PRINCIPLES OF

ELECTRIC &
ELECTRONICS
BEKG 1123
Semester 2, 2017/2018
1

05/27/2020
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Lecture/ Tutorial:

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Chapter 1 3
Class policy

• Be punctual to lecture & tutorial

• Pay attention to class,take notes when necessary
• Silence out all handphones
• If get bored/sleepy....get out, wash your face & come
back.
• Submit your assignments/any tasks given on time
• Attire properly

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WHAT IS OBE
 OBE = Outcome Based Education
 A system focusing what is important for all students to be
able to do successfully at the end of their learning
experiences.
 This means starting with a clear picture of what is
important for students to be able to do, then organizing
the curriculum, instruction, and assessment to make sure
this learning ultimately happens” (Spady, 1994).

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 OBE Terms
• Program Educational
PEO Objectives

PO • Program Outcomes

LO • Learning Outcomes

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OBE Pyramid
Vis
ion
&
Mi
ssi
on
PEO

PO

LO

Assessment & Evaluation

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PEO
 PEO: Program Educational Objectives
 specific goals consistent with the mission and
vision of the university,
 expected achievements of graduates in their
career and professional life few years after
graduation.

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PO

 PO = Programme Outcome
 describe what students are expected to know and be
able to perform or attain by the time of graduation.
 relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviour/attitude
that students acquire through the programme.

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Chapter 1 15
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Chapter 1
SUBJECT MATERIAL
 ULEARN:

BEKG1123 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONICS

Chapter 1 17
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Basic Electric System

1.2 Electrical Circuits
1.3 Electrical Charge
1.4 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference
1.5 Voltage and Current
1.6 Systems of Units: SI units in Electrical
1.7 Electrical Measurement & Instruments
1.8 Symbols of Electrical Sources & Components
1.9 Circuit Elements: Passive & Active

BEKG 1123
Principles of Electric and Electronics Chapter 2 : Direct Current (DC) Circuits 1
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PART 1: CHAPTER OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe basic electrical systems and the concept of
electrical charge
 Differentiate between EMF and Potential Differential
 Understand the systems of units
 Describe electrical measurement & instruments and the
symbol s of electrical sources & components
 Identify the circuit elements

Chapter 1 19
 1.1 BASIC ELECTRIC SYSTEM

Electric system – deals with communication and transfer

energy from one point to another.

Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements: Source,

Control, Load and Transmission System (as shown in Fig. 1)

Source Control Load

Transmission
Transmission System
System

Fig. 1 Electrical system

Chapter 1 20
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTD.
 Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system (i.e DC
or AC source). Can be obtain from battery, generator or socket
outlet.

 Control - Control the flow of electrical energy (i.e switch).

Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts the flow.

 Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a given

task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical equipment
constitutes loads (i.e motor)

 Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical energy

from source to load (i.e insulated wire)

Chapter 1 21
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig. 2 Torch Light system

Chapter 1 22
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example
Conductors/Wires
Switch

Switch
Battery
Wires

Resistance
Headlamps Voltage source

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig.3 Headlight system

Chapter 1 23
 1.2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Electrical Circuit – consists of various types of circuit elements connected
in closed paths by conductor (refer Figure 1.4).

**Circuit elements – resistances,

inductances, capacitances and
voltage/current sources.

Fig. 4 Electrical circuit

Voltage sources create forces that cause charge to flow through the conductors
and other circuit elements, so energy transferred between the circuit elements.

Chapter 1 24
 1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARGE

Electrical Charge – also known electricity.

The elementary physics that all matter is made of atoms and

each atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Chapter 1 25
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons

leaves an atom neutrally charged.

 Some atoms hold their electrons loosely (when force is

applied) especially electrons that are located at valence
shell (outermost shell).
Chapter 1 26
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into another

atoms.

 When an electron escapes from the atom – becomes positive ion.

 When atom acquire an electron – becomes negative ion.

