L-3/T.;.

lIEEE Date: 20/07/2011

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-1 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2009-2010
Sub: EEE 307 (Electrical Properties of Materials)
Full Marks : 210 Time : 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.

USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) Define 'Lattice' and 'Basis'. Draw reduced sphere representation of FCC, BCC and
HCP crystal structure. Define 'Atomic Packing Factor'. (15)
(b) Consider the FCC unit cell of the copper crystal. (20)
(i) How many atoms are there per unit cell?
(ii) If R is the radius of the Cu atom, show that the lattice parameter a is given by

a = R2.fi.
(iii) Calculate the atomic packing factor (APF).
\' (iv) If the lattice parameter a is given as 0.362 nrn, calculate the planar concentration
for (111) plane.

2. (a) State and discuss 'Fourier's law' of heat conduction. How is the Ohm's law of
electrical conduction is related to the 'Fourier's law' of heat conduction in metals? (12)
(b) Discuss 'Matthiessen's rule'. Define 'Temperature coefficient of Resistivity' (TCR). (13)
(c) Consider a 40 W, 120 V incandescent light bulb. The Tungsten filament is 0.381 m
long and has a diameter of 33 /lm. Its resistivity at room temperature is 5.51 x 10-8 Q-m.
Given that the resistivity of the tungsten filament varies at Tl.2 (T = temperature),
estimate the temperature of the bulb at steady state condition when it is operated at the
rated voltage. Consider that the room temperature is 3000 K. (10)

3. (a) What is photoelectric effect? Discuss the results from the photoelectric experiments
and its interpretations given by Einstein. (20)
(b) In the photoelectric experiment, green light, with a wavelength of 522 nrn, is the
longest wavelength radiation that can cause the photoemission of electrons from a clean
sodium surface. (15)
(i) What is the work function of sodium, in electron-volts?
(ii) If UV radiation of wave length 250 nrn is incident to the sodium surface, what
will be the kinetic energy of photo emitted electrons in electron-volts?
(iii) Consider that the UV light of wavelength 250 nrn has an intensity of 20 mW
cm-2• If the emitted electrons are collected by applying a positive bias to the opposite
electrode, what will be the photoelectric current density?
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EEE 307

4. (a) Using Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) method explain why hydrogen

can form molecule (H2) but helium can not. (12)

(b) By solving schrodinger's equation for an infinite potential well, derive the expression
for wave functions and show it graphically. (15)
(c) Discuss Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. (8)

SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Derive Clausivs-Mossotti equation. (18)

(b) Classify magnetic materials. Briefly discuss the main characteristics of each type. (17)

6. (a) What is piezoelectricity? Write three applications of piezoelectric materials. (10)

(b) For a crystal structure show that effective mass (15)

m* = 1 2 ; where the symbols have their usual meanings.

1 d E
hi' de
(c) If E = 1 x 10-36 k2+ 1.2 x 10-18 k+ 0.002, find the value ofm*. (10)

7. (a) What is super conductivity? Briefly describe the characteristics of Type I and Type II
superconductors. (17)
(b) Show that in an infinite potential well the density of states per unit volume at a
particular energy level is proportional to square root of that energy. (18)

8. (a) What is dielectric of loss? Discuss the effect of frequency on dielectric loss. Find the
expression of loss per unit volume. (18)
(b) Water has a static relative dielectric constant of 80. Individual molecule has a
permanent dipole of 6 x 10-30 Coul-m with a relaxation time of lax 10-9S. Calculate the
dielectric loss per unit volume with an electric field of 1 kV fcm at 3 GHz. (17)
.,
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L-3iT-J/RRE Date: 2K106/2015
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGiNEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3tr-1 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 20[3-2014

Sub: EEE 307 (Electrical Properties of Materials)

Fllil Marh: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate I'll]]marks.
USE SEPARATR SCRIPTS FOR EACH SEeTlO"!

SRCTION-A
There arC FOUR questions in this section. Answer any TllREE.

I. (al What do you mean by negative index malenal? Briefly describe how one can altam
such a material. (10)
(b) What is Birkhausen dIed? Explain why the hysteresis loop i5 not a reversible loop. (6+6)
(c) Explain, 10 detail, the differences and similarities of soft and hard magnetic materials,
Mention "mne oflhcir applications. (13)

2. (a) Show that the data for the magnetic susceptJhihly of nickel given helow i~ ~()nSlstent

with the Curie-Weiss Law l XIII = T ~T ,where Xm is meganetic susceptibility, C is

c

Curie constant, To is Curie temperature]' Evaluate the Cutic constant and tcmperature (e,
Tel. i\l~o find thc effective number of Bohr magnetons per atom, [Atomic wI. = 58.7,
.
den~lty ~ ggSO k-'
g.m I, (20)
I '[' Cc) 500 600 700 800 900

