals which have frequencies lower than the higher
cutoff frequency (fc-high). And it will attenuate the signals which have
frequencies higher than (fc-high).

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Active Band Pass Filter

The active band pass filter is a cascading connection of high pass and low
pass filter with the amplifying component as shown in the below figure.

Block Diagram of Active Band Pass Filter

The circuit diagram of Active Band Pass Filter is divided into three parts.
The first part is for a high pass filter. Then the op-amp is used for the
amplification. The last part of the circuit is the low pass filter. The below
figure shows the circuit

diagram of Active Band Pass Filter.

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Passive Band Pass Filter The passive filter used only passive components
like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Therefore, the passive band pass
filter is also used passive components and it does not use the op-amp for
amplification. So, like an active band pass filter, the amplification part is not
present in a passive band pass filter. The passive band pass filter is a
combination of passive high pass and passive low pass filters. Hence, the
circuit diagram also contains circuits of high pass and low pass filters.

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Procedure
Test 3 Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters:

1.Connected the circuit shown in figure below

2.Apply a 6V P-P ,50Hz sine wave to the input of the amplifier through a
function generator

3.Through Voltage Probe attached to the input and output, we read the
output signal from 50Hz to 14KHz

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4.by using Bod Plotter Tool which the negative ports of it connected to
ground and positive port of IN connected to input and positive port of OUT
to output , we drawed the frequency response of the circuit and found the
center frequency and Bandwidth

In the maximum gain which is 8.402dB the frequency is 5.684KHz which it

is the center frequency , and to find the Bandwidth we need to find the cut
of frequencies fc1(cut of f of high pass) and fc2(cut of f of low pass)

BW=fc2 – fc1

To find fc1 and fc2 we remove 3 dB from the maximum gain on both sides
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We removed 3 dB from max gain and remained 5.402dB in that gain we
have 4.214KHz which it is fc1

to the other side we removed 3 dB and we get the fc2 which equal to
9.241KHz

then the BW=9.241KHz-4.214KHz=5.027KHz

5.Then by Theoretically finding fc1 ,fc2 and fo(center frequency)

1 1
Fc1= 2 πRC = 2(3.14)(8.289 K )(4.8 n) =4000.15Hz

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 1 1
Fc2= 2 πRC = 2 ( 3.14 ) (1000 )( 0.022 u ) =7234.32Hz

Fo=√ fc 1 fc 2=√(4000.15)(7234.32)=5379.44Hz

Theoretically On Bod Plotter On freq response

Tool graph

Fo(center 5.379KHz 5.684KHz

frequency)

Fc1(cut of f of 4.15KHz 5.402KHz

HPF)

Fc2(cut of f of 7.234KHz 9.241KHz

LPF

Test (4) Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filter:

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1. First connected the multiple-feedback bandpass filter circuit as shown
below, We can either use oscillator or voltage probe to measure our output
signal, we used the probe because it is more convenient and more
accurate.

2. We use the function generator to generate the input signal and assign it
a peak voltage of 3V and change the frequency according to the table

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3. after that, we use the bod plotter tool to draw the frequency response
and find the center frequency and bandwidth which we find by subtracting
f2(cutoff frequency of lowpass filter) by f1(cutoff frequency of highpass
filter)

Center frequency: 2.882 kHz

Fc(LP): 3.277 kHz

Fl(HP): 2.582 kHz

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4. practical calculations:

Center frequency: 2.882 kHz

Fc1(LP): 3.277 kHz

Fc2(HP): 2.582 kHz

-BW = Fc2 – Fc1

= 3.277 kHz – 2.582 kHz

= 0.695 kHz

fo
-Q =
BW

2.882 kHz
= 0.695 kHz = 4.1468

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5. Theoretical calculations:

f o=
1
2 πC √ R 1+ R 3
R 1 R2 R3

=
1
√ 34 kΩ+1.35 kΩ
2 π ( 0.005 ×10 ) ( 34 kΩ ) ( 90 kΩ ) ( 1.35 kΩ )
−6

= 2944.54

Q = πfoCR2

= π(2944.54)(0.005 * 10−6)(90000)

= 4.1625

fo
BW =
Q

2944.54
= 4.1625 = 706.97 Hz

The results for the practical and theoretical values are approximately the
same and the slight differences are due to the inaccuracy of the bode
plotter and not placing the cursor perfectly, it could be also due to the
power loss because of heat

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Discussion test 1
Looking at the results we can see that the measured cutoff frequencies are
close or almost equal to one another and the bit of inaccuracy between
theoretical and the values is due to either power loss in the form of heat or
the bod plotter not being 100% accurate,

And the reason for practical result not being exact is due to hand written
inaccuracies.

Its worth pointing out the previous circuit may be constructed as a high
pass filter but it works as a band pass filter because the amplifier works as a
low-pass filter and forms a band pass with high-pass connection of the
design

Also for it to work as a high-pass we must use a transistor rather than the
amplifier.

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Discussion test 2
We can see that the values of the frequencies of both bode plotter and
frequency response are slightly different from the theoretical calculation
and this can be cause by:

1. Over using the multisim stimulation and causing it to slow down and read
the values inaccurately specially in the bode plotter since we lowered the
cursor by exactly 3db

2. Since the frequency response is drawn by hand there will be highly

chance of error at placing the point at exactly to the right place. From the
bode plotter we can see that frequency response has shape of band pass
filter instead of high pass filter this is because of the amplifier the passive
high pass filter is connected with an amplifier with a low pass frequency
response therefor combining them will form a band pass frequency
response that’s why we take the cut off at the left side of the graph as a cut
off of the high pass. Since we cannot use this circuit as an active high pass
filter transistor will be used instead.

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Discussion test 3
Of course the theoretical values are accurate ,that small difference
between bod plotter values and 2 others ,may this cause the bod plotter
which it is not %100 accurate or cause power loss in the form heat

To design a Band Pass Filter in this test we used the combination of high
pass filter and low pass filter ,the HPF pass those frequencies above
4000.15Hz and the LPF pass those frequincies under 7234.32Hz in result
we get the BPF which pass a band of frequencies from 4.15KHz to 7.234KHz
,and to know our band bass filter is wide or narrow band we divide the
center frequency into bandwidth which it is equal to qality factor(Q) , if (Q >
10 ) the band is narrow band and if (Q < 10) is wide band

Q=fo/BW

Q=5.684KHz/5.027KHz=1.131

That is mean the band pass filter is wide band .

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Discussion test (4):
In this procedure we tested out multiple-feedback bandpass filter, we
found the center frequency, Fc1 and Fc2 then from those values we
calculated the bandwidth and quality factor, then we calculated those
values theoretically and we got roughly about the same values and the
slight differences are due to the inaccuracy of the bode plotter and not
placing the cursor perfectly, it could be also due to the power loss because
of heat. The multiple feedback bandpass filter can change the value of the
cutoff frequency without any change in the maximum gain at the center
frequency. We can also determine if the filter is wideband or narrowband
by its quality factor, if the quality factor is more than 10, it is narrowband
but if the quality factor is less than 10 which is our case (Q=4) then it is
wideband

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