CET422: Structural Dynamics

Even Semester Session 2023-24

Assignment: 4
1. The damped frequency of a system is obtained as 9.8 Hz from a free
vibration test during the forced vibration test with constant force on the
same system, the maximum amplitude of vibration is found to be at 9.6 Hz.
Find the damping factor for the system and its natural frequency?
Solution 1) fmax = 9.6 Hz ➔ max = 2    f max = 60.31rad / s

fd = 9.8 Hz ➔ d = 2    f d = 61.57rad / s

d = n (1 −  2 )
61.57 …(1)
= (1 −  2 )
n

We know, max = n (1 − 2 )
2

max 60.31
Or, = = (1 − 2 2 ) …(2)
n n
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2)

61.57 (1 −  2 )
=
60.31 (1 − 2 2 )
(1 −  2 )
1.042 =
(1 − 2 2 )
1.042 − 2.084 2 = 1 −  2
−1.042 + 2.084 2 = −1 +  2
1.084 2 − 0.042 = 0
 2 = 0.03874
 = 0.197
61.57 61.57 61.57
n = = = = 62.8rad / s
(1 −  2 ) (1 − (0.197) 2 ) 0.9804

End of question 1.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

2. A SDOF spring-mass-damper system is subjected to a harmonic excitation.

The amplitude at resonance is found to be 27 mm and 12 mm at a frequency
0.6 times the resonant frequency. Determine the damping ratio.
Solution 2) given, Xres = 27mm = 0.027 m
Xdyn = 12mm = 0.012 m at β = 0.6

Maximum magnification factor at resonance, MF = 1

2

X res
= 1
X static 2
X static = 2  X res = 0.054
Now, for general case,
X dyn 1
MF = =
X static (1 −  ) + (2 ) 2
2 2

0.012 1
=
0.054 (1 − 0.62 ) 2 + (0.12 ) 2
(1 − 0.62 ) 2 + (0.12 ) 2 = 20.25 2
(0.4096) + (0.0144 2 ) = 20.25 2
20.2356 2 = (0.4096)
ξ 2 =0.02024
 = 0.142
End of question 2.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

3. The frame is subjected to an exciting force F(t) = 20 sin(20t) kN, as shown in

below figure. Assuming the critical damping as 2%, determine:
(a) Steady state response of the vibration and
(b) The maximum dynamic stress in the columns

Solution 3) We know, [E = 2.1 X 10^11 N/m2], [L = 3m],

[I = 10-6 m4], [m = 5000 kg]

12 EI 24  (2.11011 N / m 2 )  (10 −6 m 4 )
keq = 2  3 = 3
= 1.86  105 N / m
L (3)
F 20kN
X static = = = 0.1075m
keq 1.86  105 N / m
keq 1.86 105 N / m
n = = = 6.099rad / s
m 5000kg
 20
= = = 3.279
n 6.099
X static (0.1075m) (0.1075m)
X dyn = = =
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2 (1 − (3.279) 2 ) 2 + (2  0.02  3.279) 2 9.713
X dyn = 0.011m = 11mm
2  Vmax = keq  X static = (1.86  105 N / m)  (0.1075m) = 19.977 kN
Vmax = 9.998kN
M max = Vmax  L / 2 = (9.998kN )  (3m / 2) = 15kN − m
z = 3.398 10−5 m3 ( square)
M
 max = max = 4.414GPa
z
End of question 3.
Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

4. A mass of 25 kg recording device is mounted on an oscillator. The deflection

of the isolator is 40 mm and an unbalanced force of 300 N is produced when
the recording device vibrated at frequency of 22 rad/s and the amplitude of
the vibrating system is 4 mm. Determine the damping ratio of the system.
Solution 4) given, mass, m = 25 kg, F0 = 300N
∆static = 40 mm = 0.04 m,
Xdyn = 4 mm = 0.004 m at ω = 22 rad/s

g 9.81m / s 2
n = = = 15.66rad / s
static 0.04m
 22
= = = 1.405
n 15.66
F0
mn 2
X dyn =
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
300 N
(25kg )  (15.66rad / s ) 2
0.004 =
(1 − 1.4052 ) 2 + (2    1.405) 2
(0.949) + 7.896 2 = 149.65
7.896 2 = 148.701
 2 = 18.832
 = 4.34
End of question 4.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