IXmC,IO) 38.4 19.5 15 10.6 9.73

(h) Explam the BCS thcory for superconductivity, \Vhy do you think r00111temperature
superconducti"ity is so hard to attain. (8)
(~) If a i~ the interatomic distance, Ii is the moch wall thickness, E., is the exchange
encrgy, K is magneto-crystalline energy, then the potential energy per unit area of a

Bl,,~h wall i~ gIVen by: -

rr-Eex + Kii (Symbols have their usual meaning). Show thJt,
2"

mmlmum energy occurs at 1i'=Jn~::x. Also show that, at Ii Ii',

= the e~change and

anisotropy energy contributions are equal. (7)

3. (a) Provc Clausius-Mossotti equatioll, Mention a few Jpp1ieations or thIS equation. (1 0+3)
(b) From the definition of coupling coefficient for a piem-e1ectric quart? <.-rystal,~how

that: k2 = 1-~ (Symbols have their usual meamngs). Now consider a quartz and PZT
,
f'
ceramic filter working at f, = 1 MHz. Calculate their bandwidth. Consi<1enng tIle filter to
be of disc shape and oscillation, propagate radially, calculate their diameters. rU~e:

v = .);{", (oo ~ n~_, Y = 80 Ora (quartz), 70 OPa (PZT); p ~ 2.65 gm/e.e (quartz),

7,7 gm/e.c (PZT)]. (4+18)

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EEE 307
4. (a) Briefly explain, how do you reduce losses in dielectric mirrors, What is the physICal
expl anation for the cxistcncc ofrelaxation pcaks in a dielectric media? (6+6)
~c ,
(b) Calculate <0, lor solid argon «84 k) (density = 1.8 gm/c.c, lX.e= 1.7 " 10 F.m,
atomic weight = 39,95]. Explain thc 7% difference in calculated values of Er that rc~u1t~
when one u~cs thc ~implc relationship as opposed to the Clausius-Mossotti equation. (15)
(cl In tcrms of capacitance per unit volume compari80n8, ~omment on (i) ele~trolyti~
capacitors can achieve large C '"01; and (ii) ceramics have 8uh,tantial volume ell'iciency
compared to polymers. (4+4)

SECTION -8
There are FOUR qlleS110n~in thi~ seetion. Answer any THREE.
S)1TIhol.~have their u~ual meanings.

5, (a) G,ven thc latticc paramctcr of silicon a = 0.543 run, calculate the atomic conccntration
and dens]ty of SI. [Atomic ma~s ofSi = 28.09 gmlmol]. (10)
(b) Niobium (NS) has the BCC erystal strueture with a lattiee parameter a = 0,3294 nm.
Find the planar concentrations of the (11 0) and (111) planes. (10)
(e) Two possible conduction bands are 8hown in Figure for Q. 5(e). State which band .•.•.
ill
result in hcavier electron effective mass and why. (15)

O. (a) Thc resistivity of Aluminum (AI) at 25"C is 2,72 x 10-~ Q-m, The thermal coell'icicnt
(lrre~hti~ity of Al at WC is 4.29 " 10-3 K-t. Al has a valency of 3, a density of 2.70
gm/e.c and an atomic mass of27. (25)
(i) Calculate the resistivity and thennal coefficient of resistivity at -4WC.
(ii) E~timate thc mean frce time for the conduction electrons at 25"C and hence find
their drift mobility,

(iii) If the mean 8peed or the conduetlOn eleetron~ is 1.5 x 1d' m/see, calculate the

mean free path.

(iv) \Vhat is the percentage change in the power loss due to Joule heating ofthc Al
wire when the temperalnrc drops from 25°C to --40"C?
[Assume, constant current level]
(v) What is the thermal conductivity of Al at 25°C?
Contd Pi3
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EEE 307
Contd ... Q. No.6

(b) Determine the total number of energy states in bulk GaAs between EeG and Eco + kT
at T = 300 K where Eoo is the energy at the bottom of the band. [Density of states
effective mass of electron is 0.067 Illc]. (10)

7, (a) Consider a free electron bound in a two dimensional infinite potential well defined by
V=O; O<x<a, O<y<b
V=a; e1sev.rhere
Determine the expression fllr th~ alh)wed electmn energies and ,is wavelulKtlons. (20)
2
(h) The average intensity of sunlight on Earth's surface in about 1 kW/m . The maximum

illtensity is Jt 800 nm wavelenglh. Assuming that all the photons ha\'e an 800 nm

wavelength, (15)
0) Calculate the photon flux.
(il) What is the magnitude of electric field in the sunlight?
(iii) Suppose that a soiar cell device can convert each photon into an electron, whieh
ean then give rise to external current. What is the maximum current that can be
,upplied per LIm!area ofthi~ solar edl?

