DAVID JR., ABELARDO P.

BSEE IV

Problems

1.1 What is the difference between controlled and manipulated variables?

The manipulated varialble is changed intentionally, while the controlled
variable is kept the same.

1.2 What is the difference between set point, error signal, and correction
signal? the set point is the desired value of a process variable, the error signal is
the difference between the set point and the measured value, and the correction
signal is what adjusts the control output to bring the process variable closer to the
set point

1.3 How many pounds are equivalent to 63 kg? 138.891£

1.4 How many micrometers are equivalent to 0.73 milli-in? 730 micrometer

1.5 How many pounds per square inch are equivalent to 38.2 kPa? 5.540442
pounds per square inch

1.6 How many foot-pounds of energy are equivalent to 195 J? 143.382ft lbf

1.7 What force in pounds is equivalent to 385 N? 86.5514 pound-force

1.8 How many amperes are required from a 110-V supply to generate 1.2 hp?
895.2 w
Assume 93- percent efficiency. 1.2 hp=895.2 winput power = =962.5806 w
.93
962.5806 w
current= =8.7507 A
110 v

1.9 How many joules are equivalent to 27 ft⋅lb of energy? 36.6066 Joules

1.10 What is the sensitivity of an instrument whose output is 17.5 mV for an

∆V 17.5 mV mV
input change of 7°C? s= S= =2.5
∆T 7℃ ℃

1.11 A temperature sensor has a range of 0 to 120°C and an absolute accuracy

of ±3°C. What is its FSD percent accuracy?

Percent Accuracy = (
Abolute Accuracy
FSD )
(100 % )¿
3
120
( 100 % )=2.5 % Therefore, the

percent accuracy of the temperature sensor is 2.5%. For the flow sensor:
- The range is not specified.
- The absolute accuracy is 3%.
- The percent accuracy is 3%.
1.12 A flow sensor has a range of 0 to 25 m/s and a FSD accuracy of ±4.5
percent. What is the absolute accuracy?

1.13 A pressure sensor has a range of 30 to 125 kPa and the absolute accuracy
is ±2 kPa. What is its percent full-scale and span accuracy?
2 kPa
Percent Full−Scale Accuracy = ( 100 % )
( 125 kPa−30 kPa )
Percent Full−Scale Accuracy =2.10526 %

1.14 A temperature instrument has a range −20°F to 500°F. What is the error at
220°F? Assume the accuracy is (a) ±7 percent of FSD and (b) ±7 percent of
span. (a) ±36.4°F, (b) ±19.6°F

1.15 A spring balance has a span of 10 to 120 kg and the absolute accuracy is
±3 kg. What is its %FSD accuracy and span accuracy? The FSD accuracy is ±3
kg. This means that the reading on the spring balance can be off by up to 3 kg in
either direction. Therefore, the FSD accuracy contributes ±3 kg to the absolute
3
accuracy. 120 kg−10 kg=110 kg P= ( 100 )=2.73
110

1.16 A digital thermometer with a temperate range of 129.9°C has an accuracy

specification of ±1/2 of the least significant bit. What is its absolute accuracy,
%FSD accuracy, and its resolution?

Absolute Accuracy = ±(1/2) * LSB

Given temperature range = 129.9°C LSB = 1°C (since the range is 129.9°C, the least
significant bit is 0.1°C)

Absolute Accuracy = ±(1/2) * 1°C = ±0.5°C

%FSD Accuracy = ( Absolute

Full Scale Range )
Accuracy
100 %

Given Full Scale Range = 129.9°C

%FSD Accuracy = (
0.5 ℃
129.9 ℃ )
100 %=0.385 %

1.17 A flow instrument has an accuracy of (a) ±0.5 percent of reading and (b)
0.5%FSD. If the range of the instrument is 10 to 100 fps, what is the absolute
accuracy at 45 fps?

1.18 A pressure gauge has a span of 50 to 150 psi and its absolute accuracy is
±5 psi. What is its %FSD and span accuracy? The full-scale accuracy is ±5 psi
FSD, which means the actual pressure reading can be off by up to 5 psi at the full-
scale value. Since the span of the pressure gauge is 50-150 psi, the full-scale value
is 150 psi. Therefore, the full-scale accuracy is ±5 psi at 150 psi. span accuracy is ±5
psi within this range

1.19 Plot a graph of the following readings for a pressure sensor to determine
if there is hysteresis, and if so, what is the hysteresis as a percentage of FSD?

True pressure (kPa) 0 20 40 60 80 100 80 60 40 20 0

Gauge pressure (kPa) 0 15 32 49.5 69 92 87 62 44 24 3

1.20 Plot a graph of the following readings for a temperature sensor to

determine the linearity of the sensor. What is the nonlinearity as a percentage
of FSD?

True pressure (kPa) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Gauge reading (kPa) 0 16 34 56 82 110

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Aradio beacon transmits a frequency of 230 MHz. What is the wavelength
8
3 x 10 x
of the signals? f =( 230 ) ( 10 Hz )
6
λ= 6
=1.304 meter
230 x 10

2.2 What is the power dissipation in a 68 Ω resistive load, when a 110-V (peak-
to-peak) sine wave is applied to the resistor?
110 V 55 V
V p= =55V V rms = p ¿ =38.89 V I rms = rms = 38.89 =0.572 A
2 √ 2 √2 R 68
P=(I ¿ ¿ rms ) ( R ) =0.572 ( 68 )=21.07 W ¿
2 2

2.3 The resistivity of a material used to make a round 950 Ω resistor is 53 Ω per
unit length. If the resistor has a radius of 0.16 in, what is it’s length?