Chapter 1 27
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.
 A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is said to have
negative charge.
 Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to have positive
charge.
 Electrical charge – an electrical property of matter that exists because of an
excess or defiance of electrons.
 Charges can be measured in coulomb
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
1 electron = 1.602 x 10 -19 C

 Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted.

 Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.

Chapter 1 28
 1.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf)
VS. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
emf Potential difference
Emf is the electrical potential difference Potential is a function of the location, and
provided by an energy source like battery. potential difference between point A and
point B is calculated by subtracting the
Varying magnetic fields also can generate an potential of A from potential of B.
emf according to the Faraday’s law.
In an electric field, it is the amount work to
Although EMF is also a voltage and be done to move a unit charge (+1 Coulomb)
measured in Volts (V), it is all about the from B to A.
generation of a potential difference.
Electric potential difference is measured in V
(Volts). In an electrical circuit, current flows
from the higher potential to lower potential.

Chapter 1 29
So the important differences between emf and potential
difference are:

1. The term ‘potential difference’ is used in all energy

fields (electric, magnetic, gravitational), and ‘emf’ is only
used in electric circuits.

2. Emf is the electrical potential difference generated by a

source like battery or generator.

3. We can measure potential difference between any two

points, but emf exists only between the two ends of a
source.

4. Sum of ‘potential drops’ around a circuit is equal to

total emf according to Kirchhoff’s second law.
Chapter 1 30
 The voltage across the terminals of a battery, for
example, is less than the emf when the battery supplies
current,
 Terminal voltage is the potential difference at the
terminals of the circuit. Even if there is no load, still
the terminal voltage will be less than the emf due to
drop across the internal resistance of the supply.
 Terminal voltage is given by the equation:

V = emf - Ir
 where r is the internal resistance and
 I is the current flowing at the time of the measurement.

Chapter 1 31
1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Chapter 1 32
VOLTAG
E The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
VOLTAGE IN A
CIRCUIT

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
 VOLTAGE cont.

 To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction

requires some work or energy transfer.

 This work can be performed by an external force or called as

electromotive force (emf).

 This emf also known as potential difference or voltage.

 Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an

element, measured in volts (V).

 Voltage is a measurement of potential difference between two

points.

Chapter 1 35
 VOLTAGE cont.

 Vab – voltage between point a and b

 It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b.

 plus (+) and minus (-) signs – voltage polarity or reference direction.

Chapter 1 36
 VOLTAGE cont.
 Voltage (V) is defined as energy/work per unit charge

V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q
is charge in coulombs (C).

 A voltage source is an energy source that provides electrical

energy or voltage.

 Two types of voltage sources:

 dc voltage – a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery.
 ac voltage – a voltage that varies with time. i.e. electric
generator, socket outlet.

Chapter 1 37
CURRE
NT The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
CURRENT IN A
CIRCUIT

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
 CURRENT contd.

 Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move through a

circuit.

 This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work being done
in an electrical circuit.

 Consider the following:

 negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery towards the
positive terminal.
Chapter 1 40
 CURRENT contd.
 Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
 However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
 There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction – current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction – current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

Chapter 1 41
ENGINEERING VS. SCIENCE
 The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current is
doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is used
as long as you are consistent.
 Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
 Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
 CURRENT contd.
 Electric current – the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
 Generally, have two types of current:
 direct current (dc) – a current that remains constant with time.
 alternating current (ac) – a current that varies with time.

Chapter 1 43
 1.6 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 Basic
Basic SI
SI (International
(International System
System of
of Units)
Units) units:
units:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Charge (q) coulomb C

Energy (E) joule J
Power (P) watt W
Voltage (V) volt V
Current (I) ampere A
Resistance (R) ohm Ω
Induction (L) Henry H
Capacitance (C) farad F

Chapter 1 44
 Unit Name Unit Symbol
Volt (V)
• Volt is the electrical unit of voltage.
One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is 1V = 1J / 1C
ELECTRICAL UNITS consumed when electric charge of 1 coulomb
flows in the circuit.