8. (0.)Whut I, Fenni-Dirae ~!atisties? How docs it differ from Boltzmann statistie~'! ('0)
(b) Dca". the r(Jl1OlVing~: (10)

(i) (0 2 3) (ii) [I 10]

(e) For a wide rectangulur barrier (o:a» I), the tunneling probability can be expressed as

-2ua 2 2m{Vo-E) 16E(Vo-E)

To e , where 0: = 2 ' To = 2 . (15)
h V,

v 0 = height of the burrier and E = meident energy.

a = Barrier width

Show that the maximum value ofT 0 is 4 and llnd the correspondmg incident energy.
L-3/T-1IEEE Date: 14/0112017
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-1 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2015-2016

Sub: EEE 307 (Electrical Properties of Materials)

Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEP ARA TE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION -A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) What are the basic differences between polar and non-polar solids? Elaborate on the
material properties that emerge from these differences. (12)
(b) Describe the differences between ferroelectric and pyroelectric crystals. (12)
(c) How does dielectric constant affect refractive indices in optoelectronic materials? Explain
in terms of Bragg's law. (11)

2. (a) Derive the Debye equations. (20)

(b) Using the Debye equations, find the expression for loss tangent (tan8). Show that (15)

tan us: I Erdc - Eroo

= --;:::======
max 2~Erdc' Eroo

What is the value of't at the maximum oftan8? (symbols have their usual meanings).

3. (a) Some metals show a residual resistivity at ultra-low temperatures. Explain why.
Identify the technological challenges related to liquifying gases which led to the
discovery of H. Onnes. (7+8)
(b) Explain the formation of Copper pair in BCS theory of superconductors. (10)
(c) What material properties are responsible for the Geim's frog to levitate? Can you
identify some other real-life phenomena related to this property? (10) .

4. (a) When an applied magnetic field (B) is present, this field produces a torque on the
magnetic dipole of orbiting electrons. As such, the magnetic dipole precesses around B,

at a frequency called Larmor frequency ~J.

(roL = 2m
e
If the magnetic moment of an

electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is 1.0 Bohr magneton, calculate the
induced magnetic moment in a field of 1 weber/m? Compare the two values. (Explain

your reasoning for any required educated guesses). (13)

(b) Explain, with proper figures, the origin of giant magneto resistance III certain
materials. (10)
(c) What do you mean by effective-medium ~ypothesis. Why "double-negative" materials
are so special? Give some real-life examples. (6+..6)
','

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EEE 307
SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) With neat sketch, briefly discuss three major crystal defects. Also explain the effects
of these defects in optical and electrical properties of materials. (20)
(b) Why do we need to find crystal direction and plane? Consider an imaginary crystal
(X) having Simple Cubic (SC) structure with radius of atom 0.12 nm. (15)
(i) Find the relation between radius of atom and lattice constant.
(ii) Find APF.
(iii) Draw and find the planar concentration of (11 0) plane.

6. (a) What is the significance of Hall coefficient RH? Briefly discuss how a hall effect
current sensor works. (10)
(b) Briefly explain Nordheim's rule and its application. (10)
(c) Given that the mean speed of conduction electrons in copper is 1.5 x 106 ms -I and the
frequency of vibration of the copper atoms at room temperature is about 4 x 1012 S-I,

estimate the drift mobility of electrons and the conductivity of copper. The density d of
3
copper is 8.96 g cm- and the atomic mass is 63.56 gmoCl. (15)

7. (a) With neat sketch, find the expression for electron wavefunction and energy, trapped in
an infinite potential well, with respect to well width. From these expression, show that
energy of the confined electron is quantized. Also comment on the effect of changing
well in the energy levels, E and ~E. (20)
(b) Briefly explain the significance of de-Broglie relationship and Heisenberg's
Uncertainty principle. (10)
(c) Write down Schrodinger equation for different regions shown in Fig. for Q. 7(c) and
draw the approximate wavefunction for electron energy E < Vo and E > Vo. (5)
- ---~- ~_. __ ._~--~- ~---~~--_._-----
Vex)

Vo

'f's(x)
I
I
o abc x
~. ~Q.'1-CC) J

8. (a) What is electron effective mass? How can we get electron effective mass from
electronic band structure? How do we measure electron effective mass? (10)
(b)Write short notes explaining the significance and application of following: (25)
(i) Fermi Energy and Fermi level
(ii) Bloch wave
(iii) Fermi-Dirac Statistics (Also discuss temperature dependence)
(iv) Density of states
(v) Band gap
(vi) Brillouin Zone