5. A 1000 kg machine is mounted on four identical springs of total spring

constant k and having negligible damping. The machine is subjected to a
harmonic external force of amplitude F0 = 490 N and frequency of 180 rpm.
Determine (a) the amplitude of motion of the machine of maximum force
transmitted to the foundation because of unbalanced force when k = 1.96 X
106 N/m (b) the same as in case (a) when k = 9.8 X 104 N/m.
Solution 5) (part a)
given, m = 1000 kg, k = 1.96 X 106 N/m,
180
 = 2  f = 2  = 18.85rad / s
60

k 1.96 106 N / m
n = = = 44.27rad / s
m 1000kg

 18.85
= = = 0.426
n 44.27
F0 = 490 N, ξ = 0
F0 490 N
X static = = = 0.00025m = 0.25mm
k 1.96 106 N / m
X static 0.25mm 0.25mm
X dyn = = = = 0.305mm
|1 −  | |1 − 0.426 | | 0.8185 |
2 2

Transmitted force
FT 1
=
F |1 −  2 |
F 490 N
FT = = = 598.02 N
|1 −  | |1 − 0.4262 |
2

(part b)
Given, m = 1000 kg, k = 9.8 X 104 N/m,
180
 = 2  f = 2  = 18.85rad / s
60

k 9.8 104 N / m
n = = = 9.899rad / s
m 1000kg

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

 18.85
= = = 1.904
n 9.899
F0 = 490 N, ξ = 0
F0 490 N
X static = = = 0.005m = 5mm
k 9.8 104 N / m
X static 5mm 5mm
X dyn = = = = 1.904mm
|1 −  | |1 − 1.904 | | 2.625 |
2 2

Transmitted force
FT 1
=
F |1 −  2 |
F 490 N
FT = = = 186.65 N
|1 −  | |1 − 1.9042 |
2

End of question 5.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

6. It was observed that a machine with a mass, m = 600 kg has an amplitude

of vibration of 0.01 m when the operating speed is 10 Hz. If the machine is
critically damped with an equivalent stiffness coefficient k of 10×103N/m,
determine the amount of unbalance m’e.
Solution 6) mass, m = 600 kg, Xdyn = 0.01 m = 4.1X10-3m,
f = 10 Hz,  = 2 10 = 62.832rad / s

k 10 103 N / m
n = = = 4.08rad / s
m 600kg

w 62.832
p = = = 15.39
wn 4.08
m 'e 2

X dyn = m
(1 −  2 )2 + (2 ) 2

Given, the machine is critically damped, ξ = 1,

( m ' e)
(15.39) 2
0.01 = 600
(1 − (15.39) 2 ) 2 + (2 115.39) 2
( m ' e)
(15.39) 2
0.01 = 600
55626.213 + 947.408
( m ' e) ( m ' e)
(15.39) 2 (15.39) 2
0.01 = 600 = 600
56573.62 237.852
( m ' e)
(15.39) 2 = 2.378
600
0.3947(m ' e) = 2.378
(m ' e) = 6.024kg − m
End of question 6.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

7. A damped single degree of freedom mass–spring system has a mass m = 25

kg, and a spring stiffness coefficient k = 2500 N/m. Determine the damping
coefficient of the system knowing that the mass exhibits an amplitude of
0.01 m when the support oscillates at the natural frequency of the system
with amplitude Y0 = 0.005 m. Determine also the amplitude of dynamic
force carried by the support and the displacement of the mass relative to the
support.
Solution: Given, [mass = 25kg], [k = 2500 N/m],

k 2500 N / m
n = = = 10rad / s
m 25kg

Y0 = 0.005 m, Xp = 0.01 m,

Yo 1 + (2 ) 2
Xp =
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
0.01 1 + (2 ) 2
=
0.005 (1 − 1) 2 + (2 ) 2
1 + 4 2
2= for β = 1,
2
16 2 = 1 + 4 2
12 2 = 1
 = 0.288
cc = 2mn = 2  25kg  10rad / s = 500 N − s / m
c =   cc = 0.288  500 = 144 N − s / m