Ampere (A)
• Ampere is the electrical unit of
electrical current. It measures the amount of 1A = 1C / 1s
electrical charge that flows in an electrical
circuit per 1 second.
Ohm (Ω)
• Ohm is the electrical unit of resistance.
1Ω = 1V / 1A

Watt (W)
• Watt is the electrical unit of electric power.
It measures the rate of consumed energy. 1W = 1J / 1s
1W = 1V · 1A

Farad (F)
• Farad is the unit of capacitance. It
represents the amount of electric charge in 1F = 1C / 1V
coulombs that is stored per 1 volt.
Henry (H)
• Henry is the unit of inductance.
1H = 1Wb / 1A

Chapter 1 45
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd.
 The SI prefixes:
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol
+18 Exa E
+15 Peta P
+12 Tera T
+9 Giga G
+6 mega M
+3 kilo k
+2 hecto h
+1 deka D
-1 deci d
-2 centi c
- 3                  mili m
-6 micro µ
-9 nano n
- 12 pico p
- 15 femto f
- 18 atto a

Chapter 1 46
 1.7 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS

 Multimeter

Analog Multimeter
Digital Multimeters (DMM)
 Meter symbols
MEASURING CURRENT
 Most analog ammeters have a number of possible
settings for the maximum possible current that can be
measured; for example: 2 A, 200 mA, 20 mA, 2 mA.
You should always start by turning the setting to the
highest possible rating (for example, 2 A). If the
ammeter reading is too small from the selected scale,
then you can reduce the scale to get the reading. It is
important not to overshoot the maximum value that
can be read.
 For example, if the current is about 75 mA, then the
ammeter would be set to the 200 mA scale for the most
accurate reading. Setting to the 20 mA scale would
overload the ammeter and most likely open its internal
fuse.
MEASURING VOLTAGE
MEASURING RESISTANCE
 MEASURED NUMBERS

 Error : The difference between the true value and the measured value
• Accuracy : The degree to which a measured value represents the true or
accepted value of a quantity. A measurement is said to be accurate if the error
is small.
• Precision : The repeatability or consistency of a measurement
 Resolution
 The smallest increment of quantity that the meter can measure. The smaller
the increment, the better the resolution.

0.01V
0.001V

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 Symbol Component Name Meaning
ELECTRICAL SOURCE SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

AND COMPONENTS
Used for zero potential reference and
Earth Ground
electrical shock protection.
1.8 SYMBOLS OF

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals
(IEEE)
Capacitor is used to store electric
Capacitor charge. It acts as short circuit with AC
and open circuit with DC.
Battery Generates constant voltage
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Diode allows current flow in one
Diode
direction only (left to right).

Chapter 1 55
 1.9 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Element – basic building block of a circuit or electrical
components of an electrical circuit.


Electric circuit – an interconnection of electrical elements.


Circuit analysis – process of determining voltages across (or the
currents through) the elements of the circuit.


Two types of elements in electrical circuits:
 Active elements
 Passive elements

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 PASSIVE COMPONENTS
 Passive components: Components that
do not supply voltage or current.
 Examples Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
 Resistors Insulation coating

Leads
 Capacitors
 Inductor
 Transformer

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

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ACTIVE COMPONENTS
 The components that have their own power source.

 Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an electronic
system.
 Examples

 Voltage and current sources

 Battery, Generator, Fuel cell

 Transistor

 Integrated Circuit (IC)

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
• Active elements – elements capable of generating
electrical energy i.e. voltage source & current source.

• Passive elements – elements not capable of

generating electrical energy i.e. resistor, capacitor and
inductors.


Voltage & current source deliver power to the
electrical circuit.


Two kinds of sources:
 Independent sources.
 Dependent sources.

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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent source – an active elements that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements.

Chapter 1 60
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent voltage source delivers to the circuit
whatever current is necessary to maintain its terminal
voltage.

Chapter 1 61
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent current source delivers to the circuit
whatever voltage is necessary to maintain the
designated current.

Chapter 1 62
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal dependent (or controlled) source – an active element in which
the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

 Four types of dependent source:

 A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
 A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
 A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
 A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

Chapter 1 63
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Consider the following:

 The CCVS is depends on i.

 Value = 10i V

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