( )
R=( ρ )
L
πr
2 950=(53)¿

2.4 A resistor with a temperature coefficient of 0.0045/°C has a resistance of

130 Ω at 20°C. At what temperature will the resistance be 183 Ω?

2.5 A dc voltage of 17 V is measured across a 133-Ω resistor. What is the

current flowing through the resistor?
V 17
I= = =0.1278 A
R 133
 2.6 A dc voltage is applied to three resistors in parallel. The values of the
resistors are 7.5, 12.5, and 14.8 kΩ. If the total current flowing is 2.7 mA, what
1 1 1 V 12
is the applied voltage? Rtotal= + + =416.33I = = =0.0288 A
75 125 14800 R 416.33

2.7 The configuration of the three resistors in Prob. 2.6 is changed from a
parallel to a series connection. If the current flowing in the resistors is
unchanged, what is the total voltage across the three resistors?

2.8 What is the supply current It flowing in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.9a?

2.9 Calculate the voltage across each of the resistors in Prob. 2.7. Does the
result support Kirchoff’s first law?

2.10 What is the current flowing in each of the resistors in Prob. 2.6? Does the
result support Kirchoff’s second law?

2.11 What is the voltage measured in the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 2.9b?

2.12 Two rectangular parallel plates 2.2 m by 3.7 m are separated by a material
with a dielectric constant of 4.8 × 10−9 F/m. If the capacitance between the
plates is 4.3 µF, what is the separation of the plates?

2.13 A3.2 nF capacitor has an impedance of 0.02 MΩ when an ac voltage is

applied to it. What is the frequency of the ac voltage?
3

232222222 Z c =6.03 johms

2.14 What is the current flowing in Prob. 2.13, if the peak-to-peak ac voltage is
18 V?

2.15 Three capacitors are connected in series. See Fig. 2.7b. If the values of
the capacitors are 110, 93, and 213 pF, what is the value of a single capacitor
1 1 1
that could be used to replace them? C eq= + + =0.0245384
110 93 213
1
C= =40.77 pF 89
0.0245384

2.16 What is the value of a single capacitor that could be used to replace the
1 1
C s= = =6067 μF
capacitors shown in Fig. 2.10a? 1 1 1 1 C p=C s +C 3
+ +
C 1 C 2 10 20
¿ 6.67+30 C p=36.67 μF
 2.17 An inductor of 2.8 mH is being constructed on a core whose diameter is
1.4 cm and length is 5.6 cm. If the permeability of the core is 4.7 × 10−7 H/m,

( )
2
0.14
how many turns of wire will be required? A=π A=0.015394
2

2.18 What is the value of inductance that will have an impedance of 11.4 kΩ at
a frequency of 2.3 MHz?

2.19 What value of inductance can be used to replace two inductors connected
in parallel, if their values are 4.2 and 8.7 mH?

2.20 What value of inductance would be used to replace the inductor network
shown in Fig. 2.10b?

CHAPTER 3

Problems

3.1 A voltage time constant of 15 ms is required. What value of resistance is

needed if-

a capacitance of 0.1 μF is used? 15 ms= (15 )( 10 )(−3 ) s=0.015 s

C=0.1 muF =0.1 (10 )(−6 ) F=0.0000001 F0.015=( R ) ( 0.0000001 ) R=150000 ohms

3.2 Avoltage step of 18 V is applied to the RC circuit shown in Fig. 3.1a. What
will be

the voltage across the capacitor after a time interval of 2CR?

V ( t )=V s ¿¿ 18 ¿

3.3 If an inductance of 21 mHz is used to obtain a current time constant of 12.5

μs, what

value of resistance is required?

−3
L 21 x 10
R= = =0.168 ohms
τ 125 x 10−6

3.4 What is the time constant of a resistance of 18.5 k_ in series with an

inductance

of 585 μHz?
585
tau= =0.0316 sec
18500
 3.5 In the series circuit shown in Fig. 3.16a the voltage measured across the
inductance was 16.8 V, the voltage across the capacitor was 9.5 V. What is the
1 1 −7
voltage across the resistor? C= 2
=2.533 x 10
¿ ¿ (2 πx 1000) x 0.1

3.6 What is the frequency of the ac source shown in Fig. 3.16a?

3.7 What is the value of the capacitor shown in Fig. 3.16a?

3.8 What is the resonant frequency of the series circuit in Fig. 3.16a?

3.9 What is the source current at resonance in Fig. 3.16a?

3.10 If the input ac frequency is 23.5 kHz, what is the current flowing in the
circuit in

Fig. 3.16a?

3.11 In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.16b, what is the current flowing in the
resistor?

3.12 In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.16b, what is the current flowing in the
capacitor?

3.13 In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.16b, what is the current flowing in the
inductance?

3.14 In Fig. 3.16b, how much current is supplied by the source?

3.15 What is the resonant frequency of the circuit in Fig. 3.16b?

3.16 In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.16b, what is the current flowing in the
capacitor at

resonance?

3.17 In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.16b, what is the current supplied by the
source at

resonance?

3.18 A 100 percent efficient iron-cored transformer has a primary winding with
1820

turns and a secondary winding with 125 turns. If the ac voltage across the
primary

winding is 110 V, what will be the ac voltage across the secondary?

3.19 The transformer in Prob. 3.18 has a resistive load of 2.2 k_ across its
secondary.
What impedance does the transformer present to the source?

3.20 A transformer has 875 turns on the primary and 133 turns on the
secondary. If

the current flowing in the secondary is 3.45 A, what will be the current in the
primary?