FEEE Lecture 2

FEEE
ECE1002 Fundamentals of Electrical &

Electronics Engineering
ECE1002 FEEE
Khairnar Vikas Vishnu

(vikas.vishnu@vitap.ac.in)
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)

VIT-AP University
Lecture - 2
1
Syllabus
Module Topic No. of Lectures

No. (Hours)
1 DC Circuit Analysis 10
2 AC Circuit Analysis 10
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3 Two-port Networks 07
4 Semiconductor Components and 08
Circuits
5 Electrical Machines 10
Total Lectures 45
2
Module 1 DC Circuit Analysis
Sr. No. Topic
1 Basic terminology
2 Classification of circuit components
3 Ohm’s law
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4 Kirchhoff's law
5 Nodal and mesh analysis
6 Source transformation
7 Star and delta transformation
8 Cost of energy calculations
9 Sources (Dependent and independent)
10 Circuit theorems
3
SI Units
 The globally-agreed system of measurement units was formally
named the 'International System of Units' (SI) in 1960.
 The SI covers units for every type of measurement, but at the heart
of the SI is a set of seven units known as the ‘base units’.
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4
4
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SI Units
5
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SI Units
Electric Charge
 Electric charge is a basic property of matter carried by some

elementary particles that govern how the particles are affected by an
electric or magnetic field
 The physical properties of matter which allows it to experience a

ECE1002 FEEE
special kind of force when kept under the influence of the

electromagnetic field is called electric charge
 Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, is neither created

nor destroyed
 Electrons have a negative charge and protons have an equal positive

charge, but neutrons have zero charges
6
Electric Charge
 The movement of electric charges are responsible for the

production of one of the many types of energy known as electrical
energy
 The International System of Unit

(SI unit) of electric charge is
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coulomb and abbreviated as C
 An electron itself has a negative

charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19
C and a proton has a positive 1.6
× 10−19 C of charge
 Electrometer is an electrical instrument used for measuring

electrical charge
7
Electric Charge Law
Opposite charges attract and

similar charges repels each other
Properties:
 Additivity
 Conservation
 Quantization
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The study of electricity is divided into 3 different branches as:
 Electrostatics: It is the study of the force that acts between point

charges
 Electromagnetism: It is the study of the forces that act on the

charges that are in motion
 Electric Current: It is the study of the form of energy that is

8 associated with the flow of charge
Question
1) Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it
produces and experiences
(a) electric effects only
(b) magnetic effects only

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(c) both electric and magnetic effects
(d) None of these
(c) both electric and magnetic effects

9
Question
2) Charge is
(a) transferable
(b) associated with mass
(c) conserved
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(d) All of these
(d) All of these

10
Question
3) If a body is negatively charged, then it has
(a) excess of electrons
(b) excess of protons
(c) deficiency of electrons

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(d) deficiency of neutrons
(a) excess of electrons

11
Question
4) The law, governing the force between electric charges is known as
(a) Ampere’s law
(b) Ohm’s law
(c) Faraday’s law

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(d) Coulomb’s law
(d) Coulomb’s law

12
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Copper Atomic Structure
Copper atomic structure
13
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Energy band diagram
Energy band diagram of materials
14
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Energy band diagram
Valance band: valence band corresponds to the energy level of

electrons present in the valence shell (outermost shell) of an atomic
structure
Conduction band: A conduction band is defined as that energy band

that consists of free electrons that are responsible for conduction. The
electrons that get moved out from the valence band by experiencing
external force reaches the higher energy band to support conduction
15
Energy band diagram
Bandgap: The energy difference between the highest occupied energy

state of the valence band and the lowest unoccupied state of the
conduction band is called the bandgap and is indicative of the electrical
conductivity of a material
 A large bandgap means that a lot of energy is required to excite

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valence electrons to the conduction band
 When the valence band and conduction band overlap as they do in

metals, electrons can readily jump between the two bands meaning
the material is highly conductive.
16
Energy band diagram
Materials Bandgap (electron volt)
Conductor 0
Classification of
Semiconductor Conventional: 1-1.5
Wide bandgap semiconductors: 2-4
material and their
Insulators Conventional: >4
bandgap
Perfect insulator: >15
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Materials Bandgap (electron volt)

Copper/Conductors 0
Bandgap and
Silicon 1.12 conductivity of
SiO2 9 different materials at
Germanium 0.67 room temperature
GaAs 1.43
Diamond 5.5
17
Energy band diagram
 As the temperature of a conductor is increased the thermal agitation

increases which increase the rate of collisions. This leads to an
increase in resistivity. Therefore, they have a positive temperature
coefficient
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 Semiconductors have a negative temperature coefficient because

more free charge carriers (electrons and/ or holes) are available for
conduction
18

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FEEE

ECE1002 Fundamentals of Electrical &

Khairnar Vikas Vishnu

School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)

Module Topic No. of Lectures

Sr. No. Topic

 Electric charge is a basic property of matter carried by some

 The physical properties of matter which allows it to experience a

special kind of force when kept under the influence of the

 Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, is neither created

 Electrons have a negative charge and protons have an equal positive

 The movement of electric charges are responsible for the

 The International System of Unit

coulomb and abbreviated as C

 An electron itself has a negative

 Electrometer is an electrical instrument used for measuring

Opposite charges attract and

The study of electricity is divided into 3 different branches as:

 Electrostatics: It is the study of the force that acts between point

 Electromagnetism: It is the study of the forces that act on the

 Electric Current: It is the study of the form of energy that is

(a) electric effects only

(b) magnetic effects only

(c) both electric and magnetic effects

(d) None of these

(c) both electric and magnetic effects

(b) associated with mass

(d) All of these

(d) All of these

(a) excess of electrons

(b) excess of protons

(c) deficiency of electrons

(d) deficiency of neutrons

(a) excess of electrons

(a) Ampere’s law

(b) Ohm’s law

(c) Faraday’s law

(d) Coulomb’s law

(d) Coulomb’s law

Copper atomic structure

Energy band diagram of materials

Valance band: valence band corresponds to the energy level of

Conduction band: A conduction band is defined as that energy band

Bandgap: The energy difference between the highest occupied energy

 A large bandgap means that a lot of energy is required to excite

valence electrons to the conduction band

 When the valence band and conduction band overlap as they do in

Materials Bandgap (electron volt)

 As the temperature of a conductor is increased the thermal agitation

 Semiconductors have a negative temperature coefficient because

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