 2 1 + (2 ) 2
Ft|max = 0 k
(1 −  2 )2 + (2 ) 2
 =1
1 + 4 2 1 + 4(0.288) 2
Ft|max = 0 k = 0.005  2500 
2 2  (0.288)
Ft|max = 0.005  2500  2.0035 = 25.04 N

Relative displacement,

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

2
Z = 0
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
 =1
0 0.005
Z= = = 0.00868m = 8.68mm
2 2  0.288
End of question 7.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

8. A vibrometer is used to measure the amplitude of a vibrating machine. It

was observed that the machine is vibrating at a frequency of 16 Hz. The
natural frequency and damping ratio of the vibrometer are 8 Hz and 0.7,
respectively. The reading of the vibrometer indicates that the amplitude of
vibration is 1.5 cm. Determine the correct value for the amplitude of
vibration of the machine.
Solution) ξ = 0.7, f = 16Hz, ω = f = 32 rad/s
fn = 8Hz, ωn = 2fn = 16 rad/s,
 32
= = =2
n 16
Zmax = 1.5cm = 0.015m
2
Z = 0
(1 −  2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2
22
0.015 =  0 = 0.9747   0
(1 − 22 ) 2 + (2  0.7  2) 2
0.015 = 0.9747   0
 0 = 0.0153m
0.0153 − 0.015
Error % = 100 = 2.59%
0.015

End of question 8.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

9. A commercial type vibration pichup has a natural frequency of 5.75 Hz, and
a damping factor of 0.65. What is the lowest frequency beyond which the
amplitude can be measured within
a) 1% error
b) 2% error
Solution) ξ = 0.65, f = ?, ω = ?
fn = 5.75Hz, ωn = 2πfn = 11.5π rad/s,

= =?
n
i) We know, error = 1%,

So, Z = 1.01  0 or Z = 0.99   0

For Z = 1.01  0

2
Z = 0
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
Z 2
= = 1.01
0 (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
4
= 1.0201
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
0.98 4 = (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
0.98 4 = 1 +  4 − 2  2 + (2  0.65 ) 2
1 + 0.02  4 − 2  2 + 1.69  2 = 0
0.02  4 − 0.31 2 + 1 = 0
 2 = 4.578,10.922
 = 2.14,3.305
 =   n
 = 2.14  5.75 Hz
So,  = 12.305 Hz
 = 3.305  5.75 Hz
 = 19.003Hz
For Z = 0.99   0

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

Z 2
= = 0.99
0 (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
4
= 0.9801
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1.02  4 = (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1.02  4 = 1 +  4 − 2  2 + (2  0.65 ) 2
−1 + 0.02  4 + 2  2 − 1.69  2 = 0
0.02  4 + 0.31 2 − 1 = 0
 2 = 2.74, −18.24
 = 1.655
 =   n
So,  = 1.655  5.75Hz
 = 9.518Hz
Since, there is 1% error between 9.518 Hz & 19.003 Hz, so the lowest frequency
beyond which the amplitude can be measured within 1% error is 19 Hz.

ii) We know, error = 2%,

So, Z = 1.02   0 or Z = 0.98   0

2
Z = 0
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
Z 2
= = 1.02
0 (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
4
= 1.0404
(1 −  2 )2 + (2 ) 2
0.961 4 = (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
0.961 4 = 1 +  4 − 2 2 + (2  0.65 ) 2
1 + 0.039 4 − 2 2 + 1.69 2 = 0
0.039 4 − 0.31 2 + 1 = 0

This equation does not give real roots for  .

