Lecture 8-9 Water conveyance

CE 331
Environmental Engineering I
Tajkia Syeed Tofa
Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering, MIST
Topic: Water Conveyance, Distribution Pipes and Corrosion, Water

Meters; Water Loss Control
Acknowledgment: Dr. Tanvir Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET
Flow Through Conduits
Open channel flow: Top surface
under atmospheric pressure, flow
occurs due to gravity over a sloping
conduit bottom.
Examples: Canals, grade tunnels,
aqueducts, gravity conduits
Pressure conduits: Water in pipe

under > atmospheric pressure, flow
occurs due to a head difference
Example: pressure conduits
Open Channel Flow
Open channel flow
Flow in Pressure Pipe
British Unit
SI Unit
Hazen William’s Nomograph forC=100
L
L
Flow in
pressure pipe
Desirable Qualities of PressurePipes
 Durability of pipematerial
 Strength and thickness
 Smooth inner surface
 No effect onwater
 light weight
 low initial cost with a maximum service period
 low maintenance cost, joints can be made easily,good against a corrosive
environment
 Good hydraulicproperties
Types of PressurePipes
Steel pipe Cast-iron pipe

 Riveting or welding large steel plates.
 widely used for city water supplies
 Can be made thin because the material
 Durable, ease of laying, joining and
has good flexural strength
 Coating by painting (external and
resistant tocorrosion
 cement‐mortar lining forgood
internal)
hydraulic properties
Concrete pipe Asbestos-cement pipe

 Good hydraulic properties, leakage is
 light weight, can be easily
small if properly laid, alkaline water
assembled
may cause deterioration
 High hydraulic efficiency, resistant
 Can be precast or cast in situ
 Prestressed pipes requires less steel
against corrosion, tuberculation and
and weighs less, but costlier incrustation
 does not have high strength
Vitrified Clay pipe PVC pipe

 free from corrosion, smooth surface
 lightweight, easy to handle,
(good hydraulic properties)
 resistant to tuberculation,
 Cannot withstand high pressure, so
mostly used as gravity pipes. incrustation
 Cannot withstand high temperatures
Plastic pipe
Copper Pipe
 Expensive but may be useful  Corrosion free, lightweight but not
where corrosion is likely to occur. very strong. Cannot be used in large
sizes.
GI pipe
 great serviceability
 for acidic water, there may be
lead poisoning
Corrosion in Metal Pipes
A process by which metals and their alloys are destroyed by chemical, electro‐chemical
means or by the action of physical forces.
Chemical Corrosion
• Chemical corrosion occurs when iron ferrous hydroxide

through.
• If the water contains oxygen, the ferrous hydroxide is
oxidized to ferric hydroxide, an insoluble, red-brown
precipitate.
• Corrosion of metal pipes results in the formation of
tubercles of ferric hydroxide on the inside of the pipe.
This deposit decreases the pipe area and increases the
pipe roughness, thus greatly reducing the hydraulic
carrying capacity.
Process of Rusting
Galvanic Corrosion
• When two metals are immersed in an electrolyte, the comparatively more active
metal becomes the anode and corrodes.
• Rate of electrolysis depends on:
1. the relative position of the metals in the galvanic series
2. relative surface area of the anodes and cathodes
May occur in
• pipes and fittings of different type
of metals
• between the pipe metal and the
impurities in the pipe metal
Causes of Corrosion
• Influence of acids and alkalies

• Influence of sulphur compounds
• Biological action
• Cavitations
• Temperature
• Velocity of flowing water
Forces Acting on Pipe
Pipes carrying water under pressure. The forces are:
1. Internal forces due to static head

2. Internal forces due to water hammer
3. Forces at bends and changes in cross-section
4. Forces due to temperature changes
5. External forces in the form of backfill, traffic and own weights
Forces acting on pipe: Water Hammer
• Water hammer is the more
commonly known term for the
phenomenon called hydraulic
shock or hydraulic surge.
• It happens when a pipeline

system shuts off too abruptly.
This phenomenon leads to a
buildup of pressurized water.
Preventing Water Hammer
The Figure A shows water flowing in a branch line and

discharging at an open outlet. Water in the is at rest
with very little pressure exerted on the air that is
contained in the chamber.
The Figure B illustrates the condition when the

following water is suddenly stopped by the valve. The
shocked wave generated rebounds but is absorbed by
the air in the chamber. Thus by absorbing the initial
shock wave, the water pressure is stabilized and the
occasion of water hammer has been removed.
Valve Applications in Water Supply
Flow Meter
• Flow meters are devices installed mainly to measure velocity/speed of water and
also derive quantity of water.
• Flow meters are placed near water intake/head works, transfer mains, storage
tanks/reservoirs, distribution network like branch/main/sublines etc.
• Various type of flow meters are available based on characteristic and performance
line accuracy of measurement, range, resolution etc.
Water Meter
Water Meter
A device that measures the volume of water that passes through it. In most of the
world water meters are calibrated in cubic meters (m3) or liters.
Meters installed to measure household consumption are called domestic water

meters.
All meters have four basic components

1. Sensor
2. Transducer
3. Counter
4. Indicator
Unaccounted for Water & Non Revenue Water
• Unaccounted-for Water (UFW) is the difference between the quantity of water

supplied to a city's network and the metered quantity of water used by the
customers through leaks, thefts, etc.
• Non revenue water (NRW) produced and lost before it reaches the customer
through leaks, theft, or legal usage for which no payment is made.
Unaccounted for Water (UFW) & Non Revenue Water
Non Revenue Water
Location of Water Losses
Pipe Leakage Detection
• Locating leaks and losses can be accomplished through an examination of billing records,
flow monitoring, visual inspection or leak detection equipment (e.g., acoustic, thermal,
electromagnetic, tracer).
• Water audits compare the amount supplied to the amount consumed using water meters
at the supply and householders ends of the distribution network
Factors affecting leakage

Pipe Leakage Detection: An Example
Pipe Laying Operation
 Preparation of detailed plans of roads and streets
 Locating the proposed alignment on the ground
 Excavating trenches
 Preparation of the bottom of the trench excavated
 Lowering of pipes into the trench
 Laying of pipes
 Jointing pipes
 Anchoring of pipes
 Pipe testing
 Back filling the trench with excavated material
• Why pipe testing is necessary before backfilling of trenches?

Pipe Testing
• After laying and jointing and before backfilling the

pipe is required to be tested under pressure.
• The test consists of filling the pipeline with water
expelling all air from within, allowing it to stand full
for some time and the applying the test pressure of
about 70 psi.
• The pressure is applied by means of a manually
operated test pump fitted with a pressure gauge.
• The test is generally carried out in sections the
pipe-laying proceeds.
• The open end of the pipe is closed for testing by
fitting a suitable water light plug.

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CE 331

Topic: Water Conveyance, Distribution Pipes and Corrosion, Water

Pressure conduits: Water in pipe

Steel pipe Cast-iron pipe

Concrete pipe Asbestos-cement pipe

Vitrified Clay pipe PVC pipe

• Chemical corrosion occurs when iron ferrous hydroxide

• Influence of acids and alkalies

Pipes carrying water under pressure. The forces are:

1. Internal forces due to static head

• It happens when a pipeline

The Figure A shows water flowing in a branch line and

The Figure B illustrates the condition when the

Meters installed to measure household consumption are called domestic water

All meters have four basic components

• Unaccounted-for Water (UFW) is the difference between the quantity of water

Factors affecting leakage

• Why pipe testing is necessary before backfilling of trenches?

• After laying and jointing and before backfilling the

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