2

So for, Z = 0.98   0

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

Z 2
= = 0.98
0 (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
4
= 0.9604
(1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1.041 4 = (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1.041 4 = 1 +  4 − 2  2 + (2  0.65 ) 2
−1 + 0.041 4 + 2  2 − 1.69  2 = 0
0.041 4 + 0.31 2 − 1 = 0
 2 = 2.439, −10
 = 1.562
 =   n
So,  = 1.562  5.75Hz
 = 8.98Hz
So the lowest frequency beyond which the amplitude can be measured within
2% error is 8.98 Hz.

End of question 9.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

10. An instrument weighs 0.1 kN and mounted on a base having spring stiffness
of 5 kN/m and damping of 15%. The ground is transmitting a vertical
acceleration of 0.1 g at a frequency of 50 rad/sec.
a) What acceleration is transmitted to the instrument?
b) If the instrument can tolerate an acceleration of 0.004 g, advice how to modify
the foundation using the same support system.
Solution) Given, weight of instrument = 0.1 kN
Mass of instrument = 0.1kN/(9.81 m/s2) = 10.19 kg
Spring stiffness, k = 5000 N/m

k 5000 N / m
n = = = 22.15Hz
m 10.19kg

a) Given,  = 50Hz
 50
So,  = = = 2.257
n 22.15
Given, X o = 0.1g and  = 0.15

Xp 1 + (2 ) 2
=
Xo (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
Xp 1 + (2  0.15  2.257) 2
=
Xo (1 − 2.257 2 ) 2 + (2  0.15  2.257) 2
Xp 1.208 1.208
= = = 0.29
Xo 16.76 + 0.458 4.15
X p = 0.29  X o = 0.29  0.1g = 0.029 g

b) The machine can tolerate a transmissibility ratio given by

TR = 0.004 g / 0.1 g = 0.04
In order to achieve such a low TR ratio, the frequency ratio β needs to be very
high, that is, the natural frequency of the supporting system needs to be very
low since the base excitation frequency cannot be controlled. So try and add a
mass of 0.3 kN (=30.59kg) on to the foundation.
The revised natural frequency of the base is given by =

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

k 5000 N / m
(n )1 = = = 11.07rad / s
m + m1 (10.19kg + 30.59kg )

 50
So, revised frequency ratio, 1 = = = 4.515
(n )1 11.07

No finding revised damping ratio for system with additional mass of

0.3kN.
Initial damping ratio,  = ccc

Revised damping ratio, 1 = ccc1

 c 2( m + m )
= c = 2m
c1 1 n1

So, 1
c n

1 = ( mm+m ) = (10.19

n
1 n1 + 30.59)11.07 = 0.075
10.1922.150.15

Xp 1 + (2 ) 2
TR = =
Xo (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1 + (2  0.075  4.52) 2
TR = = 0.062
(1 − 4.52 2 ) 2 + (2  0.075  4.52) 2

X p = 0.062  X o = 0.062  0.1g = 0.0062g  0.0040g

Which is beyond the tolerance limit of the instrument.

Hence it is required to change the design.
Now we try to add a mass of 0.6 kN (=61.16 kg)
The revised natural frequency of the base is given by =

k 5000 N / m
(n )1 = = = 8.37rad / s
m + m1 (10.19kg + 61.16kg )

 50
So, revised frequency ratio, 1 = = = 5.974
(n )1 8.37

No finding revised damping ratio for system with additional mass of

0.6kN.

1 = ( mm+m ) = (10.19

n
1 n1 + 61.16)8.37 = 0.0567
10.1922.150.15

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India
 CET422: Structural Dynamics
Even Semester Session 2023-24

Xp 1 + (2 ) 2
TR = =
Xo (1 −  2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
1 + (2  0.0567  5.974) 2
TR = = 0.0348
(1 − 5.9742 ) 2 + (2  0.0567  5.974) 2

X p = 0.0348  X o = 0.0348  0.1g = 0.00348g  0.0040g

Which is within the tolerance limit of the instrument.

Therefore there is a need to add a mass of 0.6kN to the base in order to control
the acceleration transmitted to the instrument.
End of question 10.

Course Coordinator
Dr. Dhiraj Raj
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MNIT Jaipur, India